During one of my tours |
Welcome to my website, a daily work in progress which has gone far
beyond my original pretensions when I first launchhed it nearly two
decades ago as a way of trying to bring the past to life for my
students. Inspired by Geoff Walden's Third Reich in Ruins,
I've cycled around the world taking photographs of historic sites and
use GIFs to compare them with how they once appeared. It has since
expanded its focus from the Nazi-era to try to involve the ancient world
which is my particular passion.
After
years of people telling me how much of a challenge it is to navigate
through its webpages, read its font and generally mocking its 1990s
format- I don't make any money from this site!- I've finally been
persuaded to create this homepage to serve as a general index, although
it's certainly not exhaustive and one need only look to the right of the
page for main areas of focus or search for a key word among the tagged
labels. Nor does it reference to a wealth of teaching resources built up over the past quarter century with all past DP History exams with questions hyperlinked to actual examples from students either written under exam conditions or graded by the IBO as well as lecture notes, extended essays and internal assessments.
In the end, what
gives me the greatest satisfaction is having people from around the
world contact me, whether to correct the various errors within these
pages, ask for help researching material, request tours, or just feel
provoked to reach out from a shared interest in the past.
GERMANY
Hitler's Bunker and Reich Chancellery
My
most visited page to date despite the one showing the least number of
sites given the extensive destruction and reconstruction of the area.
Nevertheless, the site of Hitler's bunker and the Reich Chancellery
holds profound historical significance, representing the epicentre of
Nazi power and the culmination of Hitler's authoritarian regime. The
bunker, located beneath the Reich Chancellery building, served as his
fortified command centre and residence during the final stages of the
war. It was within these confines that Hitler orchestrated his last
stand against the advancing Allied forces, ultimately leading to his
demise and the collapse of the Third Reich. The Reich Chancellery, as
the seat of Nazi government, was a symbol of Hitler's absolute authority
and control over Germany and occupied territories. Its grand
architecture and imposing presence reflected the regime's grandiose
ambitions and its ruthless pursuit of domination. Today, the site serves
as a sombre reminder of the atrocities committed during the Nazi era
and stands as a testament to the resilience of democracy in the face of
tyranny.
Sites featured: Führerbunker, New Reich Chancellery, Old Reich Chancellery, Mohrenstrasse Underground Station, Wilhelmplatz, Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe
The
Brandenburg Gate and Reichstag in Berlin are iconic landmarks steeped
in historical significance, representing pivotal moments in Germany's
past. The Brandenburg Gate, a neoclassical triumphal arch, has stood
witness to centuries of history, serving as a symbol of both division
and unity. Constructed in the 18th century as a symbol of peace, it
later became a potent symbol of division during the Cold War when it
stood in the no man's land between East and West Berlin. Following
German reunification in 1990, the gate regained its status as a symbol
of unity and peace, serving as a focal point for celebrations and
commemorations. The Reichstag's endured moments of triumph and tragedy, having witnessed the rise and
fall of the German Empire, the tumult of the Weimar Republic, and the
Nazi dictatorship. Severely damaged during the war, the Reichstag was
meticulously restored and redesigned, with the addition of a striking
glass dome supposedly symbolising transparency and openness.
Sites featured: Brandenburg Gate, Reichstag, Pariserplatz, Various embassies (American, Swiss, French), Adlon Hotel, Konzerthaus Clou, Akademie der Künste, Central Office of the Inspector General for Construction in the Reich Capital, Berlin Wall, Moltke bridge and various sites associated with the Battle of Berlin
Unter
den Linden, the historic boulevard in Berlin, held significant
importance to the Nazis, serving as a symbolic axis of power and
propaganda during their reign. Lined with grand buildings and palatial
architecture, it embodied the grandeur and authority of the Nazi regime.
The boulevard was strategically utilised for propaganda purposes, with
large-scale rallies and parades held to showcase Nazi strength and unity
such as the torchlight procession held annually on Hitler's birthday.
Such events were carefully choreographed spectacles designed to instil
fear and awe in the populace and reinforce Nazi dominance.
Sites featured: Humboldt
Universität, Berliner Dom, Ehrenmal, Friedrichstraße, Neue Wache,
Bodemuseum, Museumsinsel, Alte Kommandantur, Stadtschloss, Lustgarten,
Gendarmenmarkt, Staatsoper, Zeughaus, Bebelplatz, St. Hedwig's
Cathedral, Französischer Dom, Deutscher Dom, Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Altes Museum, Pergamon Museum, Alte Nationalgalerie, Berliner Schloß, Russian embassy, Reich Ministry of the Interior
Lined
with imposing buildings and government offices, Wilhelmstraße was the
epicentre of Nazi governance, housing key institutions and ministries
essential to the regime's control. Among these were the offices of the
Reich Chancellery, where Hitler's inner circle orchestrated the
implementation of Nazi policies and directives. Additionally,
Wilhelmstraße was home to the Ministry of Propaganda, led by Joseph
Goebbels, which played a crucial role in shaping public opinion and
disseminating Nazi ideology through media and propaganda campaigns. The
street also housed various other ministries and government offices,
including the Ministry of Aviation and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
which coordinated military operations and diplomatic efforts in support
of Nazi expansionism. It was here that the machinery of the Nazi state
operated.
Sites featured: Reich Justice Ministry,Reich Colonial Office,Reich Foreign Office, Central Office of the Führer's Deputy, Reich Aviation Ministry, Reichsministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaf, British Embassy, Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, Gestapo Headquarters, Haus der Flieger, Reich Propaganda Ministry, Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse, Topography of Terror, Berlin Wall, Hotel Kaiserhof
This
page includes a number of sites of significant historical importance within the
context of the Nazi era, most located around Tiergarten. Bendlerblock,
site of the failed July 20 plot, stands as a memorial to German
resistance efforts. Stauffenberg's office in Bendlerblock was central to the July 20 plot and later witnessed the execution of conspirators and is today a museum. Tiergartenstraße 4 was the euthanasia program's administrative centre. The
Siegessäule, appropriated by the Nazis as a symbol of militarism, was
used for propaganda purposes. Alexanderplatz underwent redevelopment
under Nazi rule, reflecting their vision of urban order. The Soviet
memorial in Tiergarten continues to glorify the Red Army. Various
Fascist-era Embassies in the area continue to show their iconography.
Sites featured: Tiergarten,
Main Synagogue, Bendlerblock, Siegessäule, Alexanderplatz, Stauffenberg
office/site of execution, Soviet memorial Tiergarten, Friedrichstrasse,
Charlottenburg, Lichterfelde, Reichsbahnbunker Friedrichstraße, Weidendammer bridge, Admiralspalast, Memorial to Homosexuals, Tiergartenstraße 4, Various Fascist Embassies, Wehrmacht Headquarters, Rotes Rathaus
More
random sites around Berlin. In Charlottenburg, the Kaiser Wilhelm
Church stands as a reminder of Allied bombing raids, while nearby, the
Deutschlandhalle hosted Nazi propaganda events. Moving eastward to
Reinickendorf Heiligensee, Horst Wessel's grave and Horst Wessel Platz
are reminders of self-declared Nazi martyrdom. In Karlshorst, the site
of the formal end to the war is a must-visigt whilst the Berlin Story
Museum offers insights into the city's history, whilst the Städtische
Krankenhaus am Friedrichshain served as a wartime hospital. In Mitte,
the Reichspostministerium symbolised Nazi power, and the Anhalter
Bahnhof played a role in deportations. In Friedrichshain, the
Schillertheater and Volksbühne hosted cultural events, and the Kino
Babylon screened propaganda films. Southwest in Kreuzberg, the
Europahaus held Nazi gatherings, and the Gasthaus Zum Nußbaum was a
meeting place for officials. In Tempelhof-Schöneberg, the Eldorado Gay
Club reflects Nazi oppression, whilst in Kreuzberg, the Bülowstraße
U-Bahn station and Mehringdamm saw urban development projects.
Sites featured: Kaiser
Wilhelm Church, Plötzensee, Deutschlandhalle, Reichspostministerium,
Schillertheater, Reinickendorf Heiligensee, Charlottenburg, Karlshorst,
Anhalter Bahnhof, Invalidenstrasse, Frankfurterallee, Fehrbellinerplatz, Horst Wessel's grave, Horst Wessel Platz, Volksbühne, Kino Babylon,
Europahaus, Gasthaus Zum Nußbaum, Anhalter Bahnhof, Berlin
Story Museum, Bülowstraße U-Bahn, Mehringdamm, Eldorado Gay Club, Berlin Messe, Städtische Krankenhaus am Friedrichshain, Hermannplatz, Haus der Reichsjugendführung
The
Reichssportfeld, located in Berlin's Westend district, was a sprawling
complex of sports facilities constructed by the Nazis for the 1936
Summer Olympics. Designed to showcase the regime's prowess and ideology,
the complex included the Olympiastadion (Olympic Stadium), where the
opening and closing ceremonies were held, as well as various other
venues for athletic competitions and ceremonies. Adolf Hitler and other
high-ranking Nazi officials attended the Games, which were used as a
propaganda tool to promote Aryan supremacy and the supposed superiority
of the Nazi regime. The Reichssportfeld thus served as a symbol of Nazi
ambition and propaganda, presenting a carefully curated image of
strength and unity to the world. Today, the Olympiastadion remains in
use as a sports venue and is also a popular tourist attraction, serving
as a reminder of the complex relationship between sports, politics, and
propaganda during the Nazi era.
Sites featured: Haus des Deutschen Sports, Olympiastadion, Olympic Stadium,Reichssportfeld, Commonwealth War Cemetery, Dietrich-Eckart-Bühne, Sportforum, Nazi Statues, Olympic bell tower, Olympic village Wustermark, Olympia-Stadion subway station
Webpage devoted to the Berlin suburb of Wannsee, site of the
infamous Wannsee Conference. Held in January 1942 overlooking Lake Wannsee was a
pivotal meeting where high-ranking Nazi officials coordinated the
implementation of the "Final Solution," the systematic genocide of
European Jews. Led by ϟϟ-Obergruppenführer Heydrich, the
conference solidified plans for the mass deportation and extermination
of millions of Jews across Nazi-occupied territories.
Sites featured: Site of the Wannsee Conference, Reichsluftschutzschule, Liebermann-Villa, Villa Herz, Flensburg lion, Villa Oppenheim, Schweden-Pavillon, Waldhof am Bogensee, The Bridge of Spies, Glienicke Bridge
The Ufa film
studios were one of Europe's largest
film production companies during the Nazi era. Under Goebbels' s
Ministry of Propaganda, Ufa produced numerous films promoting Nazi
ideology and propaganda, including anti-Semitic works such as "Jud Süß."
The studio's output played a significant role in shaping public opinion
and reinforcing Nazi narratives. Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen
Concentration Camp was one of the first and largest established by the Nazis. Operating from 1936 until the end of the war,
Sachsenhausen was a site of forced labour, torture, and mass murder, with
tens of thousands of prisoners from across Europe perishing within its
walls. The Treptower Soviet Memorial, situated in Treptower Park in
Berlin, commemorates the Soviet soldiers who died liberating the city
from Nazi occupation during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The memorial
features a grandiose statue of a Soviet soldier holding a rescued German
child, surrounded by Soviet flags, Stalin quotes in gold and symbols of
totalitarian victory.
Sites featured: Ufa
film studios, Fort Hahneberg, Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen Concentration
Camp, Prenzlau, Treptower Soviet Memorial, Tempelhof, Schöneweide,
Lichterfelde
Webpage
with some locations within the town and Brandenburg, but mostly devoted
to Cecilienhof and sites associated with the Potsdam Conference.
Located southwest of Berlin, Potsdam was heavily involved in Nazi
military and administrative activities, with several key institutions
and facilities established there. One notable site was the Kaiser
Wilhelm Institute for Physics, where German scientists conducted
research on nuclear fission and atomic weapons. The Potsdam Conference
marked the end of the war in Europe and saw Allied leaders
Churchill, Stalin, and Truman discuss the post-war reorganisation of
Europe. Beyond its wartime significance, Potsdam suffered extensive
damage during Allied bombing raids, resulting in the destruction of many
historic buildings and landmarks.
Sites featured: Velten,
Brandenburg, Cecilienhof, Potsdam, Luckenwalde, Finsterwalde,
Frankfurt/Oder, Eberswalde, Rathenow, Ravensbrück, Chorin, Prignitz,
Falkensee, Schöneweide, Grünewalde, Treuenbrietzen, Gütergotz, Sans
Souci
Munich
was the Hauptstadt der Bewegung and this page focuses on sites found
between Isartor and Karlstor relating to the origins of the Nazi Party
including the Sterneckerbräu, the birthplace of the party itself. A number of sites relating to the Beer Hall Putsch and Kristallnacht are shown and a few paintings of Hitler are compared to the depicted sites as they appear today.
Sites featured: Hotel
Torbräu, Sendlinger Tor, Frauenkirche, Isartor, Hitler Paintings,
Hofbräuhaus, Marienplatz, Karlstor, Polizeipräsidium, Peterskirche,
Sterneckerbräu,Pfeffermühle, Kaufingerstraße, Neues Rathaus,
Altes Rathaus, Sites associated with Kristallnacht, Viktualienmarkt,
Maxburgstrasse, Alte Akademie, St. Michael's church, Asamkirche, Alter
Hof, Burgstraße, Hotel Schlicker "Zum Goldenen Löwen", Am Tal, Haus Neumayr, Nürnberger Bratwurst Glöckl
Originally
designed as a grandiose public square by architect Karl von Fischer in
the early 19th century, Königsplatz became a focal point for Nazi
rallies and propaganda events. The square's neoclassical architecture,
inspired by ancient Greek and Roman design, was utilised by the Nazis to
evoke a sense of power and authority. One notable structure on
Königsplatz is the Propylaea, a monumental gateway inspired by the
Propylaea of the Acropolis in Athens, which served as a backdrop for
Nazi rallies and military parades. Additionally, the square was flanked
by two large museums, the Glyptothek and the Staatliche
Antikensammlungen, which housed collections of classical Greek and Roman
art that were appropriated and reinterpreted by the Nazis to promote
their ideology of Aryan superiority. Königsplatz thus became a symbol of
Nazi appropriation of classical imagery and culture for propaganda
purposes.
Sites featured: The
Site of the Munich Agreement, Braunes Haus, Temples of Honour,
Königsplatz, Staatliche Antikensammlungen, Königlicher Platz,
Parteizentrum der NSDAP, Verwaltungsbau, Zentrale, Glyptothek,
Führerbau, Ehrentempel, Propyläen, Staatliche Antikensammlungen, Zentraleinlaufamt und Zentralauslaufamt der Reichsleitung der NSDAP, Deutsche Christen Headquarters, Kanzlei des Stellvertreters des Führers, Hitler Paintings
Odeonsplatz,
situated in the heart of Munich, holds historical significance
with specific ties to the Nazi era. The square features notable
landmarks such as the Feldherrnhalle, a monumental loggia built in the
19th century to honour Bavarian military leaders. During the Nazi regime,
Odeonsplatz became a site of political significance, notably during the
Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, a failed coup attempt by Hitler and the Nazi
Party. The Feldherrnhalle, as a symbol of Bavarian pride and military
tradition, played a central role in the Putsch, where violent clashes
between Nazi supporters and government forces resulted in casualties and
arrests. The event solidified Hitler's political aspirations and laid
the groundwork for the Nazi Party's rise to power.
Sites featured: Odeonsplatz,
Isartor, Feldherrnhalle, Kriegsministerium, Theatinerkirche, Palais
Preysing, Zentralministerium, Drückeberger Gaßl, Residenz, Shirkers'
Alley, Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler Paintings, Theatinerkirche, Residenz, Ludwigstraße
Prinzregentenstraße
held significant historical importance during the Nazi era. The
Luftgaukommando, or Air District Command, was located on
Prinzregentenstraße and served as a key administrative centre for
coordinating air defence and military operations in the region during
the war. Nearby, the House of German Art (Haus der Deutschen Kunst) was a
monumental building commissioned by the Nazis to promote their vision
of "Aryan" art and culture. It hosted exhibitions showcasing artwork
deemed ideologically acceptable by the regime, often featuring
nationalist and heroic themes.One notable building along
Prinzregentenstraße was Hitler's Residence, where Hitler maintained a
private apartment and office whilst in Munich. Additionally,
Prinzregentenstraße was associated with the infamous Degenerate Art
Exhibition (Entartete Kunst Ausstellung) held in 1937. This exhibition,
located in the nearby Hofgartenarkaden, featured modern and avant-garde
artwork confiscated by the Nazis from German museums. The artworks were
labeled as "degenerate" and used as examples of so-called "cultural
Bolshevism" and "Jewish influence" in the arts.
Sites featured: Day
of German Art, Luftgaukommando, Schackgalerie, House of German Art,
Hofgartenarkaden, Remaining swastikas, Prinzregentenstraße, Hitler
Residence, Degenerate Art Exhibition, Wagner memorial,
Prinzregentenplatz, Kunstbunker Tumulka, Friedensengel, Hubertusbrunnen,
Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Kolonialpolitische Amt der NSDAP, Reich
Governor of Bavaria Headquarters
Adolf-Hitler-Straße
was a major thoroughfare
intersected with several other key streets and was flanked by
significant Nazi institutions and buildings such as the House of German
Doctors, located at Adolf-Hitler-Straße 31.
This building housed the Nazi Physicians' League and served as a centre
for promoting Nazi racial hygiene policies and eugenics; on my tours I
argue it marks a straight road to Auschwitz. Nearby was to stand
Hitler's Mausoleum, a proposed monument intended to serve as a burial
site for Hitler and other Nazi leaders. The construction of the
mausoleum was never completed due to the course of the war. The Gestapo
Headquarters were located at Wittelsbacherstraße 6, not far
from Adolf-Hitler-Straße. This building served as the central office for
the Gestapo, the Nazi secret police, and played a key role in
suppressing dissent and enforcing Nazi policies. The Brown House, the headquarters of the Nazi Party in Bavaria, served as
a focal point for Nazi Party activities.
Sites featured: Schwabing,
Maxvorstadt, Alte Pinakothek, Neue Pinakothek, Brown House, Alter
Simpl, House of German Doctors, Osteria Bavaria, Schellingstraße,
Adolf-Hitler-Straße, Hitler's Mausoleum, Karolinenplatz, Gestapo
Headquarters, Café Luitpold, Israeli Consulate, Strength Through Joy
Headquarters, DAF Headquarters, League of German Women Headquarters,
Reichrevisionsamt, Palais Törring, Black House, Nazi Documentation
Centre, Türkentor, Reinhard Heydrich residence, Nazi Party offices,
Völkischer Beobachter offices, Schelling Salon, Georg Elser memorial,
Türkenstraße, Square for Victims of National Socialism,
Maximiliansplatz, Wittelsbacher Palais
Ludwigstraße
housed key institutions and buildings that served various functions
during the Third Reich. Among them the Landeszentralbank, as Bavaria's
central bank, managed financial affairs crucial to the Nazi war effort,
whilst the Kriegsministerium, oversaw military operations and strategic
planning during the war. Munich University became a centre for Nazi
propaganda and indoctrination, influencing professors and students
alike. Haus Deutschen Rechts accommodated legal bodies instrumental in
enforcing Nazi laws, whilst the Staatsbibliothek provided resources for
Nazi propaganda and ideological research. The Staatsministerium
facilitated the implementation of Nazi policies at the regional level,
and the Siegestor, a triumphal arch, symbolised German nationalism and
militarism. The Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Innern oversaw
internal security and law enforcement, whilst the Zentralministerium für
den gleichgeschalteten bayerischen Staat centralised control over
Bavarian government agencies under Nazi rule.
Sites featured: Landeszentralbank,
Ludwigstraße, Kriegsministerium, Munich University, Haus Deutschen
Rechts, Staatsbibliothek, Akademie der Bildenden Künste,
Staatsministerium, Siegestor, Café Heck, Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Innern, Day of German Art, Zentralministerium für den gleichgeschalteten bayerischen Staat, White Rose, Hitler Paintings
Various sites within walking distance between Munich's Karlstor and the main railway station. Park Café in the Old Botanical Garden served as a social hub during the Nazi period, frequented by both citizens and party officials. Nearby, The central railway station, facilitated the
transportation of troops, supplies, and prisoners to and from Munich,
playing a logistical role in Nazi operations. The Oberfinanzpräsidium
administered financial affairs in the region under Nazi control,
overseeing taxation and economic policies and still boasts the largest
Nazi eagle in the city. The Justizpalast near Karlsplatz is renowned for hosting the Volksgerichtshof trials, where numerous anti-Nazi conspirators, including members of the White Rose resistance group, faced prosecution. The
Ausstellungspavillon, the first Nazi edifice, hosted Nazi exhibitions
and displays promoting racial superiority and militaristic ideals. Additionally, remnants of Nazi eagles and statues around the area serve as stark reminders of the regime's propaganda. The Main Synagogue, destroyed months before Kristallnacht, marks a site of profound loss and remembrance. Collectively, these sites around Stachus not only highlight Munich's architectural and cultural history but also its dark chapter under Nazi influence.
Sites featured: Park Café, München
Hauptbahnhof, Oberfinanzpräsidium, Justizpalast, Remaining Nazi eagles, Nazi
statues, Hitler's artwork, Karlstor, Stachus, Neptunbrunnen, Ausstellungspavillon, Lenbachplatz, Bernheimer Haus, Main Synagogue, Sites associated with Kristallnacht
Munich's Hofbräuhaus emerged as a pivotal site for Hitler and the Nazi Party, serving to galvanise support for the Nazi movement among the populace, marking it as a symbolic venue for the propagation of Nazi ideology and political mobilisation. The nearby Pfeffermühle cabaret was a hub for anti-Nazi satire, offering a platform for performances that subtly critiqued the regime, symbolising the underground resistance in Munich. The Arisierungsstelle played a key role in the confiscation and forced sale of Jewish-owned businesses and properties as part of Nazi racial policies. The Nordbad, a public swimming pool, was emblematic of the Nazi emphasis on physical fitness and public health, serving as a site for the regime’s ideological propagation. Munich's Opera House, a cultural landmark, was often used for Nazi propaganda events and attended by high-ranking officials, reflecting the regime's efforts to intertwine culture with their political agenda. Hitler’s Residence in Munich served as a personal and political headquarters for Hitler, where numerous strategic decisions were made particularly after the Munich Agreement was signed.
Sites featured: Gasthaus Deutsche Eiche, Pfeffermühle, Hofbräuhaus, Arisierungsstelle, Nordbad, Munich Opera House, Hitler Residence, Alter Hof, Hitler's artwork, GärtnerPlatztheater
Among
the sites featured are the Deutschen Museum, one of the largest science
and technology museums in the world, was utilised by the Nazi regime
for propaganda purposes, showcasing achievements in German science and
technology to promote the regime's image of progress and superiority.
The Löwenbräukeller was a venue frequented by Hitler and the Nazi Party
for political meetings and rallies. Oktoberfest, an annual beer festival
held in Munich, was appropriated by the Nazis as a celebration of
German nationalism and cultural identity, with propaganda displays and
events promoting Nazi ideology. The Freikorpsdenkmal, a monument in
Munich commemorating the Freikorps soldiers who fought in the early 20th
century, was appropriated by the Nazis as a symbol of militarism and
nationalism, glorifying the paramilitary groups that paved the way for
Hitler's rise to power.
Sites featured: Hitler's
Residences, Löwenbräukeller, Oktoberfest, Deutschen Museum, Remaining
swastikas, Freikorpsdenkmal, Ruhmeshalle,
Maximilianeum, Hofbräukeller, Ludwigsbrücke, Baldham, Nazi Party Headquarters, Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten, Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, German Research institute for Psychiatry, Eternal Jew exhibition, Kongreßsaal, Remaining Nazi Eagles, Beer Hall Putsch sites, NSDAP Publishing House, White Rose, Ostbahnhof
Another
sprawling page of Nazi-related sites in Munich including Nymphenburg
Palace, repurposed by the Nazi regime for various functions, including
hosting official receptions and ceremonies to bolster the regime's image
of power and grandeur. Stadelheim Prison, used as a detention facility
for political prisoners, resistance fighters, and other perceived
enemies of the regime, where many were subjected to harsh conditions and
torture. The Reichsfinanzhof was responsible for overseeing financial
matters and taxation policies under the Nazi regime, playing a crucial
role in funding the regime's activities and war effort. The
Reichszeugmeisterei was responsible for overseeing the production and
distribution of uniforms and equipment for the Nazi military and
paramilitary organisations, ensuring uniformity and adherence to Nazi
standards. Flughafen Oberwiesenfeld was an airfield used by the Nazis for
military purposes, including training pilots and conducting
reconnaissance flights. Much is devoted to football under the Third
Reich.
Sites featured: Nymphenburg,
Stadelheim, Deutschland Kaserne, Funk Kaserne, Hofgarten,
Staatskanzlei, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Football under the Nazis,
Pasing, Englischer Garten, Haidling, Reichsfinanzhof,
Adolf-Hitler-Kaserne, Reichszeugmeisterei, Flughafen Oberwiesenfeld, Night of the Amazons, Grünwalder
Stadion, Olympic Stadium, Site of the Black September 1972 Olympic
Games terror attack, Allianz Arena, Nazi statues, Manchesterplatz, Site of the Manchester Air Crash, Gebsattelbrücke, Death March memorial, Scholl graves
Mostly
focused on Nazi housing estates, such as the ones in Moosach,
Neuperlach, and Pasing, which were part of the regime's efforts to
reshape urban areas in accordance with Nazi ideology and principles of
social engineering. These estates served multiple purposes, including
providing housing for workers and families, promoting racial segregation
and purity, and fostering a sense of community aligned with Nazi
values. The architecture and layout of these estates often reflected
Nazi aesthetics and propaganda, with buildings designed to evoke a sense
of grandeur and strength, while also incorporating symbols and imagery
associated with the regime. Additionally, the planning and development
of these estates were closely supervised by Nazi officials, who sought
to create idealised living environments that would support the goals of
the regime.
Sites featured: Alpine
Museum, The Great Escape film locations, Siedlung, Bayerische
Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Pullach, Remaining Nazi
iconography, Mustersiedlung Ramersdorf, Adolf Hitler fountains, Siedlung Am Hart, Siedlung Neuherberge, Siedlung Kaltherberge, Reichssiedlung Rudolf Hess
A
virtual tour around Munich cemeteries, revealing the resting places of
many involved within the Nazi regine at the highest level.
Sites featured: Westfriedhof,
Waldfriedhof, Nordfriedhof, Hochbunker, Gräfelfing, Ostfriedhof,
Various Nazi-related graves: Troost, Bauriedl, Hoffmann, Riefenstahl,
Wünsche, Böhme, von Kahr, Emil Maurice, Traudl Junge, Oswald Spengler,
von Rauchenberger, Ferdinand Marian, Tirpitz, Bandera, Paul Hausser,
Franz von Stuck, Röhm, Hans Baur, Anton Drexler, Rudolf Trauch, Eisner,
Gerhard Wagner, Julius Schaub, Hjalmar Schach, von Gersdorff, Julius
Schreck
The first and longest-operating concentration camps established by the
Nazis. Opened in March 1933, shortly after Hitler came to power, Dachau
served as a model for subsequent camps and became a symbol of the
horrors of the Holocaust. Initially intended for political prisoners,
Dachau later housed political oponents, Jews, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and other
groups considered undesirable by the regime. Inmates endured forced
labour, starvation, torture, and medical experiments, leading to the
deaths of tens of thousands. Liberation came in April 1945 when American
forces liberated the camp, revealing the full extent of Nazi atrocities.
Sites featured: Dachau Waldfriedhof, Konzentrationslager, Dachau, Hebertshausen ϟϟ Range, Müttererholungsheim, Deutenhofen, Kräutergarten, War Crimes Trial, Site of American Massacre of Guards, Bavarian Riot Police Headquarters
Dachau has gained infamy because of the concentration camp, but it was a workers' town and, during the time of the Munich Soviet Republic, a stronghold of the SPD, USPD and KPD. When Rudolf Heß wanted to campaign for the Nazis in the “Hörhammer” inn, he was driven away with jeers, whistles and the International. In the Reichstag election in March 1933, the Nazis only got 23.9 percent in Dachau, compared to 43.1 percent in Bavaria. People were proud to be a red city
which might be why this location was chosen
for the first camp. From May 1944, an air raid shelter with numerous tunnels and shelters was built under the Dachau Schlossberg. Shortly before the end of the war, on April 28, 1945, the Dachau Uprising took place. A resistance group led by Georg Scherer and Walter Neff, consisting of recently escaped concentration camp prisoners, Dachau citizens and members of the Volkssturm, wanted to end the Nazi regime in the city and prevent a senseless defensive struggle.
Sites Featured: Various
sites of interest within the town as well as Webling, site of an
American massacre of Germans and Dachau-Leitenberg mass grave.
Designed
by Albert Speer, the rally grounds were intended to serve as venues for
massive propaganda events and rallies showcasing the power and grandeur
of the Nazi Party under Hitler's leadership. The centrepiece of the
rally grounds was the vast Zeppelin Field, where the annual Nuremberg
Rallies took place, attracting hundreds of thousands of party members
and supporters from across Germany and beyond. The rallies featured
elaborate military parades, stirring speeches by Nazi leaders, and
carefully choreographed displays of unity and strength. The rally
grounds also included other structures such as the Congress Hall,
designed to hold party congresses and other large gatherings, and the
Great Road, a wide avenue flanked by monumental buildings intended to
convey the grandeur of the Nazi regime.
Sites Featured: Märzfeld,
Ehrenhalle, Kongreßhalle, Luitpoldhalle, Luitpoldgrove, Dutzendteich,
Zeppelinfeld, Deutsches Stadion, Fliegerdenkmal, ϟϟ Barracks, Transformatorenstation, Reichsparteitagsgelände, Hall of Honour
The
city's historical significance, coupled with its strategic location and
infrastructure, made it a focal point for Nazi activities and
propaganda efforts. Additionally, Nuremberg was the site of the
Nuremberg Laws, a series of antisemitic legislation enacted by the Nazis
in 1935. These laws defined who was considered Jewish and restricted
the rights of Jews in Nazi Germany, laying the legal groundwork for the
systematic persecution and discrimination of Jewish citizens. Nuremberg
als gained international attention as the location of the Nuremberg
Trials after the war From 1945 to 1946, the Allies conducted a series of
military tribunals in the city to prosecute prominent Nazi leaders for
war crimes, crimes against humanity, and other atrocities committed
during the war. The trials marked a watershed moment in international
law and justice, establishing the precedent for holding individuals
accountable for crimes against humanity on a global scale.
Sites Featured: Remaining Nazi Eagles, Middle Franconia, Adolf-Hitler-Platz, Nuremberg trials court building, Streicher's Gauhaus, Remaining Nazi eagles, Judensau, Fränkischer Hof, Deutscher Hof, Adolf Hitler Youth Hostel, Triumph of the Will locations, Bahnhofplatz, Frauenkirche, Lorenzkirche, Sebaldus church, Hitler Paintings, Luftschutzschule Hermann Göring, Reichsbahndirektion, Main synagogue memorial, Aufsessplatz
Berchtesgaden,
nestled in the Bavarian Alps near the Austrian border, was a
significant location for Hitler and the Nazi regime during the Third
Reich. Attracted by its scenic beauty and isolation, Hitler chose
Berchtesgaden as the site for his mountain retreat, known as the Berghof
which served as his primary residence for much of the war, where he
entertained high-ranking Nazi officials, foreign dignitaries, and other
guests. The compound included several buildings, gardens, and a
teahouse, providing Hitler with a secluded and luxurious environment
away from the pressures of governing in Berlin. It was also the setting
for many infamous events, including meetings with Nazi leaders such as
Göring, Goebbels, and Himmler. Despite its idyllic appearance, the
Berghof wasn't immune to the horrors of the Nazi regime. It was here
that Hitler made plans for the Holocaust and other atrocities, and where
he received reports on the progress of the war and the implementation
of his policies. Following Germany's defeat, the Berghof was destroyed
by Allied forces to prevent it from becoming a shrine to Nazi ideology.
Today, the site of the Berghof lies in ruins, with only a few remnants
remaining, including the foundation and underground bunker complex.
Sites featured: Platterhof,
Obersalzberg, Mooslahnerkopf, Kehlsteinhaus, Berchtesgaden, Hotel zum
Türken, Bunker, Eagle's Nest, Berghof, Bischofswiesen, Hitler's Teehaus, Dietrich Eckart's grave, Paula Hitler's grave, Gästehaus Hoher Göll, Obersalzberg Documentation Centre
Took advantage for a few of the locations from Geography fieldtrips I'd run to Blaueis glacier with my students. The area around Berchtesgaden and the Obersalzberg was lavished with building projects including the 'Regierungsflughafen Reichenhall-Berchtesgaden' government airport in Ainring, which opened in 1934; the construction of a new office for the Reich Chancellery in Bischofswiesen; the conversion of the Hotel Berchtesgadener Hof into the 'Gästehaus der Partei'; the construction of a new train station in Berchtesgaden and a mountain infantry barracks in Strub and - after a conversion for 35 million Reichsmarks in 1942 - the baroque castle Klessheim in Salzburg with its own train station and its own access to the Reichsautobahn. Hitler used it as the Obersalzberg's guest house for meetings with foreign state guests, whom he did not want to receive in the intimate atmosphere of the Berghof.
Sites Featured: Hintersee, Schönau, Blaueis, Hochkalter, Königssee, Bischofswiesen, Stanggass, Strub, Reichskanzlei Berchtesgaden, Bad Reichenhall, Ramsau, Obersee, Adolf Hitler Kaserne, Jägerkaserne, Adolf Hitler Youth Hostel, Bund Deutscher Mädel, Dietrich Eckart Clinic, Hotel Schiffmeister, Gasthaus Seeklause
Although
focusing mostly on the use of the site in a number of movies, one
notable impact of the war on Schleißheim was the presence of military
installations and facilities in the vicinity, including the Flugplatz
Schleißheim. As a Luftwaffe training facility and operational airfield,
Schleißheim Airport attention from Allied bombers, leading to occasional
airstrikes aimed at disrupting Nazi military operations. The influx of
military personnel and the establishment of barracks and support
infrastructure for the Luftwaffe also brought changes to the social and
economic fabric of the town.
Sites featured: Lohhof, Schönbrunn, Lustheim Palace, Oberschleißheim, Unterschleißheim, Schlosswirtschaft, Military Aviation School, Fliegerbeobachterschule, Fliegerfunkerschule, Lichtbildstelle, Various Film Locations- Paths of Glory, Three Musketeers, Last Year in Marienbad
Deserving
of especial attention given it's where I live, Freising had a local
Nazi group established on September 7, 1922. Hitler himself gave a
three-hour speech titled "Der Weg zur Freiheit" at Gasthof Kolosseum in
Freising on February 12, 1928. Like many other places, Freising faced
repression and persecution under the Nazi regime, particularly its
Jewish residents for whom fifteen stolperstein commemorate.
Sites Featured: Pettenbrunn,
Kloster Wies, Hexenprozesse, Kreisleitung, Hohenbachern,
Adolf-Hitler-Straße, Lindenkeller, Tüntenhausen, Weihenstephan,
stolperstein, Vimy Kaserne, Hangenham, Dürneck, Münchenerstraße, Alte Gefängnis, Rathaus, Neustift, St. Georg kirche, Domberg, Gasthof Kolosseum, Prinz-Ludwig-Straße, Ziegelgasse, Fischergasse, Landshuter Hof, Hindenburg
Straße, Captain Snow
Straße, Adolf Wagner Straße, Norkus Straße, Von-Blombergstraße, Von-Stein-Straße, Sigmund-Halter-Straße, Horst Wessel Straße, Hotel Gred, Casellastraße, Hofbräuhaus, Adler Apotheke, Stauberhaus, Marienplatz, Fürstbischöfliches Lyceum, Marcushaus, NS-Kindergarten Neustift, Bürgerturm, Prinz Arnulf-kaserne, Stein kaserne, Pallotti Haus, Knabenseminar, Christi-Himmelfahrt Evangelical Church, bahnhof, Brunnhausgasse, Mohrenbrücke, bunkers, Lindenkeller, Waldfriedhof, Isarbrücke, Bayerischer Hof, Technische Universität München
Stalag
VIIA, located in the town of Moosburg, was the largest prisoner-of-war
camp operated by Nazi Germany during the war. Moosburg itself played a
significant role during the war due to its proximity to the camp. Stalag
VIIA housed thousands of Allied prisoners, including soldiers from
various countries captured during military campaigns. Conditions in the
camp were harsh, with prisoners enduring overcrowding, inadequate food
and medical care, and forced labour. Many prisoners also suffered from
abuse and neglect at the hands of their captors.
Sites featured: Stalag
VIIA, Moosburg, Bernstorf, Neufahrn bei Pettenbrunn, Neufahrn bei
Freising, Allershausen, Aign, Hohenkammer, Zolling, Fürholzen,
Kranzberg, Eching, Hangenham, Dürneck, Hallbergmoos
Various sites located an afternoon cycle ride from where I live. Erding was the site of a major airbase; I spent a day cmparing locations filmed for the Nazi-era comedy Quax, der Bruchpilot. I'd never heard of Isen until I received hundreds of images from the 14th Armoured Division, inspiring me to hunt down the sites shown in 80 year old wartime photos. Pfaffenhofen unterm Hakenkreuz by Reinhard Haiplik was immensely valuable in researching that town.
Sites Featured: Isen,
Mauern, Dorfen, Dingolfing, Erding, Wartenberg, Pfaffenhofen an der
Ilm, Ismaning, Scheyern, Schrobenhausen, Uttenhofen, Rasthof Holledau, Eberstetten, Geisenhausen, Brauerei Bortenschlager,
Goldach, Reichsluftschiff Z1 memorial
The region surrounding Landsberg am Lech contains a landscape fraught with historical significance for the Nazi era. Landsberg itself holds a pivotal place in history as the site of Landsberg Prison, where Hitler was imprisoned following the failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. This infamous prison became emblematic of Nazi repression, as Hitler authored his virulent manifesto, Mein Kampf, within its walls. Beyond Landsberg, the area witnessed the establishment of numerous concentration camps, including Kaufering, a subcamp of Dachau Concentration Camp. I spent the summer of 2023 visiting various sites associated with these camps.
Sites Featured: Kaufering subcamp complex, Landsberg am Lech, KZ Friedhof, Schwabhausen, Ingolstadt, Buchloe, Landsberg Prison, ϟϟ graves, Concentration camps, Erpfting Jewish cemetery, Concentration Camp Cemetery Hurlach, Holzhausen concentration camp cemetery, Igling–Stoffersberg–Wald concentration camp cemetery,
Featuring sites along the Danube situated within Oberbayern including Eichstätt with the remains of its Nazi Thingstätte high above the town shown here, an open-air theatre used for propagandistic purposes where Nazi rallies and cultural events were held to reinforce ideological indoctrination. These gatherings were designed to foster a sense of community and loyalty to the regime through orchestrated displays of nationalism. Ingolstadt housed military facilities and was a centre for armament production, playing a crucial role in the regime's military preparations and wartime activities. Also included is an extensive section on Rosenheim, birthplace of Hermann Göring featuring numerous then-and-now images from Hitler's visits. The town served an important transportation hub, facilitating the movement of troops and supplies. Its strategic location made it a key point in the Nazi logistical network, supporting both military operations and the enforcement of Nazi policies in the region.
Sites Featured: Eichstätt, Ingolstadt, Thingstätte, Rosenheim, Flötzinger Bräustüberl, Gaimersheim, Markt Indersdorf
Chiemsee saw improvements in infrastructure and tourism as the Nazis promoted leisure activities and tourism in the region. Mittenwald and other sites here, known for their traditional Alpine charm, benefitted from increased tourism and cultural promotion under the Nazis. Garmisch-Partenkirchen, host to the 1936 Winter Olympics, received significant investment in infrastructure and tourism promotion, resulting in economic growth and international recognition.
Sites featured: Chiemsee,
Schönau, Mittenwald, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Starnberg, Mangfall, Bad
Tölz, Murnau, Tutzing, Bodensee, Wolfratshausen, Gmund, Sites associated
with the 1936 Olympics, Remaining Nazi eagles, Herrenchiemsee, Ludendorff's grave, Lambacher Hof, site of Ludwig II's death, ϟϟ Junker School Bad Tölz, bunkers, Schloss Linderhof, Meersburg am Bodensee, Death March memorials
In the vicinity of Mühldorf, the Nazis established in late 1938 a subcamp of Dachau concentration camp which later became an independent concentration camp in 1942 involved in various projects that supported the Nazi war effort, including the construction of underground aircraft factories and the production of armaments. Thousands of prisoners perished due to the harsh conditions, forced labour, and arbitrary violence. The camp's proximity to key industrial centres and transportation hubs made it strategically important for the Nazi regime's wartime objectives. After its liberation Mühldorf became a displaced persons camp which the authorities today are trying to erase.
Sites featured: Deining,
Oberammergau, Bad Wiessee, Oberbayern, Kaltenberg, Mühldorf,
Oberaudorf, Feldberg, Mangfall, Traunstein, Herrsching, Uffing,
Weilheim, Wasserburg am Inn, Durnbach, Markt Schwaben, Siegsdorf, Gmund
Commonwealth War Cemetery, Weingut I, Rottenbuch, Tegernsee, Aufkirchen, Red Army Faction, Chiemsee, Lambacher Hof
Although not a major urban centre like some other parts of the country, this region
still felt the impact of Nazi policies and actions. The Allgäu served as
a significant agricultural area, contributing to the Nazi regime's
goals of achieving food self-sufficiency and supporting the war effort.
Additionally, the region saw the establishment of forced labour camps and
military installations, which played a role in the wider Nazi
infrastructure. Neuschwanstein Castle near Füssen was famously commissioned
by King Ludwig II of Bavaria in the 19th century. Whilst the castle
predates the Nazi regime, its association with German royalty and
romanticised mediæval imagery made it a symbol that the Nazis sought to
co-opt for propaganda purposes. Hitler himself visited Neuschwanstein
Castle, considering it a personal retreat and inspiration for his own
architectural ambitions. During the war it was used as a depot for
looted art by the Nazis, highlighting its significance beyond its
historical and architectural allure.
Sites featured: Kempten,
Oberbayern, Oberjochpass, Oberstdorf, Kaufbeuren, Hopfen am See,
Lindau, Steingaden, Ordensburg Sonthofen, Neuschwanstein, Füssen,
Allgäu, Great Escape Locations, Generaloberst-Dietl-Kaserne, Prinz-Franz-Kaserne, Concentration camp Kottern-Weidach, Oberstdorf
The
Upper Palatinate in eastern Bavaria played a significant role
during the Nazi era, with several towns and cities in the region
impacted by Nazi policies and institutions. Notably, the city of Weiden
in der Oberpfalz served as a centre for military administration and
logistics, hosting various Nazi offices and organisations. Additionally,
the town of Flossenbürg, situated in the Upper Palatinate, was the site
of the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp, where thousands of prisoners,
including political dissidents, Jews, and other persecuted groups, were
subjected to forced labour, torture, and execution. The region also saw
the establishment of forced labour camps and military installations,
contributing to the Nazi war effort.
Sites featured: Waldmünchen, Flossenbürg Concentration Camp, Grafenwöhr, Schindler residence, Weiden, Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz, Oberpfalz, Regensburg, Walhalla, Auerbach, Kemnath, Judensau, Adolf Hitler Brücke, Hans-Schemm-Schule
In
towns like Bayreuth, known for its cultural heritage and the annual
Wagner Festival, the Nazis sought to co-opt and exploit the legacy of
German nationalism and romanticism for their own propaganda purposes.
The town became a centre for Nazi cultural events and rallies, with the
regime using the iconic Bayreuth Festspielhaus as a venue to glorify its
leaders and promote its racist ideology. Similarly, in Hof, a town with
a rich industrial history, the regime's militarisation and propaganda
efforts left a lasting mark on the community. The town's factories were
repurposed for war production, whilst its residents were subjected to
intense ideological indoctrination and surveillance. Nearby Kulmbach,
famous for its beer, saw its breweries enlisted in the
service of the Nazi war machine, producing supplies for the German
military. The town also housed a subcamp of the Flossenbürg
concentration camp, where prisoners were subjected to forced labour and
inhumane conditions. In Bamberg, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned
for its mediæval architecture, the Nazi regime staged elaborate
propaganda events, exploiting the town's historic charm to promote its
agenda of nationalism.
Sites featured: Wunsiedel,
Kulmbach, Bayreuth, Bamberg, Bad Berneck, Coburg, Gefrees,
Hiltpoltstein, Naila, Forchheim, Staffelstein, Pegnitz, Behringersmühle,
Hof Saale, Hohenberg, Lichtenfels, Münchberg, Oberfranken, Schloss Callenberg, Marktredwitz, House of German Education, Rotmainhalle, Restaurant Eule, Behringersmühle, Hotel Bube, Bad Staffelstein am Main, Hohenberg an der Eger, Hirschaid, Burgkunstadt,
Located
in the heart of Bavaria, this region bore witness to the full spectrum
of Nazi policies and actions. Towns like Schwabach, with its
significant Jewish population, became battlegrounds for the
implementation of anti-Semitic laws and the brutal suppression of
dissent. Similarly, in Roth, the strategic importance of its railway
station was exploited by the Nazis for military logistics, whilst a
forced labour camp subjected prisoners to grueling conditions in support
of the German war effort. Nearby Zirndorf housed another such camp,
where inmates endured horrific suffering and exploitation. Academic and
cultural centres like Erlangen weren't spared, as the regime sought to
control institutions of higher learning and suppress intellectual
dissent. Even picturesque towns like Rothenburg ob der Tauber weren't
immune, as the regime exploited their historic sites for propaganda
purposes, masking the grim reality of life under fascist rule.
Sites featured: Wehrmachtunterkunftheim, Remaining Nazi eagles, Schwabach, Roth, Zirndorf, Erlangen, Altdorf bei Nürnberg, Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Fürth, Leutershausen, Hotel Eisenhut
Middle Franconia (2)
Another page illustrating Middle Franconia varied roles in supporting the Nazi apparatus, from industrial and military contributions to cultural propaganda, showcasing the comprehensive integration of these towns into the Third Reich's structure. Weißenburg and Dinkelsbühl, known for their mediæval charm, were used to evoke nationalist sentiment and promote the Nazi vision of Germanic heritage. Gunzenhausen gained notoriety for the anti-Semitic riots of 1934, reflecting the brutal enforcement of Nazi racial policies. Schwabach's industrial base contributed to the war effort, whilst Ansbach, as the regional administrative centre, hosted numerous Nazi rallies and activities. Leutershausen, though notable for its resistance fighter Hans Orgel, was part of the region's complex relationship with the Nazi regime. Roth became a hub of military activity, supporting Wehrmacht training, and Ellingen and Allersberg facilitated logistics and troop movements. Even rural areas like Ermetzhofen were influenced through agricultural policies and youth indoctrination camps.
Another page illustrating Middle Franconia varied roles in supporting the Nazi apparatus, from industrial and military contributions to cultural propaganda, showcasing the comprehensive integration of these towns into the Third Reich's structure. Weißenburg and Dinkelsbühl, known for their mediæval charm, were used to evoke nationalist sentiment and promote the Nazi vision of Germanic heritage. Gunzenhausen gained notoriety for the anti-Semitic riots of 1934, reflecting the brutal enforcement of Nazi racial policies. Schwabach's industrial base contributed to the war effort, whilst Ansbach, as the regional administrative centre, hosted numerous Nazi rallies and activities. Leutershausen, though notable for its resistance fighter Hans Orgel, was part of the region's complex relationship with the Nazi regime. Roth became a hub of military activity, supporting Wehrmacht training, and Ellingen and Allersberg facilitated logistics and troop movements. Even rural areas like Ermetzhofen were influenced through agricultural policies and youth indoctrination camps.
Sites featured: Weißenburg, Dinkelsbühl, Gunzenhausen, Schwabach, Ansbach, Leutershausen, Roth, Ellingen, Allersberg, Ermetzhofen,
Würzburg
was heavily bombed by Allied forces in March 1945, resulting in
significant destruction and loss of life. The bombing targeted key
infrastructure and military installations, but also caused widespread
damage to residential areas and cultural landmarks. Kitzingen's airfield
was utilised by the Luftwaffe for training pilots and conducting
military operations during the war. Aschaffenburg, located on
the Main River, was home to military installations and industrial
facilities that supported the Nazi war machine. The city's strategic
location along major transportation routes made it a target for Allied
bombing raids during the war. Hammelburg was the site of a
prisoner-of-war camp known as Oflag XIII-B. The camp housed Allied
officers who were captured during military campaigns in Europe. In March
1945, the camp was liberated by American forces. Bad Kissingen was
used by the Nazis as a recreational destination for military
personnel and party officials.
Sites featured: Kitzingen,
Würzburg, Niederbayern, Ochsenfurt, Lohr, Miltenberg, Aschaffenburg,
Unterfranken, Remaining Nazi eagles, Gemünden, Bad Kissingen,
Pompejanum, Schweinfurt, Hammelburg, Hitlerjugend schule, Adolf Hitler Tower
Augsburg,
one of the largest cities in the region, was a stronghold of the Nazi
Party, with prominent Nazi leaders such as Julius Streicher and Adolf
Wagner holding positions of power. The city also hosted major Nazi
rallies and events, including the infamous Reichsparteitag, or Nuremberg
Rally, in 1935. During the war several satellite camps of the Dachau concentration camp were set up in Augsburg and the surrounding area to decentralise armaments production by the Messerschmitt AG aircraft factory. 235 prisoners were murdered directly in Augsburg by SS men or died from the catastrophic living conditions and were buried in the Westfriedhof, as commemorated by three memorial plaques. In spring 1945, 2,000 prisoners were driven from the Pfersee barracks to Klimmach on a death march, where many of them died. Augsburg suffered heavy damage from air raids as the city, with production facilities of important armaments companies (including Messerschmitt & MAN), was a military target of Allied bombers. Augsburg was bombedover ten times and the consequences are still felt today, through the irretrievable loss of valuable cultural assets, and secondly through the dangers posed by unexploded bombs that are still in the ground.
Sites featured: Augsburg, Remaining Nazi eagles, Halle 116, Gestapo HQ, Synagogue, Gauforum, Nazi reliefs, Fuggerei
Several towns and cities in Swabia were key centres of Nazi activity.Memmingen, whos etourist office provided invaluable help, was home to a significant Nazi presence, with local party officials and organisations actively promoting Nazi ideology and enforcing regime policies. Additionally, the town served as a hub for Nazi propaganda and recruitment efforts, targeting young people and indoctrinating them into the Hitler Youth.Günzburg was the home of the infamous Dr. Mengele; his ability to return to his hometown after the war still an unaddressed scandal.
Sites Featured: Oettingen, Donauwörth, Dillingen, Nördlingen, Günzburg,Wemding, Aichach, Hof, Memmingen, Altenstadt
Hitler
lived in Passau briefly as a child. The city's proximity to Austria and
Czechoslovakia made it a significant location for Nazi military
operations and logistics. Passau also served as a transit point for
refugees fleeing Nazi persecution. During the war Straubing served as a
regional administrative centre for the Nazi Party, overseeing the
implementation of Nazi policies and directives in the area. Its Gauforum
served as the regional administrative centre for the Nazis in the Lower
Bavaria region, housing various party offices, administrative
buildings, and meeting halls. Today, remnants of the Gauforum still
exist in Straubing, serving as a reminder of the town's complex history
during the Nazi era. Landshut, Himmler's hometown, served as a military
garrison town, housing troops and supporting logistical operations.
Sites Featured: Vilsbiburg,
Remaining Nazi eagles, Niederbayern, Passau, Straubing,
Synagogue,Landshut, Hitler Residence, Himmler residence, Schochkaserne,
Hans-Schemm-Schule
Much
of the page relates to Kelheim and the neighbouring Befreiungshalle,
used as a symbol of German nationalism and propaganda. The monument
itself was not directly associated with the Nazi regime, but it was
utilised to promote their ideology and glorify German military history.
Sites Featured:
Mainburg, Siegenburg, Bayerisch Eisenstein, Ganacker concentration
camp, Wolnzach, Steinhöring, Osterhofen, Grafentraubach, Geisenfeld,
Schönberg, Deggendorf, Simbach, Weltenburg, Kelheim, Befreiungshalle,
Napoleonshöhe, Abensberg
Weimar
holds significant historical importance as the birthplace of the Weimar
Republic, the first democratic government in Germany following the
Great War. In 1919, the Weimar National Assembly convened in the
Theaterplatz to draft the new constitution, ushering in a period of
political, social, and cultural innovation known as the "Weimar Era."
However, Weimar's association with democracy was short-lived, as Hitler
rose to power in the early 1930s. During the Nazi regime, Weimar became a
centre of cultural suppression and persecution, with institutions such
as the Bauhaus art school being shut down for its perceived "degenerate"
art. Additionally, Weimar was located in close proximity to the
Buchenwald concentration camp, which played a significant role in the
Nazis' systematic genocide. Buchenwald, situated on the Ettersberg hill
near Weimar, was one of the largest and most notorious concentration
camps operated by the Nazis. Established in 1937, Buchenwald initially
held political prisoners, criminals, and other perceived enemies of the
regime. As the war progressed tens of thousands of prisoners were
subjected to forced labour, torture, medical experiments, and systematic
murder.
Sites Featured:
Buchenwald Concentration Camp, Buchenwald Memorial, Weimar, Hotel
Elephant, Reichsstatthalterei, Deutsches Nationaltheater, Schiller's
house, Nietzsche Archives, Weimarhalle, Emmy-Göring-Stift, Thälmann
memorial, Ettersberg Cemetery
During
the Nazi era, Thuringia was not only a significant geographical
location but also played a role in the implementation of Nazi policies
and the perpetration of atrocities. Notably Erfurt, Thuringia's capital,
was home to several Nazi institutions and organisations. The Gestapo
headquarters in Erfurt played a central role in the suppression of
dissent and the persecution of political opponents. Additionally,
Thuringia was the site of forced labour camps, including the notorious
concentration camp at Mittelbau-Dora. This camp, located near
Nordhausen, was established in 1943 and became infamous for its harsh
conditions and brutal treatment of prisoners. The camp was liberated by
American forces in April 1945, but its legacy of suffering and death
continues to haunt the region.
Sites Featured: Egendorf, Meiningen, Erfurt, Wasungen, Gera, Jena, Salzungen, Eisenach, Sonneberg, Blankenburg, Nordhausen, Saalfeld, Thüringen, Greiz, Quittelsberg, Oberdorla, Eisfeld, Gotha, Altenburg, Masserberg, Bad Klosterlausnitz, Zeulenroda, Weida, Schmölln, Remaining swastikas
Today
in no other federal state in Germany are there so many properties that
are permanently used by right-wing extremists for political purposes; in
2012, by far the most neo-Nazi concerts took place in Saxony, almost a
quarter in a single inn in Staupitz in northern Saxony. The eight
members of the right-wing terrorist group Freital, who carried out
several explosive attacks on refugee accommodation and political
opponents in Freital and Dresden and were sentenced to several years in
prison by the Dresden Higher Regional Court for forming a terrorist
organisation and attempted murder or aiding and abetting, were active
here. The right-wing extremist NPD entered the Dresden state parliament
in 2004 and 2009 and in the 2017 federal election, the right-wing
Alternative for Germany (AfD) became the strongest force in
Saxony.
Sites Featured: Riesa,
Bad Brambach, Annaberg, Glauchau, Löbau, Frankenberg, Freiberg, Aue,
Zittau, Obergurig, Königsbrück, Rochlitz, Leipzig, Schkeuditz, Plauen im
Vogtland, Hohenstein, Eilenburg, Görlitz, Augustusburg, Zwickau,
Schildau, Geringswalde, Raschwitz Markkleeberg, Hammerleubsdorf,
Leubsdorf, Hohenstein-Ernstthal, Oschatz, Markranstädt, Schwarzenberg,
Neuhausen, Bad Düben, Schlettau im Erzgebirge, Crimmitschau, Bautzen,
Struppen
Cities
like Dessau housed pivotal Nazi institutions, such as the Junkers
aircraft factory, contributing to the regime's military capabilities.
Meanwhile, Halle served as a hub for Nazi propaganda and ideology, with a
strong Nazi presence. Saxony-Anhalt was also a target of Allied
bombing raids, with cities like Magdeburg bearing the brunt of
destruction.
Sites Featured: Burg Saaleck, Bitterfeld, Staßfurt, Freyburg, Gardelegen, Wittenberg, Alsleben an der Saale, Zeitz, Torgau, Schafstädt, Köthen, Ammendorf, Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Merseburg, Dessau, Tangermünde, Stendal, Bitterfeld, Halle (Saale), Burg Regenstein, Zeitz, Blankenburg (Harz)
Bergen-Belsen,
near the town of Bergen, stands as a grim testament to the horrors of
the Holocaust, where tens of thousands of Jews, political prisoners, and
others were incarcerated in appalling conditions until its liberation
by British forces in 1945. In the capital city of Hannover, the
industrial and transportation hub of Lower Saxony, the scars of war are
visible in the remnants of bombed-out buildings and the haunting legacy
of forced labour camps, including the Hannover-Ahlem concentration camp,
where Jewish women were subjected to inhumane treatment. Nearby, the
picturesque town of Goslar, nestled in the Harz Mountains, bore witness
to the encroachment of Nazi control, as forced labour camps and military
units operated amidst its serene surroundings. Further south, in
Braunschweig, the city's industrial importance made it a target for
Allied bombing raids, resulting in widespread destruction and loss of
life. Despite its historic and cultural significance, Braunschweig
became enmeshed in the machinery of Nazi oppression, reflecting the
broader impact of totalitarianism on communities across Lower Saxony.
Featured Sites: Bergen-Belsen, Riddagshausen, Hannover, Stade, Goslar, Wunstorf, Hildesheim, Bergen-Hohne, Niedersachsen, Braunlage, Braunschweig, Tietlingen, Celle, Quakenbrück, Bernhard-Rust-Hochschule, Hitler Painting, Technischen Hochschule
Lower
Saxony played a significant role under the Nazi regime such as
Wolfsburg, which became the site of the Volkswagen automobile factory in
1938. Under the direction of the Nazi government, the Volkswagen
factory was established to produce the iconic "People's Car," designed
to make car ownership accessible to the average German citizen. The
factory employed thousands of workers and contributed to the region's
economic growth during the Nazi era. Similarly, the town of Salzgitter
saw industrial development and expansion during this time, with the
establishment of the Hermann-Göring-Werke. This industrial complex
produced steel and armaments for the Nazi war effort, providing
employment opportunities and economic prosperity to the region.
Additionally, the port city of Wilhelmshaven played a strategic role as a
naval base for the German Navy, or Kriegsmarine. The construction of
the Jade-Weser-Port, initiated by the Nazi government in the late 1930s,
aimed to enhance Germany's maritime capabilities and facilitate the
movement of goods and troops.
Sites
Featured: Göttingen, Wittingen, Rüstringen, Bad Sachsa,Varel, Wilhelmshaven, Neuwallmoden, Norderney, Delmenhorst, Bückeberg, Niedersachsen, Lingen, Bad Nenndorf, Bad Gandersheim, Hamelin, Bad Pyrmont, Emden, Obernkirchen, Bad Grund, Uslar, Wangerooge, Hitler Tower, Oldenburg, Varel am Jadebusen
Known
for its cultural heritage and architectural splendour, Dresden became a
target for Nazi propaganda and militarisation. The city's iconic
landmarks, such as the Frauenkirche and Zwinger Palace, were exploited
by the regime for propaganda purposes, with Nazi rallies and events held
in these historic settings to bolster support for the fascist regime.
Additionally, Dresden's industrial capacity was harnessed for the war
effort, with factories producing weapons and equipment for the German
military. The city's strategic importance made it a target for Allied
bombing raids during the war, culminating in the devastating bombing of
Dresden in February 1945. The Allied firebombing reduced much of the
city to rubble, resulting in the deaths of thousands of civilians and
the destruction of cultural treasures.
Sites Featured: Saxony, Luftgaukommando, Dresden, Pirna, Radebeul, Adolf-Hitler-Platz, Theaterplatz, Dresden-Friedrichstadt Hospital, Luftkriegsschule Klotzsche, Tachenberg Palace, Zwinger palace, Villa Wach, Kulturpalast, Frauenkirche
Ordensburg Vogelsang, originally constructed as an educational institution for future Nazi leaders, served as a hub for ideological indoctrination and military training. Cities like Köln and Dortmund witnessed significant industrialisation and were targeted by Allied bombing campaigns due to their strategic importance. The EL-DE Haus in Cologne, once a Gestapo headquarters, now serves as a museum documenting the horrors of Nazi rule. Essen, an industrial powerhouse, played a crucial role in armaments production for the Nazi war machine.
Sites Featured: Bad Godesberg, Ordensburg Vogelsang, Synagogue, Köln, Dortmund, Brühl, EL-DE Haus, Essen, Rheinhotel Dreesen, Judensau, Erwitte,Remaining Nazi eagles, Bonn, Schloss Augustusburg, Cologne, Rheinhotel Dreesen, Universitäts Hauptgebäude, Bad Honnef, Reichsschulungsburg der NSDAP und DAF, Remaining Nazi iconography
Especial attention is foused on Wewelsburg, a castle located near Paderborn, which was repurposed by the ϟϟ under Himmler's direction. It was transformed into a centre for ϟϟ ideological indoctrination and mystical rituals, symbolising Himmler's vision of a racial elite. The Hermannsdenkmal commemorating the ancient Germanic leader Arminius, became a symbol of nationalist sentiment during the Nazi era, used to promote the idea of Germanic superiority and military prowess, aligning with the regime's propaganda efforts to glorify the Germanic past.
Sites Featured: Bochum, Herford, Werne, Übach-Palenberg, Münster, Teutoburg, Wewelsburg, Hermannsdenkmal, Bielefeld, Düsseldorf, Moers am Niederrhein, Siegen, Mülheim, Hamm, Gremmendorf, Nazi statues, Reichsmuseum für Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftskunde, Schloss Jägerhof, Remaining Nazi eagles, Grevenbroich, Bad Hamm
Closing off my pages on the region, annual Westphalia-specific Nazi festivals, such as the commemorations for the Ruhr Battle martyr Ludwig Knickmann in Gelsenkirchen took place on June 21. Ritualised pomp also characterised the Gau party rallies in Münster and Bochum, which were attended by tens of thousands, as well as the countless district party rallies. There were also one-off events such as the funerals of regional party leaders or early Nazi supporters like Emil Kirdorf in Gelsenkirchen in 1938. The four day motorcade of around 700 NSDAP "old guards" through the Westphalia region in June 1939 was a special event which initially included particularly long-serving party members with a membership number under 100,000, and later also other particularly deserving “party comrades”.
Sites Featured: Bad Salzuflen, Lünen, Wuppertal-Barmen, Mönchengladbach, Rheydt, Jülich, Xanten, Krefeld, Hagen, Selm, Viersen am Niederrhein, Wesel, Ibbenbüren, Kempen, Duisburg, Horn Bad Meinberg, Aachen, Oberhausen, Hilchenbach, Dreiländerpunkt, Hamminkeln, Glesch, Burg an der Wupper, Büttgen, Tondorf, Hasten Remscheid, Warstein, Werl, Remaining Nazi eagles, Lippstadt
Following
the Great War, the Treaty of Versailles demilitarised the Rhineland,
prohibiting the presence of German military forces in the area. However,
in 1936 Hitler violated the treaty by ordering the remilitarisation of
the Rhineland, a move that marked a key step in his expansionist
ambitions. This remilitarisation occurred on March 7, 1936, when German
troops crossed the Rhine River and occupied the region without facing
any opposition from France or Britain. This bold act of defiance allowed
Hitler to test the resolve of the Allied powers and gauge their
response to his aggressive actions. The remilitarisation of the
Rhineland also served as a precursor to further German expansionism,
including the annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland, ultimately
leading to the outbreak of the war.
Sites Featured: Speyer,
Alzey, Ingelheim, Rheinbrohl, Neuwied, Linz am Rhein, Mainz, Trier,
Laubenheim, Remagen, Braubach, Bacharach, Koblenz, Landau in der Pfalz,
Schweigen-Rechtenbach, Coblenz, Kallstadt, Beilstein, Rheinzabern,
Worms, Werdohl, Frankenthal, Idar-Oberstein, Schifferstadt, Beilstein,
Remaining Nazi eagles
Saarland,
a small region in western Germany bordering France and Luxembourg, has a
complex history shaped by its strategic location and economic
significance. Following the Great War, the Saar Basin was placed under
the administration of the League of Nations, with a referendum in 1935
resulting in its return to Germany. During the Nazi era, Saarland was
incorporated into the Greater German Reich, and its coal mines and
industrial centres played a crucial role in supporting the war effort.
Sites Featured: Galgenbergturm,
Spiesen-Elversberg, Saarlouis, Höchen Bexbach im Saarpfalz, Merzig,
Hanau im Mainz, Dillingen, Saar, Saarbrücken, Bad Hersfeld, St. Wendel,
Quierschied, Winterberg Monument, Saarländisches Staatstheater, Hindenburgturm
Pomerania, with its strategic location on the Baltic coast, played a crucial role in Germany's military strategy. The region was heavily militarised, with the construction of naval bases, airfields, and defensive fortifications along the coastline. Schleswig-Holstein on the border with Denmark served as a vital transit point for troops and supplies heading to and from Scandinavia. Its ports and harbors were key logistical hubs for the German war effort. Mecklenburg, known for its picturesque landscapes and historic cities such as Schwerin and Rostock, underwent significant transformations under Nazi rule. The region saw the establishment of forced labour camps, agricultural collectivisation, and the suppression of political dissent. Rügen, Germany's largest island located in the Baltic Sea, was militarised with the construction of coastal defences and radar installations. Additionally, the island served as a vacation destination for members of the Nazi party and was used for propaganda purposes.
Sites Featured: Prora,
Kiel, Horst, Heiligendamm, Greifswald, Sylt, Demmin, Rügen, Adolf
Hitler Koog, Güstrow, Schwerin, Friedrichsruh, Pelzerhaken, Barracks,
Mecklenburg, Quickborn, Pomerania, Ahlbeck Heringsdorf,
Schleswig-Holstein, Bad Segeberg, Adolf-Hitler-Schanze, U-Boots
Ehrenmal, Flandernbunker, Kellenhusen, Thingplatz, Plön, Ahlefeld
Bistensee, Flensburg, Bad Arnis, Lübeck, Leck, Neustadt in Holstein,
Heide, Neumünster, Remaining Nazi eagles, Grömitz, Kappeln/Schlei,
Kellenhusen an der Ostsee, Rostock, Wismar, Neustrelit, Zingst, Anklam,
Kellinghusen, Haffkrug, Neustrelitz, Nordseebad Dangast, Kühlungsborn,
Schloß Ludwigslust
In
October 1944, the Vichy regime government under Marshal Pétain was
moved from Vichy to Sigmaringen on Hitler's orders . Sigmaringen Castle
remained the seat of what the National Socialists saw as the official
French government until the end of the war. The Allied air raids in the war didn't all affect the cities in southwest Germany to the
same extent. During the air raid on Pforzheim on February 23, 1945,
17,600 people died within a few minutes. Stuttgart, Mannheim, Heilbronn ,
Friedrichshafen , Freiburg and Ulm were also hit very hard . Karlsruhe,
Reutlingen, Böblingen, Sindelfingen , Offenburg and Göppingen suffered
serious damage . Other cities like Rottweil, Heidelberg, Baden-Baden,
Esslingen , Ludwigsburg , Tübingen, Villingen , Konstanz, Aalen and
Schwäbisch Gmünd remained almost intact and therefore still have intact
old towns today.
Sites Featured: Öschelbronn,
Stuttgart, Esslingen, Konstanz,Thingstätte, Freiburg, Karlsruhe,
Hechingen, Obertürkheim, Durlach, Heidelberg, Fruchtsäule, Schwetzingen,
Bismarckturm, Wilhelmspalais, Stuttgarter Polizeipräsidium, Panzer
Kaserne, Tompkins Barracks, Grenadierdenkmal, Karlsruhe Badisches
Innenministerium, Staatliche Kunsthalle, Adolf-Hitler-Haus,
Möslestadion, Remaining Nazi eagles
Featuring sites associated with Rommel. One prominent site is the Rommel Memorial in Blaustein-Herrlingen, near Ulm which commemorates his military career and honours his contributions to the German armed forces. Rommel's former residence, the Villa Lindenhof in Heidenheim, is now a museum dedicated to his life and legacy. Additionally, Rommel's military career is closely tied to various military installations and headquarters throughout Baden-Württemberg, including those in Stuttgart, Karlsruhe, and Ulm.
Sites Featured: Radolfzell,
Laufenburg, Pfullingen, Villingen-Schwenningen, Offenburg,
Friedrichshafen,Tübingen, Schönau, Breisach, Schwäbisch Hall, Rexingen,
Maulbronn, Ulm, Altenstadt, Mannheim, Schlageter's grave, Breisach am Oberrhein,
Rommel's grave, Rommel's home, Blaustein, Dilsberg, Schloss
Lichtenstein, Metzgerturm, Todtnau, Remaining Nazi eagles, Göppingen,
Donaueschingen, Heidenheim an der Brenz, Kloster Maulbronn, Neues
Krankenhaus Diakonie-Klinikum, Kinzigdamm, Sir Francis Drake memorial, Ebingen
Many of the sites I visited as part of my cycling tour around the Roman Limes, the end point of which was just outside Schwäbisch Gmünd. The Nazis idealised the concept of a racially pure and superior Germanic past, and sought to portray themselves as the inheritors of this legacy. They emphasised the idea of the Roman Empire as a precursor to the Germanic peoples, presenting it as an example of strength, order, and civilisation intended to reinforce the notion of Germanic superiority and justify Nazi expansionism. The Nazis often undertook archaeological excavations and restoration projects at Roman sites to showcase their supposed connection to ancient Germanic culture, seeking to present themselves as the guardians of a glorious past and used Roman artifacts and imagery to promote their vision of a racially pure and unified Germany. The Limes, as the northern frontier of the Roman Empire, were portrayed as a symbol of ancient Germanic resistance to foreign invaders, drawing parallels between the Roman Empire's attempts to conquer Germanic tribes and their own struggles against perceived enemies of the German nation.
Sites Featured: Lörrach,
Böblingen, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Amstetten, Ravensburg, Hardheim, Konstanz
am Bodensee, Cannstatt, Ebingen, Ludwigsburg, Gengenbach, Nagold, Aalen,
Heilbronn, Bräunlingen, Waldhilsbach, Schirenhof, Wiesendorf
concentration camp, Weingarten, Schloss Sigmaringen, Böblingen, Schloß
Kapfenburg, Esslingen, Künzelsau, Obertürkheim, Remaining Nazi eagles,
Bad Cannstatt, Gengenbach, Crailsheim
In 1933, shortly after Hitler came to power, the Nazis
established the Gestapo headquarters in Wiesbaden, using it as a base for
surveillance, repression, and persecution of political opponents and
marginalised groups. Additionally, the town of Hadamar gained infamy
during the war for its role as a site of Nazi euthanasia programmes.
Between 1941 and 1945, the Hadamar Institute was used to carry out the
systematic murder of disabled and mentally ill individuals deemed 'unfit' by the regime, with thousands of victims being killed in gas
chambers or by lethal injection. Furthermore, the town of Frankfurt am
Main, the largest city in Hessen, was heavily bombed by Allied forces
during the war due to its strategic importance as a transportation hub
and industrial centre.
Sites Featured: Frankfurt,
Windecken, Gießen, Saalburg, Niederwalddenkmal, Darmstadt, Wiesbaden,
Bad Wildungen, Remaining Nazi eagles, Kassel, Runkel, Bad Homburg,
Fritzlar, Hitlerturm, Offenbach am Main, Marburg, Naumburg, Rotenburg an
der Fulda, Bad Sooden-Allendorf, Erlensee, Schloß Dehrn, Rüdesheim,
Fliegerdenkmal, Wasserkuppe
AUSTRIA
My page
focusing on various sites I spent a summer cycling around associated with Hitler's formative years. One
notable site is the town of Linz, Hitler's hometown, where he spent
part of his childhood and adolescence. Although Hitler left Linz in his
youth, he maintained an emotional attachment to the city and envisioned
transforming it into a cultural centre of the Third Reich. His
plans included grand architectural projects and cultural
institutions, such as the construction of a monumental art museum to
house stolen artworks and promote Nazi ideology. Whilst many of these
ambitious plans never came to fruition due to the outbreak of th war, Hitler's vision reflects his desire to leave a lasting
legacy and reshape the urban landscape in accordance with Nazi ideals.
Braunau am Inn holds significance as the
birthplace of Hitler. Despite efforts by local authorities to distance
the town from this association, Braunau remains a
site of pilgrimage for neo-Nazis and far-right extremists, who see
Hitler as a hero and martyr. Furthermore, the Mauthausen-Gusen
concentration camp complex was one of the largest and most notorious
Nazi concentration camps where thousands were subjected to
forced labour, torture, and execution at Mauthausen-Gusen. The camp's
proximity to Linz made it strategically important for the Nazi regime,
with many prisoners used as slave labourers in nearby factories and
construction projects.
Sites Featured: Braunau
am Inn, Gusen, Leonding, Mauthausen Concentration camp, Fischlham,
Linz, Hitler's birthplace, Hitler's schools, Adolf Eichmann residence,
Nibelungen Bridge, Burschenschafterturm, Hitler's parents gravesite,
Where Hitler's father died
The result of two research visits I made to Vienna featuring
various sites associated with the Anschluß, and Hitler's paintings.
During the Anschluss of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938, the Hotel
The product of two exMetropole served as the headquarters of the Gestapo, the secret police
of the Nazi regime, which carried out surveillance, arrests, and
interrogations of political opponents and minority groups. Additionally,
the city's Jewish population was subjected to persecution and
discrimination, with synagogues, businesses, and homes targeted for
destruction and looting during Kristallnacht. Furthermore, Vienna's
Jewish citizens were forced to wear yellow Star of David badges and were
later deported to concentration camps, where many perished in the
Holocaust. The city's historic Jewish quarter, Leopoldstadt, once a
vibrant centre of Jewish life and culture, was decimated by the Nazis,
with its synagogues destroyed and its residents deported or killed.
Sites Featured: St.
Charles's church and the Vienna State Opera House, Chancellery, Hotel
Imperial, Heldenplatz, Hofburg, Äußeres Burgtor, Loos Haus,
Michaelerplatz, Burgtheater, Holocaust memorial, Gauhaus,
Adolf-Hitler-Platz, Urania, Schönbrunn palace
More Sites in Austria
Apart
from the various ski resorts frequented by the wife and kid, my webpage
focuses on Salzburg which became a hub for Nazi activities, including
propaganda, military operations, and administration. One notable site
was the HohenSalzburg Fortress, which was used by the Nazis as a prison
and detention centre for political opponents. Additionally, the city's
main square, Residenzplatz, was often the site of Nazi rallies and
events, showcasing the regime's propaganda and power. In Innsbruck, the
city's location in the heart of the Alps made it strategically
important for the regime, particularly for its role in military
operations and propaganda. The Bergisel Ski Jump, located just outside
the city, was used as a venue for Nazi propaganda events, including ski
competitions and rallies.
Sites Featured:
Döbling, Amstetten, Kufstein, Zell am See, Innsbruck, Kapfenberg,
Salzburg, Dürnstein, Bad Ischl, Styria, Friesach, Kitzbühel, Melk,
Lienz, Bad Leonfelden, Bad Radkersburg, Gröbming, St. Pölten,
Traismauer, Wolfgangsee
ITALY
Under
Mussolini's fascist regime, Rome served as a central hub of power and
propaganda, symbolizing the resurgence of Italian greatness and the
embodiment of fascist ideals. Mussolini undertook ambitious
architectural projects to glorify Italy's imperial past, transforming
the cityscape with grandiose structures and emphasizing ancient Roman
heritage. During the war, Rome fell under Nazi occupation from 1943
to 1944, leading to increased repression and targeting of Jews,
political dissidents, and resistance fighters. The deportation of Rome's
Jewish population to concentration camps resulted in significant loss
of life.
Featured Sites: Accademia Fascista, Quirinal, Via dell’Impero, EUR, Stadio dei Marmia, Stadio dei Marmi, Termini, Florence, Colosseum, Roma Ostiense, Naples, Foro Mussolini, Palazzo Venezia, Palazzo Braschi, Via Rasella, Porta San Paolo, Via Nazionale, Porta San Giovanni, Campidoglio, Capitoline Hill, Piazza Augusto Imperatore, Ara Pacis, Piazza del Popolo, Castel Sant'Angelo, EIAR, Caserna Mussolini, Viale Romania, Viale Regina Elena, Via del Mare, Piazza Bocca della Verità, San Giorgio in Velabro, Arch of Janus, Largo Argentina, MVSN, Via del Circo Massimo, Curia Julia, Palazzo degli Uffici dell’Ente Autonomo, Basilica of Maxentius, Campo Roma
Ruled
by two fascist dictatorships, South Tyrol, or Südtirol in German, is an
autonomous province in northern Italy with a unique history and
cultural identity shaped by its location at the crossroads of Germanic
and Latin cultures. During the Nazi era, South Tyrol was annexed by
Germany as part of the Third Reich's expansionist policies. This
annexation, known as the Option Agreement, resulted in the forced
assimilation of the German-speaking population into the Nazi regime. The
Nazis established the Bozen-Bolzano transit camp, which served as a
detention and deportation centre for political prisoners, Jews, and
other persecuted groups. Thousands of individuals were held in the camp
before being transported to concentration camps in Germany and Eastern
Europe, where many perished. Furthermore, South Tyrol's mountainous
terrain made it an ideal location for military installations and
defensive fortifications. The region was heavily militarised by the Nazi
regime, with numerous bunkers, gun emplacements, and defensive lines
constructed to defend against potential Allied invasions.
Featured Sites: Bozen,
Chiusa, Alto Adige, Bolzano, Bressanone, Klausen, Brixen, Elephant
Hotel, Victory Monument, INA Headquarters, Headquarters of the fascist
party (PNF), Casa Littoria, Piazza del Tribunale, Viale Giulio Cesare,
INFPS, Gestapo Headquarters
CZECHIA
Following
the Munich Agreement, Prague fell under German control. The city
served as a vital administrative and cultural centre for the Nazi regime
in occupied Czechoslovakia. Heydrich, known as the "Butcher of Prague,"
was targeted by Czech resistance fighters parachuted in from Britain.
The assassination led to brutal reprisals, including the destruction of
the village of Lidice and the massacre of its inhabitants. The city's
cultural heritage was both exploited and targeted by the Nazis with
Hitler envisioning Prague as a showcase of Germanic culture. Sites featured: Gestapo
Headquarters, Cernínský Palác, Hradcany Castle, Wenceslas Square, Deutsches Theatre, Operation Anthropoid, Commonwealth War
Cemetery, Prague, Winston Churchill Square, Stalin Monument, Czech
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, New Jewish Cemetery, Soviet Cemetery,
Maisel Synagogue, Armadni Muzeum, National Museum, Staromestske Namesti,
Charles Bridge, Rudolfinum concert hall, New German Theatre, Site of
Heydrich's assassination, Church of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Restaurant
Krčma u Parašutistů, National Liberation Memorial
Sudetenland
or Sudeten area (in the Czech Republic today usually referred to as
Pohraničí - " border area " - or simply as Sudety - "Sudeten") is an
auxiliary name, mainly used after 1918, for an heterogeneous,
non-contiguous area along the borders of what was then Czechoslovakia
with Germany and Austria , where predominantly Germans lived by
language, culture and self-identification. It was therefore also called
Sudeten German areas and “Sudeten Germany” in Nazi propaganda .
Sites featured: Aš,
Cheb, Olomouc, Karlsbad, Nürschan, Liberec, Marienbad, Bratislava,
Eger, Jägerndorf, Komotau, Görkau, Kamnitz, Wildenau, Leitmeritz,
Czechoslovakia, Falkenau, Wiesengrund, Franzensbad, Sokolov, Lanškroun,
Konrad Henlein Platz,Straße der SA, Hermann Göring Platz, Adolf Hitler
Platz, Orlau, Orlová
France & Belgium
Lorraine was subject to German occupation
following the annexation of the region by Nazi Germany in 1940. This
period marked a tumultuous chapter in the region's history, as the local
population grappled with the realities of occupation and
collaboration. Alsace-Lorraine was incorporated into the German Reich
as part of the Gau Baden-Elsass, with its capital in Strasbourg. The
region's Germanic heritage and proximity to the German border made it a
target for Nazi efforts to promote German nationalism and suppress
French influence. Additionally, Alsace-Lorraine became a key recruitment
area for the German military, with thousands of young men conscripted
into the Wehrmacht to fight on the Eastern Front and other theatres of
war.
Sites Featured: Jebsheim,
Lauterbourg, Provence, Alsace, Ostheim, Strasbourg, Illhäusern,
Mulhouse, Riquewihr, Molsheim, Le Bonhomme, Ammerschwihr, Sigolsheim,
Kaysersberg, Kientzheim, Colmar, Munster, Bergheim, Verdun, Rethondes,
Compiegne, Boulay, Bolchen, Münster im Elsass, Douaumont, Maginot line,
Rouffach, Hill 351 memorial, Haguenau, Bergheim German war cemetery
Several
sites associated with Hitler's service in the First World War hold
historical significance and shed light on his early life and rise to
power. One such site is the Ypres Salient in Belgium, where Hitler
served as a messenger for the German Army. Hitler's experiences in the
trenches of the Ypres Salient left a lasting impression on him and
shaped his worldview, contributing to his later militaristic and
nationalist beliefs. Hitler's time in this area influenced his later
attitudes towards warfare, sacrifice, and nationalism.
Sites Featured: Roeselare,
Becelaere, Lorraine, Hitler's artwork, Reims, Rethondes, Langemark,
Fournes, Ypres, Menen, Belgium, Compiègne, Douaumont, Vimy Ridge,
Messines, Fromelles, France, Ardooie, Poperinghe, Verdun, Arras,
Bayershof German Headquarters, Commonwealth War Grave Cemeteries, Le
Touret, Bapaume, Notre Dame de Lorette
Other
Films include: The Great Escape, The Passenger, Last Year in Marienbad, Paths of Glory, The Three Musketeers, Quax der Bruchpilot
Sites Featured: Deining, Füssen, Hopfen am See, Neuschwanstein, Pullach, Markt Schwaben, Oberschleisssheim, Munich, Erding
Spent Christmas 2023 cycling around Vienna following the remaining traces of Harry Lime. Sites Featured: Zentralfriedhof,
Schoenlanterngasse, Alserbachstraße, Spittelauer Lände, Hoher Markt,
Vermählungsbrunnen, Tuchlaubenstrasse, Michaelertrakt, Wiener Riesenrad,
Vienna Ferris Wheel, Morzinplatz, Former site of Gestapo Headquarters,
Am Hof, Judengasse, Shulhofplatz, Mölker Steig, Hannakenbrunnen, Maria
am Gestade church, Schreyvogelgasse, Salesianerinnenkirche, St.
Ruprecht's church, Ruprechtsplatz, Ledererhof, Boersegasse, Tiefer
Graben, St. Ulrichsplatz, Josefsplatz, Neuer Markt, Schloss Belvedere,
Justizpalast, Schmerlingplatz,Hofburg Palace, Strauss monument in Stadtpark, Beethovenplatz, Rathaus, Votive church, Schoenbrunn Palace, Belvedere, Justizplatz, Wedding Fountain, Vermählungsbrunnen, Stephansdom, Lime's apartment, Site of Lime's 'death', Lime's grave, Café Mozart, Braunerstrasse, Portzellangasse, Marc Aurel Strasse, Metastasiogasse, Minoritenkirche, Sonnenfelsgasse, Rennweg, Metternichgasse, Salesianerinnenkirche, Wipplingerstraße, Judengasse, Shulhofplatz, Baron Kurtz's apartment, Ballgasse
After
the game was released in 2018 which coincided with my family's tour of
Ancient Greek sites, I compared the sites from the game with how they
appear in reality and was most impressed by the level of research,
accuracy and creativity employed by the designers.
Among the sites compared: Athens, Delphi, Mycenea, Olympia, Sounion
In
2015 I travelled with my family down the Nile visiting numerous ancient
sites,f as always comparing them with how they might have originally
appeared. Among the sites: Esna, the Pyramids, Cairo, the Sphynx, Kom Ombo, Luxor, Abu Simbel, Karnak, Philae, Temple of Isis, Valley of the Kings, Temple of Hatshepsut, Aswan Dam, Monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship, Mammisi, Temple of Philae, Temple of Augustus, Chapel of Horus, Temple of Hathor, Trajan's Kiosk, Avenue of Sphinxes, Hypostyle Hall, Akhmenu, Obelisk of Hatshepsut, Sphinx Alley, Court of Ramesses II, Colonnade of Amenhotep III, Temple of Hathor and Nefertari, Solar Cult chapel, Tombs of Ramesses IV, Merneptah, Twosret, Setnakhte, Tutankhamun, Temple of Khnum,
Twenty
years after having left Greece where I taught in the Peloponnese I
returned with Drake Winston, seeing how much has changed just in that
space of time post 2008-financial crisis. Besides Athens the page includes visits to the temple at Sounion and the battlefield at Marathon as well as: The Acropolis, Propylaea, Erechtheion, Parthenon, temple of Nike, Areopagus, Arch of Hadrian, Temple of Olympian Zeus, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Hotel de Grande Bretagne, Temple of Hephaestus, Panathenaic stadium, Lysicrates Monument, Tower of the Winds, Gate of Athena Archegetis, Library of Hadrian, Prison of Socrates, Pnyx, monument of Philopappos, Academy, National Archaeological Museum, Marathon Dam
A few sites relating to the Nazi occupation but for the most part focused on the sites found in Pausanias: Olympia, Mycenae, Corinth, Delphi, Thermopylae, Tomb of Clytemnestra, Tomb of Aegisthus, Temple of Atreus, Corinth Canal, Temple of Apollo, Beme, Peirene fountain, Temple of Nemean Zeus, Temple of Hera, Heraeum, Philippeion, Temple of Zeus, Athenian Treasury, Sacred Way, Theatre of Delphi, Tholos of Delphi, Treasury of Siphnos
Returned
to Rome with Drake Winston, his mother driving the distance just to let
me bring my lorica segmenta in which to prance around and get
constantly hassled by the police. The highlight was fighting outside the
Colosseum with my son on Christmas morning with absolutely no one
around. Sites include: Arch of Constantine, Colosseum, Pantheon, Basilica of Maxentius, via dei Fori
Imperiali, Trajan's Forum and Column, Curia Julia, Forum Romanum, Temple of Mars Ultor, Temple of Castor and Pollux, Temple of Cæsar, Capitoline, Arch of Titus, Circus Maximus, Theatre of Marcellus, Aurelian Walls, Porta Flaminia, Arch of Septimius
Severus, Arch of Gallienus, Temple of Hercules Victor, Largo Argentina, Arcus Argentariorum, Ara Pacis, Mausoleum of Augustus, Porticus of Octavia, Arch of Drusus, Arch of Janus, Mausoleum of Hadrian, Pons Aelius, Cordonata, Campidoglio, Statue of Marcus Aurelius, Column of Marcus Aurelius, Palazzo dei Conservatori, Campus Martius, Stadium of Domitian, Circus Agonalis, Pyramid
of Cestius, Porta San Paolo, Via Ostiensis, Via della Marmorata, Tivoli, Temple of Vesta, Hadrian's Villa
Besides
comparing as many of the sites as Drake Winston would allow on the day
whilst wearing my subarmalis and caligae with how the might have
appeared before 79 AD, focus is also given to the changes to the site
after the wartime bombing by the Allies when the site was held by the
Germans. I've also included some earlier images taken when I last
visited Herculaneum. Sites include: Porta Marina, House of the Gladiators, House of Triptolemus, Samnite palaestra, Villa of the Mysteries, Temple of Isis, Odeon, Large Theatre, Amphitheatre, Arch of Caligula, Via di Mercurio, Via delle Terme, Via della Fortuna, Via del
Foro, Porta Nocera, House of the Bronze Bull, brothel, House of the Faun, Casa dei Ceii, Porta Saliniensis, House of Fabius Amandius, Fullonica of Stephanus, Via dell'Abbondanza, House of Ephebus, House of the Tragic Poet, Temple of Vespasian, Stabiae Gate, Macellum, House of Fabius Rufus, Forum Holitoriumis, House of the Fugitives, House of Loreius Tiburtinus, Temple of Apollo, Forum baths, Stabian Baths, Statue and Arch of Marcus Holconius Rufus
Took advantage of a family holiday to visit various ancient Roman (and some WWII) sites including:
Nîmes,
Arelate, Provence, Glanum, Orange, Carpentras, Nemausus, Barbegal
aqueduct, Aix en Provence, Gallia Narbonensis, Pont du Gard, Arausio,
Saint-Gabriel de Tarascon, Van Gogh Paintings, Maison Carrée, Temple of
Diana, Nymphaeum, Pont du Gard, Mausoleum of the Julii, St. Remy, Abbey
of Saint-Pierre de Montmajour, Hypogée du Castelet
I
currently live a three hour cycle ride from the very borders of the
Roman Empire, allowing me to visit remarkable sites and take part in
Roman reenactments.
Sites Featured: Celeusum,
Biriciana, Castra Regina, Abusina, Manching, Altmannstein, Schirenhof,
Castra Vetoniana, Hienheim, Augusta Vindelicum, Cambodunum, Rustica
Möckenlohe, Römerpark Ruffenhofen, Weltenburg, Dalkingen, Mönchsroth,
Regensburg, Augsburg, Passau, Straubing, Eining, Bad Gögging,
Weltenburg-Frauenberg, Hienheim, Pförring, Weißenburg, Schwäbisch
Gmünd, Buch, Mahdholz, Halheim, Dambach, Kreutweiher, Kleinlellenfeld,
Filchenharder forest, Pfünz
Sites Featured: British
Museum, Temple Church, Natural History Museum, Imperial War Museum,
National Gallery,Wembley Stadium, Abbey Road, Westminster Bridge, Tower
Hill, London Eye, Nelson's column, Trafalgar Square, St. Paul's
Cathedral, Churchill residence, Kensington Palace, Tower of London,
Traitors' Gate, Victoria and Albert Museum, Cutty Sark, Greenwich,
Flamsteed House, Royal Observatory
School Trips
Two pages of trips I've made with my students over two decades; click on each: