Memmingen
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Hitler
came to Memmingen to speak at a Nazi Party meeting on January 18, 1928.
His speech, "Die deutsche Not und unser Weg" (The German Distress and
Our Way) was held at the Schiffsaal from from 20.00 to 22.30. The public
meeting, which according to the local paper, the Memminger Volksblatt,
was attended by about 1,200 people, was led by the local group leader
Wilhelm Schwarz. The Nazis took 35% of the vote in Memmingen in the
July 1932 national election which was slightly above the national
average. After the Nazis seized power in 1933, the city was run by the
Nazis under the mayor Heinrich Berndl who would hold this position until
the invasion and occupation of the town by the Americans. The Americans
dismissed him in May 1945 but would be re-elected mayor "as a candidate
of the CSU and the Free Voters" in 1952.
Today there's a Dr.-Berndl-Strasse in the town. Hitler was awarded
honorary citizenship of the city (as in almost all German cities) and
the Weinmarkt was now renamed Adolf Hitler Platz. A Youth Day was held
throughout Bavaria on May 7 that year when all of Memmingen's schools
took part in planting an Hindenburg and an Hitler oak in front of the
festival hall in the Volkspark 17.00.
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Hitler
Youth paying on the ruins of the former synagogue, destroyed during
Kristallnacht. When the Nazis took power, there were 161 Jews in the
town. Immediately their lives suffered as the Nazis imposed an economic
boycott with the newspaper "Allgäuer Beobachter" listing all Jewish businesses by name and urged the population not to enter them. As Kershaw (121) writes in Popular opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich
Fears of inflation and war together with general uncertainty about the future, widely reported in 1934 and increasing during the preparations for the Saar plebiscite in January 1935, also sharply affected the mood of the commercial middle class. In addition, the continued thriving of Jewish department stores and ‘single-price shops’ (Einhettspreisgeschafte) remained a thorn in the flesh for small shopkeepers. In Memmingen tradesmen were saying bitterly that ‘such department stores would probably only be closed when the small business men have been robbed of their existence.’
By
1936 Jewish cattle dealers were no longer allowed to enter the town
slaughterhouse. By 1940 there were only about forty Jews left, 37 having
emigrated or moving to other communities. The economic boycott was
carried out particularly vigorously by the city's population. As a
result, the Jewish community members had to sell their houses and other
possessions very quickly. In the summer of 1939, the last community
members (about 60) had to live in five houses, and in 1941 the 40 people still alive had to move into a house
with two apartments. In the spring of 1942, 25 Jews from Memmingen were
brought to Fellheim, from there deported and killed in the
concentration camps in the east of the Reich.
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In these fields of rubble, one finds it "quite OK" that there is no order at all here. That sheet music, cactus, dented cake tins, Curtius' Greek History, hats, corpses, scraps of metal and wire lie peacefully together next to toilet bowls. The style of destruction also includes the gas stoves and bathtubs hanging high up in rooms, the scraps of clothing on the splintered trees.
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Looking
down Hintere Salzgasse on the left. The building on the right, the
Salzstadel, was rebuilt between 1470 and 1474 for the salt delivered
from Bad Reichenhall. An example of the importance of the building is
shown by the fact that in 1468 citizens took their oath before the
council inside.
The
end of the building is shown here below from a photograph taken by a
former American prisoner of the Stalag, Ray Sherman, soon after his
liberation from Stalag VII B on April 26, 1945, with the caption: "Two
Ex POWs after a shopping round which [sic] the aquired [sic] new head
gear."
On its information board the following cynical directive from the Memmingen Nazi district leadership published in the Allgäuer Beobachter a month earlier on March 23, 1945 is quoted:
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Leave the first flowers standing! The sunny days after the long winter have caused the first flowers to sprout from the ground: the white of the snow is replaced by the friendlier white of the snowdrops. It is only too understandable that the children pounce on these first spring flowers because they believe that everyone has the right to take as much of nature's gifts as possible. But that is not the case. All people should have an equal share in what nature produces, and especially now, when so many of us have lost our possessions, untouched nature is the greatest consolation and the best relaxation. Those who love nature protect it. Those who do not protect it are committing a crime against the national community.
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On
April 26, 1945, the city was peacefully handed over to the Americans.
15% of the living space was destroyed. The housing shortage was
exacerbated by refugees streaming into the city; mass accommodation was
set up. Of the town's total population of 25,343, 6,691 displaced
persons were living in Memmingen in 1950. By 1968 the population had
risen to almost 35,000.
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He
had originally been assigned to Company "L" of the 302nd Regiment, 94th
Infantry Division. He was taken captive on February 16, 1944 after the
Anzio landings and arrived in Memmingen on June 16.
Arrived at Stalag VIIB, Memmingen. Registered, had my picture taken, and was issued prisoner # 12048. Received a British parcel. Got nothing on the four hour train ride in boxcars again. The country is nice but cool. I slept in a large tent on wood shavings. We carry all of our possessions with us wherever we can.
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During his time as a prisoner of war Sherman kept a diary written
on strips of paper torn from a cement bag. He'd made three attempts to
escape, his last three days before liberation when he writes
We were in the haymow, when at 5:30 PM we heard motorized vehicles. We heard the lady shout, "Americanishe Panzer!" We peeked out and saw some thirteen vehicles going on the road. They were not familiar to us, but we went out to greet the Fourth Armor Division. The first thing I asked for was a pair of socks and a K-ration. We were taken to Horgau to Division Headquarters.
By
April 1945, the Anglo-American forces had already crossed the Rhine
River and were rapidly advancing eastward. The American Seventh Army,
under the command of General Alexander Patch, was tasked with clearing
the area south of the Danube River, which included Memmingen. The 45th
Infantry Division, led by Major General Robert T. Frederick, was ordered
to capture the town. The division consisted of three infantry
regiments: the 157th, 179th, and 180th. The 157th Infantry Regiment,
commanded by Colonel Charles W. Yuill, was responsible for the assault
on Memmingen. The
invasion itself was led by elements of the 12th Armoured
Division, known as the "Hellcats," a unit of the American Seventh Army.
The division, commanded by Major General Roderick R. Allen, had been
advancing through Bavaria, taking towns and cities as the Allies closed
in on Germany's southern regions. The 12th Armoured Division had
previously faced heavy fighting, but by the time they reached Memmingen,
German resistance had significantly weakened. As mentioned, upon
entering Memmingen, the American forces encountered little to no
organised resistance. The swift occupation was a result of the crumbling
German military infrastructure and the rapid retreat or surrender of
remaining Wehrmacht units. The Americans quickly established control
over the town, taking over key infrastructure and strategic points shown
in some of Sherman's photographs.
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The Americans making their way down Weinmarkt. Following the occupation, the
Americans established a provisional administration to manage the
town and maintain order. It was responsible for disarming any remaining
German military personnel, arresting Nazi officials, and securing key
infrastructure. The occupying forces also undertook efforts to provide
humanitarian aid to the civilian population, addressing shortages of
food and medical supplies that had arisen due to the war.
Stalag VII B
at liberation held approximately 30,000 Allied PoWs, primarily from the
United States, United Kingdom, Dominion of Canada, and the Soviet
Union. The camp was under the command of Oberst Ludwig Schmahl who, upon
learning of the American advance, ordered the camp's evacuation on
April 26, 1945. Around 18,000 prisoners were forced to march westward
whilst the remaining prisoners were left behind in the camp with
inadequate food, water, and medical supplies. When the 157th Infantry
Regiment's Company G, led by Captain Robert L. Gallagher arrived, they
found approximately 12,000 prisoners. .gif)
Nördlingen
The
town of Nördlingen was unknowingly built inside a meteorite impact
crater, and now all of the buildings are composed of tiny diamonds.
The town hall and Zur Sonne in 1935 and standing in front today. Four days after Hitler's appointment as Chancellor, torchbearers of the SA and ϟϟ
from Nördlingen, Oettingen, Wallerstein, Wemding and other nearby
villages marched alongside a drum corps and the Nördlingen city band
through the city centre. In the Hotel Deutsches Haus Theodor Hippler was announced
the Reichsbahninspektor and Nazi Kreisleiter, proclaiming that a new
chapter of German history had begun, which will be "once overwritten:
dawn on Germany". The hotel itself was bombed on
the night of October 12-13, 1941 when the mediæval town experienced the force of modern warfare for the
first time as British airmen became aware of
a light in the town centre. The main wing of the Deutschen Haus hotel
with its dining rooms and guest rooms on the ground floor and the guest
rooms on the upper floors located on the north side of Löpsinger Straße
became the target that night. Under the rubble were four dead and four
seriously injured. A second explosive bomb hit the courtyard of the
restaurant "Zum Rad" that night, damaging the roof. In the spring of
1945, a total of 33 people were killed in air raids at the end of the
war. The station and several dwellings were destroyed and the St. George
church was heavily damaged. The almost complete rest of the historic old
town remained spared.From 1945 Nördlingen belonged to the American occupation zone. The American military administration set up a DP camp which was run by the UNRRA and housed about five hundred DPs, most of whom coming from Latvia and Lithuania. More than 4,500 home-displaced persons settled in Nördlingen after the war.
It
wasn't until the first year of the war in 1939 that the town's
population reached the level it had been at the start of the Thirty
Years War in 1618. I highly recommend the animated historical
documentary series created by Youtube channel Kings and Generals; this one on the Thirty Years' War concerns the Second Battle of Nordlingen in 1645 in the aftermath of the battle of Jankow. The rathaus itself has been used continuously since 1382.
Hitler spoke in Nördlingen on October 11, 1932 attacking von Papen’s Government:
Either they govern as we wish—then we will bear the responsibility—or they do not govern as we wish—then the others bear the responsibility. I do not believe in any regime which is not anchored in the Volk itself. I do not believe in an economic regime. One cannot build a house from the top, one must begin at the bottom. The foundations of the State are not the Government, but rather the Volk. And my answer to the bourgeois parties and politicians who have been sleeping since November 1918 while National Socialism has been working is this: now your time is up, now it’s our turn. When Herr von Papen says: “Herr Hitler, you are only here because there is a crisis,” my answer is, “Yes, and if good fortune were here, I would not be needed, and I would not be here, either!”
On
June 18, 1940, Hitler had met in Munich with Mussolini. On the way
Hitler's special train stopped briefly for roughly ten minutes at the
main Nördlinger railway station. The Nazi district leadership had been
informed in time, and managed to organise about a thousand people to
cheers at the station with barrier posts barely able to push people away
from the special train. The schoolchildren had been specially released
from school to see Hitler and a BdM girl handed a bouquet of flowers to
the dictator. Soon after Augsburger Straße was renamed after Mussolini.
The following month an infantry regiment was quartered in the city, and
the arrival of the soldiers became a local spectacle with the
marketplace crowded with onlookers around the specially constructed
podium. Deputies from the party, their divisions and associations took
part along with wounded from the Maria Stern reserve hospital and their
nurses. The regiment had marched 1,200 kilometres from France to
Nördlingen.During the war prices for basic foodstuffs increased dramatically so that eggs for some were no longer affordable. Up to 85 reichsmarks had to be paid for suckling pigs on the Nördlingen pig market an increase of fifty percent from peacetime. Not even during the hay harvest was even enough beer delivered. The increasing bottlenecks in the food supply, led the Nazis to focus on the management of fallow land. In April 1940 Nördlingen joined Hermann Göring's exhortation to provide fallow land for the use of the gas factory.
Seeking refuge from the rain at the Deininger Tor and an earlier comparison of the Löpsinger Tor
The I've stayed in then and now- the Wengers Brettl.
In front of the building next to it are these stolperstein- reminders
of the Jewish family who lived next door and later murdered in the
Holocaust. Jewish families had resided in Nördlingen since the Middle
Ages, burying their dead in the Jewish cemetery on Nähermemminger. Jews
were recorded as living in Nördlingen in the
13th century Jews, forced to leave entire 1,507 had to leave all city,
only returning in 1860. The synagogue built in 1885 on Kreuzgasse was
destroyed by SA men during the November pogrom of 1938, commemorated by a
memorial plaque on today's Protestant parish hall. In the fall of 1945
200 of the 260 tombs were restored in work assignments by former party
members on the orders of the American occupiers. A memorial stone dating
from 1979 in the Jewish cemetery also commemorates the event.
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The
reichsadler remains in situ on top of the Art Nouveau Kriegerbrunnen,
created in 1902 by the Munich sculptor Georg Wrba and inaugurated on
September 7 of the same year. It is located on the Rübenmarkt, in the
immediate vicinity of St. George's Church. The
Kriegerbrunnen was built to commemorate the Franco-German War on the
site of a former so-called Judenbrunnen. The numerous design elements
include an eagle on the fountain top, water-spouting busts of Rieser
farmers as well as representations of the battles of the German-French
War and its protagonists, including Helmuth von Moltke and Otto von
Bismarck.
View from the Holzmarkt from a Nazi-era painting of 1936 by Friedrich Gabler and today.
Jewish
families had lived in Nördlingen since the Middle Ages. They buried
their dead in the Jewish cemetery on Nahermemminger Weg and built their
new synagogue in Kreuzgasse 1 in 1885 which was all but destroyed by SA
thugs during the November pogrom of 1938, which is commemorated by a
plaque on today's Evangelical parish hall. Since 1979, a memorial stone
in the Jewish cemetery has commemorated the Jewish citizens who were
victims of the Holocaust.
It
wasn't until 1939 that Nördlingen again reached the population of 1618
at the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, an historical turning point of
which was the siege of Nördlingen and the subsequent battle of
Nördlingen in 1634, in which the Swedish-Protestant forces were
decisively defeated by the imperial - Habsburg troops for the first
time. The city had to open up to the victors, but was not plundered by
the victorious troops after high reparation payments. However, during
and after the siege, the city lost more than half of its population to
starvation and disease. Also in the War of Spanish Succession, the city
was affected by the effects of the nearby Battles of Höchstädt.
After the war, trade shifted to the seaports - another reason why
Nördlingen lost its importance as a trading centre. Due to the forced
standstill, the medieval townscape was well preserved.
LEFT: The Brettermarkt in 1918 on the left and today. CENTRE: Engelapotheke. RIGHT: The Altes Gerberhaus
Wemding
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Adolf-Hitler-Platz and today. A
curious story happened in December 1932 when a businessman from Wemding
had found out that the Nazi party chairman was in Eichstätt and
travelled there with his daughter to have her present him with flowers.
In the "Waldschlösschen" he made some sort of disturbance which led the
police to take him into custody and later to the hospital. When the man
calmed down the next day, he was allowed to return to Wemding.
The war would result in 116 killed and sixty missing. In April 1945 sixteen buildings were destroyed during warfare and a further seventy were damaged. On April 24-25, 1945, American soldiers occupied
Wemding and Amerbach. As a result of the admission of more than two
thousand refugees and home-displaced persons in the city, the population
rose to almost 5,000 people by 1950. The post-war period was characterised by housing shortages, food shortages and low employment opportunities. 
The memorial plaque at the former inn Zur Sonne
(now Pizzeria La Fontana) where, on August 12, 1970, four astronauts came to the area to prepare for the Apollo 14 mission. Alan Shepard,
Edgar Mitchell, Eugene Cernan and Joe Engle underwent geological field
training, practising amongst other things, to identify impact rocks on
the moon. Shepard stated how "[w]e've learned a lot thus far. Not only
about lunar material but also about the Bavarian beer. Man, it's great."
Three
of them were to set foot on the moon on subsequent Apollo missions;
Cernan was the last person to set foot on the moon in December 1972. The
latter had later apparently been riding his bike around Nördlingen's
city wall and had fallen. In fact, Eugene Cernan was the only astronaut
on the later Apollo 17 mission to wreck the fender of a lunar rover.
Donauwörth
The site of the Battle of Schellenberg (or Battle of Donauwörth) on July 2 1704, during the War of the Spanish Succession. John
Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, was marching from Flanders to
Bavaria and came to the Danube river. The French decided to make a
crossing of the Danube at this spot at Donauwörth, where they were
surprised by Marlborough's troops and after heavy fighting pulled back,
allowing Marlborough to capture Donauwörth and cross the Danube at ease.
About five thousand French troops drowned whilst trying to escape. As for the 22,000
Allied troops engaged, over 5,000 had become casualties, overwhelming
the hospitals that Marlborough had set up in Nördlingen. Amongst the
fatalities were six lieutenant-generals, four major-generals, and 28
brigadiers, colonels and lieutenant-colonels, reflecting the exposed
positions of senior officers as they led their men forward in the
assaults; no other action in the War of the Spanish Succession claimed
so many lives of senior officers. Such heavy casualty figures caused
consternation throughout the Grand Alliance and whilst the Dutch cast a
victory medal showing Baden on the obverse and a Latin inscription on
the other side, there was no mention of the Duke of Marlborough although the Emperor wrote
personally to the Duke: "Nothing can be more glorious than the celerity
and vigour with which ... you forced the camp of the enemy at
Donauwörth".
The High Street then and now. During the war the American 20th Armoured Division were poised to cross the Danube River at this spot on April 26, 1945. As Rich Mintz relates,
early that morning engineers from an outside Division began
constructing a treadway bridge across the river. At approximately 14.30
tanks of the 27th Tank Btn., C CO., 1st Platoon, began crossing the
bridge under heavy artillery fire that rained shrapnel from overhead. As
it reached the final section of the bridge, the weight of the lead
tank, named “Pawnee,” began pulling the first section of the bridge away
from the embankment. As Pawnee's rear-end struggled into the water and
the crew (but for the driver, who stayed behind) evacuated for shore,
subsequent tanks were ordered upriver. Hence, “Pinto” was the 1st to
cross the Danube, gleefully fording at a shallow point and thus
circumventing all the hours of bridge construction which had preceded.
Pinto then pulled Pawnee across the threshold, wherein Pawnee's driver,
T/4 John W. Nairn, earned the Bronze Star for fortitude and presence
under fire, in saving both tank and pontoon bridge. After the repair and
construction of an additional bridge, the 27th continued to cross, and
turned South. 
The Fuggerhaus and Färbertor during the Nazi era and today.
Hitler visited the town three times although there is little
information concerning his visits to Donauwörth apart from two newspaper
articles that report a rally in April 1932 and one concerning a passage
he made in a special train in May 1938. The former took place at a time
when Hitler was trying to persuade the conservative rural population of
his policies as part of his presidential campaign, The visit to
Donauwörth was scheduled for April 16, 1932 - the year before the Nazis
came to power. The Donauhalle with a capacity of 4,500 people had to be
closed just one hour after admission due to overcrowding, and around
8,000 visitors had come to hear him speak. The remaining visitors were
accommodated in the surrounding barns, where the events were broadcast
via loudspeakers. Numerous people from different social groups came to
hear as Hitler kept his listeners waiting. Earlier he had given a speech
in Augsburg. When Hitler finally arrived at the Donauhalle after a
delay of three and a half hours, the crowd burst into applause which
repeated after his short speech, which had nothing to do with the actual
political topic of the evening. The 1938 visit took place after a state
visit to Italy when Hitler's special train was supposed to pass
Donauwörther Bahnhof on May 10, 1938. At the behest of the Nazi district
leadership, the communities on the railway line were instructed to fly
flags and related decorations. Schools, formations, political directors,
Hitler Youth and the Association of German Girls took part as well,
accompanied by a large number of onlookers which included the employees
of the neighbouring machine factory, all equipped with Nazi flags and
pennants. When the special train appeared, there was great jubilation,
accompanied by salutes, even though Hitler never bothered to appear at
the window being too tired, as it was later said in the state press.The GIF on the right shows the view of the High Street from the town hall entrance during the Nazi era and today. 
Through his research Lucas Hell managed to come across a short stay by Hitler in June 1940 during
which time Hitler had had direct contact with the population which had
only heard about his third visit on June 18, 1940 an hour earlier. After
a short-term meeting with Mussolini in Munich, his special train
stopped in Donauwörth on the way back. Within a very short time several
hundred people had gathered at the station square. The entrance of the
train was accompanied by shouts of "Sieg Heil"; this time Hitler went to
the window to greet the cheering crowd, shaking many hands and
accepting bouquets of flowers. He paid special attention to the
children. After he had withdrawn from the window, people began to call
out: "Dear leader be so nice, show yourself on the window sill". Even
weeks later, this visit to the press was celebrated as a major
historical event.
Through his research Lucas Hell managed to come across a short stay by Hitler in June 1940 during
which time Hitler had had direct contact with the population which had
only heard about his third visit on June 18, 1940 an hour earlier. After
a short-term meeting with Mussolini in Munich, his special train
stopped in Donauwörth on the way back. Within a very short time several
hundred people had gathered at the station square. The entrance of the
train was accompanied by shouts of "Sieg Heil"; this time Hitler went to
the window to greet the cheering crowd, shaking many hands and
accepting bouquets of flowers. He paid special attention to the
children. After he had withdrawn from the window, people began to call
out: "Dear leader be so nice, show yourself on the window sill". Even
weeks later, this visit to the press was celebrated as a major
historical event.
Donauwörth suffered shortly before the end of the war on April 11 and 19, 1945 from two
air raids of the 8th and 9th US airfleet resulting in nearly 300 dead. The surroundings of the train station and the city centre
were almost flattened. The inner city was destroyed to about three
quarters. On April 11, 1945, at 12:30 pm. American bombers reached Donauwörth resulting in what Lord Mayor Armin Neudert recently declared as Donauwörth's "blackest day in town history".
The two Allied air raids claimed 285 people according to research
conducted by the city archive - most of them civilians. Roughly 75% of
the town was destroyed, including 258 houses with another 253 badly
damaged. This left 520 families bombed out and forced to live with
relatives or others in the city or in the surrounding area. About seven
hundred people were left without shelter by the last days of the war.
Only four days before the first attack, Donauwörth had been appointed by
the leadership of Military District VII in Munich to be a key focus of
the Danube Defence through the "collection of scattered soldiers" on the
Danube. Together with cities such as Ingolstadt, Dillingen and
Günzburg, people here spoke martially about the "Donaufront". In fact,
only a few Grenadier replacement and training battalions, often
comprising of child soldiers, were provided with which to stop the
arriving American tanks and aircraft. ϟϟ-Führer
and Donauwörther councillor Friedrich Arlt played a leading role in the
organisation of students and old men of the Volkssturm.  |
The view from Rathausplatz. |
Hof
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I don't think this is true. It
was designed and inaugurated in a severe time for Germany, no question,
but if I interpret the pictures correctly they are now about the
glorification of the powerful during this time. On the contrary; the
individual is made aware that his life belongs to Christ no matter how
powerful he feels personally - there is another power over him, a
stronger power. This is no Hitler homage, in my eyes. We
find people asking something of Christ, there is someone kneeling
before him. God resists the proud, but the humble he gives his grace to.
Hitler, however, stands imperiously at the side, alone, wearing boots,
his robe somehow militaristic. Haughty and arrogant. He looks like a
rabbit before slaughter. He is a man on the edge, an outsider." He
claims that in all the years that the church has been open for worship
no-one has objected to the Hitler painting near the altar. But now there
are rumblings of discontent with some parishioners calling for him to
be erased. "It isn't right under any circumstances that the biggest
mass killer in history should be featured in a painting in a house of
Christian worship," one of the flock said in a recent interview on Radio
Bavaria. Pastor Goelkel added that he thought the painting should not
be removed. "This image is a central challenge to Nazism: Christ is in
the middle. The powerful can stand idle as much as they want," he said.
Dillingen
Adolf
Hitler Straße, now Königstraße, with the Mitteltorturm. The town was
among many discussed in passing on this site which was involved in the
witch mania. During the witch persecution from 1574 to 1745 in
particular, 65 people were indicted in Dillingen, of whom most of the
accused did not survive the process. In 1587 a housewife was burned
alive at the stake. The last victim of the witch trials was Barbara
Zielhauser in 1745.
A plaque commemorating her fate was organised by the Rotary Club, which
was unveiled on December 12, 1994 in the Dillingen castle courtyard
against the resistance of the Episcopal Ordinariate. The plaque makes a direct reference to the Nazi persecution of Jews through the image of a shield of David with the legend '1933 to 1945' and the Novemberpogrom of 1938.Aichach
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A
25-minute coloured home movie recently appeared in Aichach showing a
local Nazi Party conference at district level recorded between April 27 to May 1, 1938 which attracted thousands of visitors. It was filmed by a local teacher,
the head of the district picture office; a third of it is in colour-
representing the first colour film recordings from the town. As Christoph Lang, Director of the Aichach City Museum stated, "[w]e
didn't even know this film existed. We were approached by an elderly
lady, the filmmaker's daughter, asking if we could tell her where we
could have this film digitised." In order to digitise the three rolls of
film, each individual image was scanned in the media laboratory at the
University of Jena. The University of Augsburg , where a master's thesis
on the film has already been written. The GIF on the left shows the
Lower Gate serving as a backdrop during the event in which the film
shows Nazi flags dominating the town, even flying from the tower of the
parish church, as troop after troop formations of the various Nazi
groups marched through the streets from the ϟϟ Totenkopf units of the Dachau concentration camp to the Reich Labour Service, shouldering their shovels like assault rifles. .gif)
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The town hall again in another Nazi event. Kershaw
quotes a report of the Kreisleiter of Aichach dated March 31, 1939
after the invasion of Bohemia and Moravia in which "[p]eople rejoiced in
the great deeds of the Führer and look up to him with confidence. But
the hardships and worries of everyday life are so great that the mood is
soon clouded again."
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The
Upper Gate in Aichach from a Nazi-era postcard and today, built around
1418. The tower keeper 's apartment was on the upper floor. The eastern
pedestrian passage was created in 1941 during the war.
Adolf-Hitler-Platz then and now. Hitler
himself had, on October 11 1932, launched a campaign comparable in
magnitude to his “Flights over Germany” in the Mengele factory. Today
the so-called 'Günzburg Question' continues to be raised by the
allegation that Mengele lived openly after the war here in his hometown
under his own name. This claim implies at least ignorance and at worst
acquiescence or complicity on the part of American authorities stationed
there.
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Neighbouring
Schloss Reisensburg overlooking Günzburg. The site of the present
castle was already settled 4000 years ago. Of the five prehistoric
settlement groups, neither of which followed one another directly. The
first castle complex was mentioned in the first half of the 6th century
by the geographer of Ravenna, who referred to the Goth Athanarid. In the
10th century, the castle was owned by Berthold von Reisensburg, who had
been banished from Bavaria because of his involvement in the uprising
of his father Arnulf II and the king's son Liudolf against King Otto I,
and who is said to have betrayed King Otto I's deployment plans to the
Hungarians before the Battle of Lechfeld. After that, the castle
disappeared from written sources and wasn't mentioned again until the
12th century in connection with various castle lords. In the 16th
century, the castle was converted into apalace. In 1632 the castle was
burned down by Swedish mercenaries. After reconstruction, Reisensburg
was inherited by the Barons of Eybin in 1763. The last descendant of
this family line died on March 27, 1851. Maximilian Alexander von
Riedheim bought the complex on June 17, 1852. After the forced sale in
1920 due to political unrest, the International Institute for Scientific
Cooperation acquired the castle on March 6, 1966. Now the University of
Ulm operates a science centre (WZR) here.
.gif)
The main square during the Nazi era and today. During Kristallnacht in
1938, the town's synagogue on Schäfflergasse dating from 1853, wasn't
burned down due to its proximity to other houses. However, windows,
inventory and ritual objects were destroyed, desecrated and stolen.
Schoolchildren were encouraged to take part in the violence and
barbarism by their teachers who were also actively involved. Whilst some
of the Jewish residents, numbering 66 in 1933,
were able to emigrate, the last ended up being deported and murdered by
1942. After the war the synagogue was initially confiscated by the
American military and transferred to the Jewish Assets Administration
(JRSO) and later became private property. .gif)
Halfway to Memmingen from Ulm I cycled through this non-descript town where I came across the former site of a synagogue, now a Muslim kebab shop. In 1933 at the start of the Nazi rule, there were 46 mostly elderly Jews living in the town. The synagogue dated from 1803 on the current site at Memminger Strasse 47 and was described as one of the "most monumental village synagogues ever built." Given the lack of any real Nazi presence, the Jews were for the most part left unmolested until Kristallnacht when, after a party rally led by the Altenstadt SA leader, the ϟϟ arrived and destroyed the windows of the synagogue and looted and burned prayer books and other writings. A report from the gendarmerie station to the Illertissen district office dated November 10, 1938 stated 
In 1955, the former synagogue building, which had since become completely dilapidated and had been used as a storage room or garage, was demolished. Today six granite steles mark the external dimensions of the former place of worship. A memorial plaque at the former site of the synagogue on Memminger Strasse bears the following inscription under a depiction of a menorah: Augsburg
(in the dialect Augschburg , Latin Augusta Vindelicum and Augusta
Vindelicorum ) is an independent city in southwest Bavaria and one of
Hall and Perlach Tower with St. Peter Peace plaque in front of the
Augsburg town hall , 2014 Chancel of Augsburg Cathedral The city became
a major city in 1909 and, with around 300,000 inhabitants [5], is the
third largest city in Bavaria after Munich and Nuremberg . The Augsburg
metropolitan area also ranks third in Bavaria in terms of population and
economic power and is part of the Augsburg planning region , in which
around 885,000 people live. In 2017, Augsburg had the second lowest rate
of all crimes among major German cities with over 200,000 inhabitants.
[6] Augsburg has its own public holiday limited to the city area, the
Augsburg High Peace Festival on August 8th. This makes Augsburg the city
with the largest number of public holidays in Germany . Table of
contents geography Orthophoto of Augsburg Augsburg seen from the north
The city lies on the Lech , Wertach and Singold rivers . The oldest
part of the city as well as the southern quarters lie on the northern
foothills of a high terrace that was created between the steep hills of
Friedberg in the east and the high ridges of the western edge of the
hills. To the south extends the Lechfeld , a glacial gravel plain
between the two large rivers Lech and Wertach, in which rare primeval
landscapes have been preserved. The Augsburg city forest and the
Lechtalheiden are among the most species-rich Central European
habitats. Augsburg is bordered by the Augsburg – Western Forests Nature
Park , a large forest area. In addition, the urban area itself is also
heavily greened, which is why the city was the first German city to be
named the greenest and most livable city in the Europe-wide Entente
Florale Europe competition in 1997 . The city is the largest municipal
forest owner in Bavaria and the third largest in Germany. Panoramic
picture of Augsburg, viewed from the west Neighboring communities The
city is surrounded in the east by the Aichach-Friedberg district and in
the west by the Augsburg district . Due to the urban area stretching in a
north-south direction, many cities and communities border Augsburger
Flur. The metropolitan area , starting in the east and following
clockwise , is formed by Friedberg (Aichach-Friedberg district),
Königsbrunn , Stadtbergen , Neusäß and Gersthofen (all Augsburg
district), all of which, with their settlement core, directly border the
built-up area of Augsburg. In addition, the communities of Rehling ,
Affing , Kissing , Mering and Merching (all in the Aichach-Friedberg
district) as well as Bobingen , Gessertshausen and Diedorf (all in the
Augsburg district) border the city (clockwise from the north). City
structure Planning areas and city districts → Main article : List of
planning areas and districts of Augsburg The urban area consists of 42
urban districts , which form 17 planning areas . This type of city
structure has existed since 1938. The total area is 147 square
kilometers (39th place among major German cities ). Some of the
districts are formerly independent communities , some are newly founded
residential areas. Some parts of the city have spatially separate
settlements ( residential areas ) with their own names. Districts not
mentioned in the administrative division are Augsburg's old town as part
of the city center and the Augsburg textile district , which is partly
in Spickel-Herrenbach and partly in the city center. The former U.S.
Army barracks and residential areas retained their names after the troop
withdrawal in 1998, including Centerville , Cramerton , Reese ,
Sheridan , Sullivan Heights and Supply-Center . Many of these barracks
are now residential areas. Planning areas in Augsburg I: Downtown | II:
Oberhausen | III: Bear Cellar | IV: Firnhaberau | V: Hammersmith | VI:
Lechhausen | VII: Warlord | VIII: Pfersee | IX: Hochfeld | X:
Antonsviertel | XI: Spickel-Herrenbach | XII: High tariff | XIII:
Haunstetten-Siebenbrunn | XIV: Göggingen | XV: Inningen | XVI: Bergheim |
XVII: University district waters The city lies on three rivers: The
Lech is the largest flowing body of water and is widened by the
tributary of the Wertach , which flows north of the Wolfzahnau landscape
protection area . Augsburg's third river, the Singold , rises in
Ostallgäu and flows into the city's extensive artificial stream and
canal system. The numerous canals in Augsburg - most of which flow
through the Lechviertel in the old town - are spanned by 500 bridge
structures. They are part of the “ Augsburg Water Management System ”
site, which was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list on July 6, 2019
. The Lech at the Hochablass weir See also : List of fountains in
Augsburg Flow River length in the urban area Lech 19.9km Wertach 13.1km
Singold 6.2km 29 Lech canals 77.7km 4 value channels 11.6 km 19 streams
45.6km Total length 174.1km The factory canal , into which the Singold
flows, is derived from the Wertach in Göggingen, flows north as the
Wertachkanal, Holzbach or Senkelbach and returns to the Wertach after
the Augsburg balloon factory . At the Hochablass, the capital stream
and the Neubach are diverted from the Lech, which merge again after a
few hundred meters to form briefly downstream into the Herrenbach, which
flows to the north (downstream, the Proviantbach with its outflows and
feeders Hanreibach and Fichtelbach ) and the Kaufbach, which flows to
the west forks. The Kaufbach feeds the Schäfflerbach and the city
ditches and inner city canals, which merge again to the north on the
UPM-Kymmene site and flow again as the city stream in the western area
of the Wolfzahnau with the Proviantbach in order to reach the Lech a
few meters before the mouth of the Wertach . The Mühlbach flows through
the Pfersee district . The Brunnenbach , the Reichskanal and the
Lochbach (a Lech canal) flow through the city forest. They branch out
into other small streams and reunite shortly before the city center. In
the riparian forest through which the Lech flows are the Kuhsee and the
smaller Stempflesee . In the north of Augsburg are the Autobahnsee ,
the Kaisersee and the Europaweiher at the Augsburg Müllberg . In the
south of Augsburg there are the Wertach reservoir, the Lautersee and the
Ilsesee (local recreation area). The nature reserves in the south of
Augsburg serve Augsburg's drinking water supply . The city forest and
the Lechau forest near Unterbergen are therefore designated as drinking
water protection areas . The water obtained from there with a hardness
of 13.5 °dH (medium hard) supplies the cities of Augsburg, Neusäß,
Friedberg and Stadtbergen. [7] nature and environment Fly ragwort in
the shooting range heath After the large-scale incorporations of the
1970s, the city is one of the greenest cities in Germany with around a
third of green and forest area . The Augsburg city forest - with around
21.5 square kilometers the largest Bavarian riparian forest - forms a
closed forest area in the southeast and has a high regional importance
for nature conservation and as a local recreation and leisure area.
There are seven landscape protection areas , four FFH areas and two
nature reserves in the city (as of May 2016). The southwest of the city
is covered by parts of the Augsburg-Western Forests Nature Park . This
1,175 square kilometer nature park is the only one in Bavarian Swabia.
It is bordered in the north by the Danube , in the east by the slopes of
the Wertach and Schmutter and in the west by the Mindel . In the south
it extends to the edge of the Lower Allgäu . The city is considered a
model city for environmentally friendly lighting nationwide. [8] Through
measures to combat light pollution in public lighting, electricity
consumption and thus carbon dioxide emissions were reduced by 20
percent, resulting in annual savings of 250,000 euros. [9] In a study
by the Geers Foundation in 2011, Augsburg had the second lowest noise
level after Münster of all German cities with over 250,000 inhabitants -
only 17.0 percent of the city area was exposed to a daily average of
more than 55 decibels . [10] In November 2013, Augsburg was awarded the
German Sustainability Prize as the “Most Sustainable Large City 2013”.
[11] climate The city lies in the transition between the humid Atlantic
and the dry continental climate on the Lechfeld plain in a slight
valley. Other weather-determining factors are the Alps as a Central
European weather divide and the Danube as a regional weather divide .
Therefore the weather is relatively changeable. In the period 1950–2010,
an increase in temperature, a decrease in precipitation and an increase
in the occurrence of extreme values were measured for Augsburg. [12]
This has increased again in the last decade. [13] The weather periods
vary between moderate, not too cold winters and warm, not excessively
hot summers. Large amounts of snow, which protect the vegetation during
the frost periods, usually only fall from January and last until
mid-March. Larger amounts of precipitation occur in early summer, mostly
when there is a westerly wind. Longer dry periods occur in mid-summer
and early fall. The Föhn brings warm and dry air currents from the
Alpine foothills to Augsburg from the south all year round . This is
associated with good visibility, so that the Bavarian and Allgäu Alps
can often be clearly seen. The average annual temperature is around 8.4
degrees Celsius and the annual rainfall is around 850 millimeters.
During the hot summer of 2003, a temperature of 36.0 degrees was
measured on August 13th, the highest value since temperature
observations began is 37.1 degrees on July 27th, 1983. The lowest
recorded temperature was −28.2 degrees, measured on the 12th February
1929. Due to its location in the most thunderstorm-intensive state of
Bavaria, Augsburg is often affected by violent storms, which can lead to
enormous Lech and Wertach floods. This had the greatest impact in 1999,
when a dam on the Wertach burst and entire parts of the city were under
water. On autumn days it is often foggy in Augsburg due to its
location in the Lech and Wertach valleys. After Munich, Augsburg is the
snowiest city in Germany. augsburg Population development of Augsburg
Population development From 1400 to 2018 From 1871 to 2018 At the time
of the Roman Empire, over 10,000 people lived in Augsburg. [15] The
population hardly grew in the following centuries. Around 1500, Augsburg
was one of the largest cities in the Holy Roman Empire, after Cologne
and Prague , with a population of around 30,000 people . With
industrialization in the 19th century, Augsburg experienced strong
population growth. While around 26,000 people lived in the city in 1806,
there were over 80,000 in 1895 and 180,000 in 1939. In 1910 the
population reached the 100,000 mark for the first time, making Augsburg a
major city. [16] During the Second World War , the city lost around 20
percent of its population (38,958 people), so that in 1945 146,000
people lived in Augsburg. The population reached its pre-war level five
years later, partly due to the large number of German refugees from
Central and Eastern Europe . The population entitled to housing
increased from 267,121 people on January 1, 2010 to 290,743 on June 30,
2016 (+8.8%) and reached 295,895 on December 31, 2017. Since May 2011,
the number has always been higher than the previous month. The 290,000
population mark was exceeded in April 2016. [17] In the 2010s, Augsburg
was the 23rd largest German city . A forecast published in 2012 predicts
that Augsburg's population will increase by 3.9 percent by 2025, making
it the third strongest population growth of all major German cities.
[18] Between 1988 and 2018, the independent city grew by 47,404
inhabitants or by 19.1%, from 247,731 to 295,135. Population figures
(estimates for the 13th to 18th centuries based on preserved tax
registers) Year population Remarks 1200 < 12,000 [19] 1250 <
10,000 [19] 1363 25,000 [19] 1386 18,000 after political and urban
turmoil (united attacks by the Bavarian dukes and bishops) [19] 1424
15,000 [19] 1450 15,000 after papal disputes and the political work of
Bishop Anselm von Nenningen [19] 1490 25,000 Beginning of the economic
heyday, after the loss of Levantine trade, the declining importance of
Venice and not least as a result of the founding of the Swabian League
[19] 1516 27,000 [19] 1534 <33,000 [19] 1536 36,000 [19] 1617 50,000
Peak of the flowering period [19] 1631 36,000 Population decline as a
result of the Thirty Years' War [19] 1650 25,000 after the end of the
Thirty Years' War [19] 1800s <30,000 [19] 1855 27,500 in 4000 houses
[20] 1861 45,389 in 13,150 families [21] 1864 49,332 in 14,645 families,
with the military (253 families, 7,277 people), of which 14,078 were
Protestants , 45 Reformed and 128 Israelites [21] 1871 51,220 on
December 1, 1871, 5,512 buildings, 16,112 Protestants, 827 Reformed [22]
1880 61,408 [23] 1885 65,905 [23] 1890 75,629 [23] 1900 89,170 with the
garrison (an infantry regiment No. 3, four squadrons of Chevaulegers
No. 4, a field artillery regiment No. 4), of which 23,995 were
Protestants and 1,171 Jews; [24] According to other information, 24,086
are Protestant, 63,766 are Catholic [23] 1910 102,487 of which 25,256
are Protestant, 75,601 are Catholic [23] 1925 165,522 including 33,354
Protestants, 129,319 Catholics, 175 other Christians, 1,203 Jews [23]
1933 176,575 including 33,344 Protestants, 139,552 Catholics, 84 other
Christians, 1,030 Jews [23] 1939 180,039 including 34,280 Protestants,
139,595 Catholics, 1,000 other Christians, 551 Jews [23] 1950 185,183
[23] 1960 205,000 including 36,100 displaced persons [23] Demographics
Population pyramid for Augsburg (data source: 2011 census [25] ) On
January 1, 2008, Augsburg had 267,836 residents with primary and
secondary residences and 264,265 without secondary residences. In
November 2008, 9,181 of the city's 138,300 employable citizens were
without a job, which corresponds to an unemployment rate of 6.5 percent.
[26] In February 2010, the unemployment rate in Augsburg was 6.2
percent and in the Augsburg district it was 4.0 percent. For the entire
region the rate was 5.4 percent. [27] Almost 500,000 people live in the
Augsburg metropolitan area, which includes the directly adjacent
suburbs. At the end of 2017, the proportion of foreigners was 21.8
percent (64,627 inhabitants) rather high compared to major German
cities. [28] Most citizens of non-German origin live in the planning
areas of Oberhausen, Spickel-Herrenbach, Hochfeld and Lechhausen as well
as the Jakobervorstadt and come primarily from Turkey , Italy and the
former Yugoslavia . The Suryoye (also referred to as Aramaeans ,
Assyrians or Chaldeans ) make up a considerable proportion . The first
Suryoye came to Augsburg from southeast Turkey ( Tur-Abdin ) as guest
workers in the mid-1660s. [29] As the situation worsened for this
Semitic Christian minority in their area of origin in ancient
Mesopotamia , many came to Augsburg as refugees. [30] [31] They come
from Turkey, Syria , Iran , Iraq and Lebanon . Most of the Suryoye who
came to Augsburg belong to the Syrian Orthodox Church . Recently,
however, Suryoye, who belong to the Chaldean Catholic Church and the
Assyrian Church of the East , have also been coming to Augsburg as
refugees from Iraq and Syria. [32] [33] To this day, the Suryoye speak
an Aramaic language , namely New Eastern Aramaic . [34] This language is
spoken in two dialects, the Surayt dialect (also known as Turoyo) and
the Suret dialect. There are also around 50,000 repatriates living in
Augsburg . They are German citizens, the majority of whom were born in
the former Soviet Union . Overall, around 45 percent of the city's
population has a migration background (including foreigners, as of
2018). [35] The age structure is in line with the German average, with
16.0 percent (43,213 people) of residents with their main and secondary
residence being under 18 years old. 52.2 percent (140,592 people) of all
residents are female and 47.8 percent (128,857 people) are male. [36]
Due to the positive migration balance, Augsburg's population is growing.
The highest increases occurred in autumn due to the influx of 18 to
under 25 year olds. Along with the increase in the age group of 25 to
under 40, the proportion of children under 10 has also increased since
2011, with the number of births also increasing steadily since 2012. The
population growth is due to an increasing external migration surplus.
The number of people moving here has increased continuously since 2010
from 17,482 to 25,618 people (+45.5%) in 2015. Since the number of
external migrations increased less strongly during this period (by 25.0%
from 16,136 to 20,169), the annual increase in migration has increased
since 2010 from 1,346 to 5,449 in 2015. The number of immigrants from EU
countries more than doubled from 2,059 to 5,665. [17] Young immigrants
prefer districts close to the city center, where the highest proportion
of single households can be found. The average household size is
falling, primarily due to the increase in single-person households. The
city of Augsburg loses the most due to the departures of 30 to under 50
year olds, most of whom (with their children) migrate to the Augsburg
area. The number of deaths in the city of Augsburg has been higher than
the number of births since 1968. Despite the decline in births and the
negative migration balance among young families, the number of single
parents rose. The Augsburg population is aging due to increasing life
expectancy and the aging of the particularly large age groups. Compared
to other cities, Augsburg has a low proportion of people aged 65 and
over and a low old-age dependency ratio. Due to the above-average
immigration of people aged 18 to under 30, Augsburg has the highest
proportion of this age group compared to other cities. Augsburg has a
relatively low fertility rate, which is why the youth quotient is
comparatively low. [17] Religions In addition to the Christian, Jewish
and Islamic communities, which together make up the majority of
religious life in Augsburg, there are many small religious communities .
In addition, there has been an ideological community with the Augsburg
Association for Freedom of Thought since 1911 . Denominational
statistics Since 1999, annual data on religious affiliation has been
available from the city's population register. Until 2003, an absolute
majority of Augsburg residents were members of the Catholic Church: at
that time, 50.2% were Catholics, 17.4% were Protestants and 32.4% were
people of another or no denomination or religion living in the city .
[37] [38] [39] According to the 2011 census , 46.0% of the residents
were Catholic , 16.8% were Protestant and 37.3% were non-denominational ,
belonged to another religious community or did not provide any
information. [40] This census also collected figures for other religious
communities. At that time, 4.1% of the population were
Christian-Orthodox , 0.5% were Jewish , 0.5% were members of a
Protestant free church and a further 6.1% belonged to other public
religious communities recognized in Bavaria (including, among others,
the Alt- Catholic Church and Jehovah's Witnesses ). [41] [42] According
to calculations based on the figures from the 2011 census , the
proportion of the Muslim population in Augsburg was 8.8%. [43] The
number of Protestants and Catholics has continued to decline since then,
and members of the two 'larger' churches no longer make up the majority
of the population. [44] As of December 31, 2022, Augsburg had 304,105
residents, of which 33.9% were Catholics , 12.4% were Protestants and
53.7% of residents belonged to other or no religious communities . [45]
[46] [47] In 2021, 2,836 residents (1% of the total population) left the
churches. [48] The number of people leaving the church in Augsburg in
2022 has reached a record high. [49] [50] In 2023, almost 2862 (1% of
the total population) resignations have been reported to the district
court so far (as of October 1, 2023). [51] Christianity View from the
Perlachturm to the south onto Kurze Maximilianstrasse ; on the left the
town hall , on the right the church of St. Moritz and in the background
the basilica of St. Ulrich and Afra The first data on the religious
beliefs of the city's residents were obtained in 1833 as part of a
census. 61% were Catholics, 38% were Protestants and 0.4% were people of
other faiths or atheists. [37] This ratio changed in favor of
Catholics, particularly through the incorporation of Catholic suburbs,
so that the proportion of the Protestant population around 1950 was only
around 23%. In the 1987 census, 66.5% were Catholic and 18.7% were
Protestant. Augsburg is the episcopal see of the Catholic diocese and
the seat of the Protestant church district of Augsburg . The city had
probably been in existence since the 4th/5th century. Century seat of a
bishop . Around 738 the diocese of Augsburg was renewed. From 1518
onwards, Martin Luther's teachings found followers in Augsburg. The
teaching spread more and more and ultimately led to the official
introduction of the Reformation by the city council in 1534/1537. This
was followed by the city's participation in the Schmalkaldic War , and
in 1548 a Reichstag was held in Augsburg that regulated the practice of
religion for a transitional period ( Augsburg Interim ). Seven years
later (1555), equality between the two denominations was finally
achieved in the Peace of Augsburg . In memory of this and Luther's
visits to Augsburg, the city is now one of the German Luther cities .
[52] The Reformation Anabaptists were also able to establish a
relatively strong community in the city in 1524. In 1527, the
supra-regional so-called Augsburg Synod of Martyrs took place in
Augsburg. The Catholic population then continued to belong to the
diocese of Augsburg, which at the time was assigned to the archdiocese
of Mainz . After the city was transferred to Bavaria, the previous
allocation remained. In 1821 the diocese of Augsburg and with it its
parishes were assigned to the newly established archdiocese of Munich
and Freising (see also the list of bishops of Augsburg ). Evangelical
Church of St. Jacob The Protestant parishioners received the churches of
St. Anna , St. Ulrich , Zu den Barfüßer and St. Jakob at the latest
after the Peace of Westphalia . They were subordinate to the city
council. After Augsburg passed to Bavaria, the communities became part
of the Protestant Church of the Kingdom of Bavaria , which initially
included Lutheran and Reformed religious communities. The city then
became the seat of its own deanery , which in 1827 initially belonged to
the Bayreuth consistory district , then from 1876 to the Ansbach
consistory district and then from 1923 to the Munich church district .
Since 1971 it has been part of the Augsburg church district . In
addition to the city's parishes, the Augsburg deanery also includes
communities outside the city area, especially in the districts of
Augsburg and Aichach-Friedberg . The Peace of Westphalia of 1648
confirmed the equal government and administration system introduced in
Augsburg by the city constitution of 1548 (final equality and exact
distribution of offices between Catholics and Protestants). This
agreement was to last until mediatization in 1805 and is still
celebrated today at the Augsburg High Peace Festival . After the end of
the Anabaptist movement, free church communities were re-established in
Augsburg in the 19th and 20th centuries. It started with the Mennonites
, who held worship meetings in Augsburg from 1870 onwards. In 1863 the
United Methodist Church received the rights of a “private church
company”. Around 1925 - starting from the mother church in Munich - the
Baptists (in the Association of Evangelical Free Churches ) began their
work. There has also been a Free Evangelical Community in Augsburg since
1968 , which now has four congregations. [53] Evangelical
Ulrichskirche and Basilica of St. Ulrich and Afra The Orthodox churches
of southern and eastern Europe and the Middle East also have
congregations in Augsburg. The Suryoye (also known as Assyrians or
Aramaeans ) [54] inaugurated their own church in Lechhausen in 1998 [55]
; the St. Mary's Church on Zusamstrasse is one of the first Syrian
Orthodox buildings in Germany. [56] The approximately 6,000 [57] [58]
Syrian Orthodox Christians (known locally as Suryoye) in Augsburg come
primarily from southeastern Turkey ( Tur Abdin ) and Syria , speak the
language of Jesus ( Syrian Aramaic ) and have their own Roots in
Mesopotamia . These Christians initially came to Europe as guest workers
, [59] then from 1980 mostly as asylum seekers because they were
discriminated against and persecuted in Turkey. [60] After the
withdrawal of American troops, the Greek Orthodox parish with over 6,000
parishioners was able to buy the Gospel Church in the former
anti-aircraft barracks and renamed it after the patron saint Agios
Panteleimon . The Russian Orthodox Church in honor of the icon of the
Mother of God “Joy of All Who Mourner”, which belongs to the Russian
Orthodox Diocese of the Orthodox Bishop of Berlin and Germany , is
located in the Pfersee district. The community in Augsburg has existed
since the 1930s and now has around 120 members (2011). There are also a
large number of other Christian religious communities, for example,
also in Pfersee, the Apostle Junia Church of the Old Catholic Community,
the New Apostolic Church , the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints and the Jehovah's Witnesses . Islam Muslims form the second
largest religious community in Augsburg. There are a number of prayer
and club rooms in the city, which are run by different communities with
their own goals and priorities. The majority of Islamic citizens are
first to third generation immigrants from Turkey (see demographics ).
There are also associations and associated places of worship for Arab ,
Bosnian and Iraqi Muslims, as well as two Alevi cultural centers.
Judaism Augsburg Synagogue It can be assumed that the first Jews came
to Augsburg after the Jewish War in the first century and the
destruction of the Jerusalem Temple by the Romans . There are documented
mentions from the 9th century. The Jews had their own street near St.
Leonhard's Chapel as early as 1241 and their own court until 1433 . [61]
On November 22, 1348, two members of the influential Portner family
[62] attempted a coup to gain power in the city. Since this uprising
coincided with a pogrom against the Jews and the Portners had gone into
debt to acquire their properties from Augsburg Jews, it has been assumed
that they may have helped foment the pogrom themselves in order to take
advantage of the chaos in the city and get rid of their creditors. Even
if the coup failed and the ringleaders were expelled from the city
forever, the incumbent council could not or did not want to prevent the
murder of the Jews. The Augsburg Jewish community was the first large
community in the Roman-German Empire to fall victim to the persecution
of Jews at the time of the Black Death . [63] According to the city
council's resolution of July 7, 1438, that the Jews should "not be left
here any longer, then two years from now on," they were expelled from
the city and settled outside the city gates in the village of
Kriegshaber . [64] Under the protection of the Margraviate of Burgau,
the Kriegshaber synagogue was the center of the Jewish community for
almost three hundred years . A large Jewish cemetery has also been
preserved in Kriegshaber from this period. The history of the Jewish
community in Augsburg began again in 1803, when the city first granted
citizenship to three Jews (the bankers Aron Elias Seligmann , later
Freiherr von Eichthal, Jakob Obermayer and Henle Ephraim Ullmann) for an
annual fee and a significant loan amount, although the urban merchants
had put up considerable resistance. The number of Jewish families
subsequently increased only slightly (79 people in 1840 and 128 people
in 1852), as their settlement continued to be strictly controlled . The
defeat of the conservative Catholics in the local council elections of
1857 brought a decisive turning point, as a result of which the first
Israelite religious community was founded in Augsburg in 1861. Until
then, religious instruction was given by the teacher from the then
independent suburb of Pfersee , while the responsible rabbinate was the
warlord. Three years before the government approved the community, the
house at Wintergasse A 13 was purchased in 1858 for 13,000 guilders and
was initially converted into a pure synagogue and later expanded to
include rabbi and teacher apartments; its inauguration took place in
April 1865. As a result of this development, the Jewish population in
the city increased rapidly in the second half of the 19th century, so
that in 1895 there were 1,156 Jews living in Augsburg. In the meantime, a
Jewish cemetery (1867) and a lively club life (a men's club, a women's
club and a dining club, each with charitable purposes) had already been
established. The Jewish industrialists, bankers, traders and merchants
played an important role in the city's economic life and almost entirely
belonged to the upper middle or upper class. Even at this time, more
and more community members were demanding the construction of a new
synagogue , which was also made necessary by the pressure of the city:
the old building was in a dilapidated condition. In 1903, a garden
property on Halderstrasse was acquired, for which an architectural
competition was announced in 1912. In the years 1914 to 1917, the plans
of Fritz Landauer and Heinrich Lömpel were finally realized. When the
National Socialists came to power in 1933, Augsburg's Jews also suffered
more and more from reprisals: within five years, almost all Jewish
companies were closed or Aryanized . The oppression of the Jews reached
its peak during the November pogroms in 1938 in the early morning of
November 10, 1938: around 30 NSDAP members destroyed the interior of the
synagogue and set fire, which was, however, extinguished because of the
surrounding residential and communal buildings and a gas station , so
that the building itself was preserved and was used as a backdrop
storage facility for the city theater during the Second World War. An
anti-aircraft artillery observation post was set up on the dome of the
synagogue. Although many Jews had emigrated since 1933, their number in
the city had not fallen significantly due to the influx of Jewish
citizens from rural communities. 356 to 450 community members were
deported in seven transports to Auschwitz , Piaski , Riga and
Theresienstadt . Only a few Augsburg Jews survived the Shoah . After
the end of the Second World War, only a few former Augsburg Jews
returned to the city, including Ludwig Dreifuß , who was appointed the
first post-war mayor by the American military government. The
Augsburg-Swabia Israelite Community was founded in 1946 and did not see
much growth for a very long time. Hans Erich Fabian, first chairman of
the Berlin community, spoke of southern German problems with regard to
the conflicts that arose between a few returned German Jews and the vast
majority of Eastern European Jews, especially in the south of Germany.
It was feared that the German-Jewish traditions would not be able to
assert themselves. The disputes were particularly vehement in Augsburg,
where 32 German Jews refused to grant community membership to the 60
Jews without German citizenship. The Central Council took a clear stance
on this: community membership is independent of nationality and place
of birth. Only after years did these Jews receive two of nine board
seats. [65] In 1987 the community had 247 members. After the collapse of
the Soviet Union in 1990, this changed rapidly due to the influx of
numerous quota refugees from the former Soviet Union , so that the
community - which is responsible for the whole of Swabia - now includes
around 1,800 people. [66] Buddhism With the founding of the Wat Buddha
Augsburg association (around 130 members) in 2002, a temple was set up
in the Göggingen district that is mainly used by migrants from Thailand .
Every first Sunday of the month, the ceremony is broadcast over the
Internet from the Maha Dhamma Kaya Cetiya temple near Bangkok .
Believers from outside also travel to this event. The club has now moved
to Königsbrunn. Since January 2000, the Zen Buddhist group in Augsburg
has met every Wednesday and Sunday for regular meditation in Augsburg.
Teaching and practice follow the traditional Japanese Rinzai Zen
tradition. [67] Story The name of the city, which is one of the oldest
in Germany , dates back to the 15th century. Roman army camps founded in
the 1st century BC and the later Roman provincial capital Augusta
Vindelicum . In the 13th century, the city broke away from episcopal
rule , became an imperial city by 1316 at the latest and a frequent
venue for imperial diets with close connections to the rulers of the
Holy Roman Empire , which were financed, among others, by the Welser and
Fugger merchant families (“Fuggerstadt”). After the Reformation ,
Augsburg, where the Peace of Augsburg was concluded in 1555, became
bidenominational. Place name Previous spellings of the city from
various historical maps and documents were: Ancient Augusta Vindelicum
14th century Uzhburk Antiquity → Main article : Augusta Vindelicum Copy
of the tomb of Aurelius Carus, employee of the provincial
administration Late Roman crested helmet ( Augsburg Roman Museum )
Augsburg was founded in 15 BC. BC, because in that year a legionary camp
, which later also served as a supply depot, was built in the area of
today's Oberhausen district. Emperor Augustus had commissioned his two
stepsons Drusus and Tiberius to do this. According to this founding
date, Augsburg would be the second oldest city in Germany after Trier ,
although this can be assessed according to various criteria (see article
Oldest Cities in Germany ). What is certain, however, is that after
Augusta Treverorum , today's Trier, it was one of the largest Roman
settlements north of the Alps. In the first century, the settlement of
Augusta Vindelicum (see origin of the name ) was formed around the camp,
which was established before the turn of the century , and the Emperor
Hadrian granted Roman city rights in 121 AD. From around 95 AD, Augsburg
was the capital of the Roman province of Raetia , which extended into
northern Italy. It is unknown when exactly Augsburg became the
provincial capital. Archaeological findings indicate that Kempten (
Cambodunum ) continued to have this function until the late 1st century
AD. Tacitus described Augsburg as the most beautiful (“splendidissima”)
city in Raetia. [68] According to new research, the Neckar-Odenwald
Limes was only created in 98 AD under Emperor Trajan , at the same time
as the construction of the Roman highway from Mainz via Bad Cannstatt to
Augsburg, which was secured for that year . A connection between these
two strategic construction projects and the relocation of the capital of
the Rhaetian province from Kempten to Augsburg is obvious, but has not
yet been positively proven (compare: Kinzig (Rhein) #The historic Roman
road ). In 260 AD, the Germanic Juthungs invaded Italy and Raetia and
kidnapped thousands of Italians. On their return march, however, they
were defeated by the Roman governor in a two-day battle and put to
flight, as the Augsburg Victory Altar found in 1992 shows . In 271,
after repeated advances by the Juthungs and other tribes, the city was
besieged. Augsburg saints in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages:
Afra of Augsburg († 304), Bishop Simpert (left, around 750–807) and
Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg (890–973) After the Roman province of Raetia
was divided in 294, Augsburg became the capital of the province of
Raetia Secunda, which was invaded by the Alamanni after the end of Roman
rule around 450 . However, as the tradition of the 6th century
suggests, the settlement continued to exist. Augsburg may have been the
seat of a bishop as early as late antiquity , although there is no
written or archaeological evidence of this. [69] Traditions about a
bishop Narcissus of Girona around 300, during whose time the alleged
martyrdom of Afra of Augsburg occurred, are uncertain. The medievalist
Bernhard Schimmelpfennig has worked out that this was most likely
originally a male Roman saint named Afer, who probably became a woman
named Afra through prescription. [70] middle Ages Early development It
is unclear whether Augsburg continued to exist as an administrative
center without interruption between antiquity and the Middle Ages. The
settlement and the Christianity of its population are attested for the
6th century, as can be seen from the mention of the veneration of the
city saint Afra in the Vita sancti Martini of Venantius Fortunatus from
565 and from archaeological finds. [71] At the time of Charlemagne,
Augsburg was affected by fighting between Bavaria and Franconia. Bishop
Simpert, appointed by Charles , made a great contribution to the
reconstruction of the city. The importance of Augsburg grew again
towards the end of the early Middle Ages , when King Otto I , with the
help of Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg, defeated the westward-moving
Hungarians in the Battle of Lechfeld, south of the city, in 955 . On
June 21, 1156, Augsburg was given city rights again by Emperor Friedrich
Barbarossa , which was expanded almost a hundred years later in 1251 to
include the right to keep a seal and to tax its citizens. [72]
Barbarossa's Augsburg Arbitration in 1158 (two years after the city's
elevation) marks the official founding day of Munich . Elevation of
Augsburg to the status of an imperial city The culmination of these
developments was imperial immediacy , which was granted by King Rudolf
of Habsburg on March 9, 1276 with the privilege of its own statutory
law. The city law was summarized in the city book of 1276. [73] The now
expanded independence of Augsburg led to violent disputes with the
bishopric as the secular domain of the prince-bishop , which culminated
in the relocation of the main episcopal residence to Dillingen on the
Danube in the 15th century. According to Eberhard Isenmann , Augsburg's
development into an imperial city was completed in 1316 when Louis the
Bavarian guaranteed the city's inalienability from the empire. [74] As a
result, more and more patrician families took control of the city, but
this did not always go smoothly: in 1368 there was an uprising by the
city's craftsmen, which led to the introduction of a guild constitution.
Eleven years later, Augsburg joined the Swabian League of Cities ,
which collapsed again in 1388. As a result of the guild constitution
and the associated regulation of all craft activities, the power of the
guilds grew steadily and they were involved in the city government until
1547. Seven years earlier, in 1540, the Augsburg Stock Exchange had
been founded. The city developed due to its central location on old
highways, e.g. B. the Via Claudia Augusta , the Via Julia and the Via
Imperii , an important trading city with connections to the Hanseatic
cities on the North and Baltic Seas, as well as to Italy. Early modern
age → Main article : Reichstag in Augsburg Fugger City Palace Augsburg
in the Schedel World Chronicle 1493 Plan of the city around 1550 The
high point of this period was the dictatorship of Ulrich Schwarz , who
took over the mayor's office in 1469 with great political visions. At
the beginning he succeeded, among other things, in giving the previously
underrepresented lower guilds a say in the city government and in
freeing Augsburg from excessive debt. However, when the patrician class
opposed him , he resorted to brutal measures and had the Vittel
patrician brothers carried out the death penalty , which led to his own
downfall and his execution in 1478. With the arrival of Günther Zainer,
the Augsburg printing industry began to flourish . In 1468 he printed
S. Bonaventurae meditationes vite domini . In addition to spiritual
literature, the typographer sold folk books in German, devotional
writings, pharmacopoeias and calendars. In 1471, Zainer cut Type 3, one
of the first German antiquarian fonts . Erhard Ratdolt perfected Antiqua
design sourced from Venice. Additional offices that emerged ensured
that the city was one of the most well-known publishing locations in
Europe at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries. Last but not least,
Johann Schönsperger contributed to this. Since the imperial city did not
have a university and sales opportunities outside of the scientific or
ecclesiastical sector were only open to the secular public, between 1480
and 1500 around 75 percent of the books produced in Augsburg were
printed in colloquial language. The German Aesop had 22 editions at the
time. Schönsperger's Theuerdank is considered one of the greatest
printing products of the Renaissance . [75] Freie Reichsstadt Augsburg,
Guldentaler 1560, Vs.: Stadtpyr, Rs.: Doppeladler, Titel Kaiser
Ferdinands I.[76] Freie Reichsstadt Augsburg, Guldentaler 1560, Vs.:
Stadtpyr, Rs.: Doppeladler, Titel Kaiser Ferdinands I.[76] Free Imperial
City of Augsburg, Guldentaler 1560, front: city pyr , back: double
eagle , title of Emperor Ferdinand I. [76] After individual cities in
the empire had already received the right to mint in the 13th century ,
the Augsburg council also tried to gain this privilege. The Augsburg
city clerk Konrad Peutinger was sent as head of the city administration
and as imperial councilor to the Reichstag in Worms in the spring of
1521, which was held under the reign of the young Emperor Charles V. He
was not only supposed to have the old privileges renewed there, but also
applied to obtain the right to mint for the city, which he succeeded in
doing. On May 21, 1521, Emperor Charles V signed the relevant document
granting the city of Augsburg permission to mint its own coins. Minting
operations began in the same year. The imperial city influence of
Augsburg ended in 1805 when Augsburg lost its imperial freedom and fell
to Bavaria. [76] Even before the final decline of guild rule in 1547,
Augsburg developed from the beginning of modern times to the end of the
Renaissance into one of the most important trade and economic centers in
the world, which was primarily due to the influence of the Fugger and
Welser merchant families . During this time, Augsburg, along with
Cologne, Prague and Nuremberg, was one of the largest cities in the Holy
Roman Empire. [77] Perlachplatz (1550) Special stamp to commemorate
450 years of the Augsburg Religious Peace Gustav II Adolf outside the
walls of Augsburg in 1632 Augsburg in 1643 Reformation period From 1500
the city belonged to the Swabian Imperial District . After the
Reichstag in Augsburg , Martin Luther had to answer for his theses in
the Fugger Houses in 1518 before Cardinal Thomas Cajetan, who was
commissioned by the Pope . He arrived in the city on October 7th and
left on the 20th of the month. Negotiations with Cardinal Cajetan took
place on October 12th, 13th and 14th. During his stay, Luther lived in
the Carmelite monastery of St. Anna , where the Augsburg mayor's son and
Carmelite Christoph Langenmantel also stayed, who looked after him in a
friendly manner and advised him. [78] When Martin Luther refused to
revoke his theses, there was an urgent risk of his arrest. On the night
of October 19th to 20th, Christoph Langenmantel secretly led him through
a secret gate in the city wall so that he could escape. [79] [80] On
November 25, 1518, Luther sent him a letter of thanks from Wittenberg .
[81] Augsburg was one of the representatives of the Protestant minority
at the Reichstag in Speyer in 1529 , but did not take part in the
protest . Their citizens demanded the unhindered spread of the
Protestant faith, which was formulated at the Reichstag in Augsburg in
1530 with the Augsburg Confession by Philipp Melanchthon . The Confessio
Augustana represents the confession and founding document of the
Lutheran Church . There was an important Anabaptist community in the
city of Augsburg between 1524 and 1573, which became known primarily
through the Augsburg Synod of Martyrs in August 1527, an international
gathering of delegates from different Anabaptist circles. Important
figures of the Augsburg Anabaptists were Jakob Dachser , Hans Leupold
and Pilgram Marbeck . Most of the synod members later died as martyrs
for their beliefs. [82] On July 22, 1534, the city's Grand Council
decided that only preachers "installed" by it were allowed to preach in
the city. Catholic worship was restricted to the eight churches of the
monasteries. Smaller churches and monastery churches were closed. With
this religious mandate, the council formally claimed ecclesiastical
sovereignty over the city. In 1548, Emperor Charles V initiated a new
patrician city constitution and issued the Augsburg Interim . With the
new city constitution, the city introduced a parity system of government
and administration (equal rights and exact distribution of offices
between Catholics and Protestants - see Paritätische Reichsstadt ). The
Peace of Augsburg in 1555 also calmed the coexistence of citizens in the
city. 28 years later – February 14th . / February 24, 1583 greg. – the
Gregorian calendar was introduced in Augsburg ; this led to a heated
calendar dispute , which culminated in June 1584 with the expulsion of
the Lutheran theologian Georg Mylius . Thirty Years' War During the
Thirty Years' War, the Fugger city was garrisoned with eight companies
of Bavarian troops in 1628, at a weekly cost of 8,950 guilders. Under
the occupation, from 1629 onwards, the Edict of Restitution was
forcefully enforced to the detriment of the Protestants, and Protestants
were removed from the city council and the schools. [83] On April 19,
1632, the Swedish army under King Gustav Adolf stood at the gates and
demanded the surrender of the city. On April 20, the city council
approved the voluntary surrender against the free withdrawal of the
Bavarian occupying troops. The new commander was initially the son of
the Swedish Chancellor Oxenstierna and after him Johann Georg from
Winckel. The Protestant citizens received their old rights back. At the
beginning of 1634 there was hardly any food left in the city because the
surrounding area was completely devastated and plundered by passing
troops. [83] In mid-1634, two Swedish armies under Bernhard of
Saxe-Weimar and Gustaf Horn again used the city and the surrounding area
as a storage and starting point for their operations in the battles for
Regensburg and Landshut . After the devastating defeat of the Swedes at
Nördlingen , Augsburg was surrounded and cordoned off by imperial and
Bavarian troops in the fall of 1634 with the intention of starving the
city. All access routes were blocked and repeated attempts were made to
stop the water supply. A famine arose in the city with gruesome
circumstances and 5,000 deaths at the end of 1634. After that, only
Protestant citizens were fed. After attempts by the Swedish commander to
secretly obtain food from Ulm failed, the city surrendered on March 13,
1635. Since the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, Augsburg's
population had fallen by two thirds. Under the new Bavarian city
commander Otto Heinrich Fugger, the religious condition was restored at
the time of the Edict of Restitution, and the city had to pay
compensation of 300,000 guilders. [83] In the following 12 years,
Augsburg was no longer as badly affected by the war. Only towards the
end of the war in September 1646 did Augsburg again become the target of
a united Swedish-French army under the generals Carl Gustav Wrangel and
Turenne . The city was bombarded so heavily that the citizens were once
again ready to hand the city over to the Swedes. However, the Swedes
gave up the siege when a Bavarian relief army arrived under the
generalJohann von Werth approached. Augsburg was also marginally
affected by the last major field battle of the war in mid-May 1648.
After the Battle of Zusmarshausen, the Imperial Bavarian troops, fleeing
from the Swedish-French troops, retreated to the walls of the city. The
imperial general Melander, who was fatally wounded in the battle , died
in Augsburg. [83] Today, the Schwedenturm with the statue of
Stoinernen Ma and the Schwedenstiege, both of which were parts of the
Augsburg fortifications , are reminiscent of the times of the Thirty
Years' War . Augsburg in the Baroque period Freie Reichsstadt Augsburg,
12 Dukaten 1740, Vs.: Stadtpyr mit Flussgottheiten Lech, Wertach und
Singold, Rs.: Doppeladler, Titel Kaiser Karls VI.[76] Freie Reichsstadt
Augsburg, 12 Dukaten 1740, Vs.: Stadtpyr mit Flussgottheiten Lech,
Wertach und Singold, Rs.: Doppeladler, Titel Kaiser Karls VI.[76] Free
Imperial City of Augsburg, 12 ducats 1740, obverse: city pyr with river
deities Lech , Wertach and Singold , back: double eagle , title of
Emperor Charles VI. [76] After 1653, the election of the German king
took place again in Augsburg in 1690 . In the 18th century, the art of
instrument making in Augsburg experienced a new boom. It is closely
linked to the name of Georg Friedrich Brander (1713–1783), whose
products were well received throughout Europe. On the music side, Johann
Andreas Stein and his daughter Nannette Streicher made an important
name for themselves: the former was one of the Mozart family's favorite
piano makers, the latter learned this craft from her father, but moved
to Vienna around 1800, where she ran her own musical salon and among
others had a lively correspondence with Ludwig van Beethoven , who would
probably never have written his best works without their instruments.
In the 18th century, Augsburg was also one of the most important
printing centers in Europe. On December 13, 1703, Augsburg was occupied
by Bavarian troops under Elector Maximilian II Emanuel during the War of
the Spanish Succession , but they had to vacate it again in 1704. In
1784/1785 there were weavers' unrest, which finally culminated in the
weavers' revolt on January 29, 1794 . The background to the dispute was
the emerging textile industry with its calico manufacturers, which
threatened the weaving craft. In 1771, Johann Heinrich Schüle built the
Schülesche Kattunfabrik in Augsburg, the first factory on the European
continent. Augsburg in the Kingdom of Bavaria As a result of the Peace
Treaty of Pressburg (December 26, 1805), Augsburg, which had already
been occupied by Bavarian troops on December 21 , lost imperial freedom
and fell to the Kingdom of Bavaria . Until then it had been ruled by
seven patrician families. From 1809 the city had its own police director
and was directly subordinate to the district administration. That’s why
they were referred to as “circularly direct”. After the districts were
renamed administrative districts and the district offices were renamed
rural districts (1938), it became “district-free” because these cities
outside the district associations were directly subordinate to the
government. The first railway connection between Augsburg and Munich
went into operation in 1839 . As part of the Ludwig-Süd-Nord-Bahn
project that began in 1843 with the Augsburg–Nuremberg and
Lindau–Augsburg route, the first terminus station was abandoned and a
new through station was used from 1846: the Augsburg main station ,
which is still in operation today . The oldest Augsburg train station
hall now serves as part of a tram depot and is the oldest preserved
reception building in a major German city, while the main station has
the oldest reception building still in operation in a major German
city. In 1862 the Augsburg district office was created, from which the
Augsburg district later emerged. During the regional reform in 1972,
this was united with the former Schwabmünchen district , part of the
former Wertingen district, and some places in the Donauwörth and Neuburg
an der Donau districts . The Augsburg district gained its current size
when the municipality of Baar was spun off into the Aichach-Friedberg
district in 1994. Augsburg remained the seat of the district, and the
city itself was always independent of a district. In the 19th century,
Augsburg once again gained importance as a center of the textile
industry and mechanical engineering. In addition to the Maschinenfabrik
Augsburg Nürnberg , now only known under the abbreviation MAN , where
Rudolf Diesel developed the diesel engine from 1893 to 1897 ,
Messerschmitt AG , for example, had its headquarters here since 1927.
The Allgemeine Zeitung by Johann Friedrich Cotta was also published in
Augsburg, the most important German daily newspaper of the time. At the
end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, technical progress
also made itself felt in the Fugger city: after horse-drawn trams had
been introduced on rails in 1881, the electric tram went into operation
in 1898. The demolition of the medieval weaver's house led to violent
protests at a time of rapid growth. In April 1919, in connection with
the Munich Soviet Republic, there was briefly a Soviet Republic in
Augsburg based on the Soviets (Russian for "councillors") , but on
Easter Sunday it had to give way under military pressure from the
Bavarian government under Johannes Hoffmann, which had moved to Bamberg .
[84] [85] National Socialism and the Second World War In the Reichstag
election on March 5, 1933, the NSDAP received 32.3 percent of the vote
in Augsburg. With the beginning of the “National Revolution in Bavaria”
on March 9th, terror against political opponents also began in Augsburg.
At the end of March 1933, the city council elected in 1929 was
dissolved and reconstituted based on the results of the Reichstag
election on March 5, but without the KPD city councilors . In May, the
SPD , which had already been excluded from almost all city committees,
left the city council under pressure from the National Socialists,
followed by the BVP on July 5th . The DNVP MPs joined the NSDAP
faction. At the city council meeting on April 28, 1933, the second
mayor of the SPD, Friedrich Ackermann , was formally retired and Josef
Mayr , who had previously led the office on a provisional basis, was
elected as the new second mayor. On July 31, the mayor Otto Bohl (BVP)
was dismissed and replaced at the city council meeting on August 3 by
Edmund Stoeckle (NSDAP), the mayor of Lindenberg im Allgäu . Stoeckle
was apparently unable to gain the trust of the party leadership and was
replaced by Josef Mayr in December 1934. [86] The takeover of power in
the city was now complete. With the reorganization of the empire in
1933, Bavaria was divided into six districts . Augsburg became the
capital of the Swabian district . Communist officials were taken into “
protective custody ” as early as March 9, 1933 . While the arrests were
initially directed against communists and social democrats,
Jewish-Germans and other undesirable people, as well as members of the
BVP, were quickly taken into custody. The fire in the singers' hall (in
today's Wittelsbacher Park ) on April 30, 1934 was also the reason for a
wave of arrests. Augsburg synagogue restored after the night of the
pogrom, picture 2006 At the beginning of 1933 there were 126
Jewish-German-owned businesses in Augsburg, including 20 industrial and
55 wholesale companies. As a result of the reprisals, their total number
fell to 79 by 1938. [87] During the November pogroms, the synagogue
built in 1917 was set on fire on the morning of November 10, 1938. As a
result, Jewish-German shops and private homes were devastated and male
Jewish-German citizens were deported to concentration camps (KZ) in
order to force them to emigrate and confiscate their assets (
Aryanization ). [88] In 1985 the synagogue was reopened after a long
restoration and has since been partially used as a Jewish museum. In the
Jewish cemetery, a memorial stone commemorates the approximately 400
murdered Augsburg Jewish-German victims of the Holocaust . In addition
to many other resistance fighters such as Bebo Wager , the SPD member of
the state parliament Clemens Högg was also killed during the Nazi era.
During the Second World War, several subcamps of the Dachau
concentration camp were built in order to decentralize armaments
production at the Messerschmitt AG aircraft factory in Augsburg and the
surrounding area . The Haunstetten subcamp was built in February 1943 in
this district in the area of a former gravel pit, 2,700 male
concentration camp prisoners were imprisoned there and, after being
destroyed in bombing raids, it was re-established in an air intelligence
barracks as the Augsburg -Pfersee subcamp in April 1944 , as the main
camp of the Subcamp complex Swabia . There was also a camp for 1,000
prisoners in Gablingen , as well as the Horgau subcamp . 235 prisoners
were murdered by SS men directly in Augsburg or died from the
catastrophic living conditions and were buried in the Westfriedhof,
which is commemorated by three memorial plaques. In the spring of 1945,
2,000 prisoners were driven on a death march from the Pfersee barracks
to Klimmach , where many of them died. In the Kriegshaber district , 500
Hungarian Jewish women were interned to work in the Michel works .
[89] Augsburg suffered severe damage from air raids during the Second
World War, as the city, with production facilities for important defense
companies (including Messerschmitt and MAN), was a military target for
Allied bomber units. The consequences are still felt today, firstly
through the irretrievable loss of valuable cultural assets and secondly
through the dangers posed by unexploded bombs still in the ground. Most
recently, an unexploded bomb had to be cleared in December 2016, with
54,000 people being evacuated . Augsburg was bombed over ten times (see
air raids on Augsburg ), including twice in attacks with greater impact:
on April 17, 1942 the target was MAN 's submarine engine production ,
and on February 25 and 26, 1944 the attack took place as part of the
Area Bombing Directive of the city center, [90] the Messerschmitt works
and the main train station as a southern German railway junction. On
April 28, 1945, units of the 7th US Army moved into Augsburg - thanks to
the successful Augsburg freedom movement without any combat operations -
and thus liberated Augsburg from Nazi rule. They built a base with
several barracks here, which was only completely abandoned in 1998 when
the last troops withdrew (see US Garrison Augsburg ). post war period
The old town with its important buildings was largely rebuilt after the
end of the war, although some work continues to this day. The renovation
of the Golden Hall , which opened in 1985 on the occasion of the city's
2000th anniversary, was only completed in 1996. As the capital of the
administrative district of Swabia, Augsburg integrated into the
political system of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Free State
of Bavaria. Through the construction of the Rosenau Stadium , the city
gained great importance for numerous sporting events in the post-war
period, including being the venue for the German Athletics Championships
in 1953 and the German Athletics Championships in 1963, as well as
other athletics country comparisons. The highlight of these events were
the canoe and kayak competitions on the ice channel as well as some
basketball , football and handball preliminary round games of the 1972
Olympic Games , which were held in Augsburg. The final meeting of the
Ecumenical Pentecost Meeting was also held in the Rosenau Stadium, which
took place in Augsburg in June 1971 and is considered the first joint
church conference of Protestant and Roman Catholic Christians and thus a
forerunner of the Ecumenical Church Conference . Augsburg Hotel Tower
(1972) In October 1970, the university was opened as the successor to
several other universities and began work with the economics and social
sciences department. Through the establishment of additional faculties
and the construction of a campus from 1974 onwards, its importance grew
steadily, so that today around 20,200 [91] students are enrolled there.
[92] After the city's health system had been very decentralized and
inconsistently organized for many centuries, the inauguration of the
central clinic, which is now called the Augsburg University Hospital ,
in 1982 marked a significant turning point: Since then, all emergencies
and operations have been treated centrally in one hospital; the smaller
clinics have specialized (see healthcare in Augsburg ). The city
experienced a serious natural disaster with the Pentecost flood in 1999 ,
when Lech and Wertach overflowed their banks after days of rainfall and
the simultaneous melting of snow in the Alps. When a dam finally
collapsed, entire parts of the city were flooded, causing millions in
damage. After Augsburg hosted the 5th German Fire Brigade Day in 1862 ,
the 27th German Fire Brigade Day also took place there from June 20th
to 25th, 2000. Recently, Augsburg has been hit by crises several times
due to the insolvencies of major companies and today has an unemployment
rate that is above the Bavarian average . Various setbacks such as the
failed expansion of the airfield into a large regional airport and the
failed establishment of a BMW factory contributed to this. Augsburg has
gained attention in recent years through major cultural events such as
the Mozart or Brecht Year . In 2011, Augsburg was one of the host
cities for the Women's Football World Cup . Urban legends → Main
article : Augsburg legends City goddess Cisa Supposedly Cisa (dea Ciza)
was the city goddess of Augsburg. Marginal notes in the Excerptum ex
Gallica Historia (around 1135) from Ursberg Abbey report in detail the
unsuccessful Roman siege of the city of Cisaris, later Augsburg, built
by Swabian tribes between Lech and Wertach. The city was named after a
sanctuary of the goddess Cisa. In this text the local names Kriegshaber
are also derived from a Greek Avar, Hafnerberg from a military prefect
Habeno ( also: Hebeino) and Pfersee from a military tribune Verres (
also: Verus ) ( see also : Derivation of the name Pfersee ). The text
from the 12th century turns out to be a diffuse compilation with a clear
focus on the imaginative interpretation of no longer understood,
probably pre-Alemannic local names, which is not unusual for legend
research . Only the goddess Cisa remained in the discussion, certainly
because Jacob Grimm expressly emphasized the “value of the strange
tradition” in his German Mythology . Whether Alemannic worship can be
assumed at the site of today's Kitzenberg near the Basilica of St.
Ulrich and Afra cannot be scientifically proven either. A provincial
Roman Medusa head was known in Augsburg at least since the late Middle
Ages , which was walled up in today's Ulrichskirche and is now in the
Roman Museum. A representation of the Cisa can be seen on the weather
vane of the Perlach Tower ; Furthermore, according to legend, some
depictions on the bronze doors of the cathedral point to the goddess.
The Stoinerne Ma The “Stoinerne Ma” (“Stone Man”) is a life-size stone
figure on the eastern Augsburg city wall in the area of the so-called
“Schwedenstiege”, which is in the immediate vicinity of the Gallus
Church. It probably represents a one-armed baker with a loaf of bread
and a shield. In the area of the feet there is a snail-shaped pedestal
. The “Stoinerne Ma” on the eastern city wall According to legend, it
is the baker “Konrad Hackher”, who is said to have baked bread from
sawdust during a long siege of the city and thrown it over the city wall
into the ditch, clearly visible to the besiegers. The impression that
there was still so much bread in Augsburg that it could be thrown over
the wall is said to have demoralized the besiegers so much that they
shot at him with a crossbow out of anger. One hit took off his arm, and
they soon broke off the siege. Historically, the event belongs to the
Thirty Years' War , more precisely to the siege of Augsburg during the
years 1634/35, when Catholic Bavarian troops under Field Marshal von
Wahl wanted to recapture the city that was occupied by the Protestant
Swedes. There is no reliable evidence of what the baker did. However,
there are facts beyond this legend: In his meticulously researched
contribution to No. 54 of the “Magazine of the Historical Association
for Swabia” published in 1941, Eduard Lampart defines the figure, which
was then still standing on the corner of the house at
Pulvergäßchen/Unterer Graben, as a handicraft made up of a few that
originally did not belong together Split. These are probably finds
during earthworks in the city that were carted to the corner house
mentioned over generations because it was the seat of the incumbent
“municipal building manager” until 1810. It is thanks to one of the
construction supervisors that the figure was probably erected between
the beginning and middle of the 18th century. It was only later
attributed to her that she portrays the baker hero Hacker, who cannot be
historically verified. The corner house suffered several bomb hits
during the Second World War and so after the war the stone figure was
moved to its current location at Schwedenstiege. [93] There it is often
visited by walkers who stroll along the city wall. Since touching the
nose of the stone figure is said to bring good luck, this custom is
particularly popular among lovers. The seven children With the seven
children In the house wall of the property Bei den Sieben Kindeln 3 ( ⊙)
there is an embedded stone relief from Roman times depicting six naked
children playing, gathered around a coffin. According to legend, the
memorial plate was commissioned by a Roman officer to commemorate the
drowning of one of his children (that's why it says "seven" children,
even though the plate only shows six: the seventh child drowned and lies
in the coffin) . According to current knowledge, the plate represents
erotes and once formed the long side of a so-called erote sarcophagus .
Incorporations The urban area had already been repeatedly expanded
through the incorporation of surrounding communities, but it only took
on larger dimensions in the 20th century. The incorporations can be
assigned to two waves: a first before and during the First World War , a
second in 1972 as part of the Bavarian municipal reform . [94]
Augsburg's mayor at the time, Hans Breuer, would have liked to
incorporate even more surrounding cities, but failed due to the
resistance of the local population. In order to establish a postal
logistics center , a corridor was swapped with the neighboring town of
Gersthofen on July 1, 1999. City map of Augsburg (1905) Date
Incorporated places growth July 1, 1910 Municipality of Meringerau
(today Siebenbrunn ) 953.7 ha Jan 1, 1911 Pfersee community 345.8 ha Jan
1, 1911 Community of Oberhausen 862.2 ha Jan 1, 1913 City of Lechhausen
2794.4 ha Jan 1, 1913 Hochzoll community (until 1905 Friedbergerau)
435.0 ha April 1, 1916 Warhaber community 5.9 ha July 1, 1972 City of
Göggingen 1079.2 ha July 1, 1972 City of Haunstetten 1393.2 ha July 1,
1972 Municipality of Inningen (with Bergheim ) 3383.9 ha May 1, 1978 St.
Anton settlement 32.0 ha July 1, 1979 Part of Gersthofen 38.1 ha July
1, 1999 Part of Gersthofen (area exchange) 1.6 ha Name origin The name
of the city is first attested in the 2nd century AD as Ael[ia] Augusta
(copy from the 11th century). We know it from the 3rd century as Augusta
Vindelicum (copy from the 7th/8th century); Add civitas 'city', so that
the place name means 'city of Augustus in the area of the
Vindeliker'. The current German name as Augusburuc was first encountered
in 826, Augustburg in 962, and finally Augsburg in 1238 . [95]
Augsburg's name is derived from the city's Roman name, Augusta
Vindelicorum . The city bears the first part of the name, Augusta,
because it was founded on the orders of Emperor Augustus by his two
stepsons Drusus and Tiberius in 15 BC. BC (initially as a military camp)
was founded. The first documented example shows the nickname Aelius,
the gentile name of Emperor Hadrian. The second part of the Latin name,
Vindelicorum, is the genitive plural of the Latin name for the
Vindeliker tribe , who at that time settled in the foothills of the Alps
between Lake Constance and the Inn . The German basic word -burg, on
the other hand, translates the Latin civitas 'city'. The final /t/ of
Aug(u)st- was assimilated to the /b/ of -burg early on , resulting in
the current sound. [95] [96] politics On September 23, 2008, the city
received the title of “ Place of Diversity ” awarded by the federal
government . City administration It is proven that the city of Augsburg
has been headed by the city administrator since 1266 as chairman of the
council , who was also occasionally referred to as mayor , which meant
that both titles were sometimes used at the same time. It was not until
1548 that the title was finally set to town caretaker. These held office
for several years and were then elected for life, which is why there
were several city clerks at the same time. After the transfer to
Bavaria, a magistrate with two mayors was appointed in Augsburg, who
from 1818 was supported by an additional council of municipal
representatives. In 1919, this two-chamber system was abandoned in favor
of the establishment of a "city council", which has since been headed
by the "first mayor", who usually has the title of mayor (see list of
mayors of Augsburg ). On March 16, 2008, Kurt Gribl ( CSU , although
independent at the time of the election) prevailed in a runoff against
incumbent Paul Wengert ( SPD ) and took over the office of mayor on May
2, 2008. [97] In the local elections on March 16, 2014, incumbent Gribl
ran again as mayoral candidate for the CSU. He defeated his challengers
with 51.8% without a runoff vote and was thus confirmed in office. [98]
On March 29, 2020, Eva Weber (CSU) was elected mayor as the first woman
in the city's history. She won the runoff election with 62.3% against
Dirk Wurm (SPD), who received 37.7% of the vote. [99] The Digital
Council of the City of Augsburg was constituted on June 28, 2021. It was
launched on the initiative of the mayor and now serves as an interface
between administration and city society. [100] City council City
council election 2020 [101] in percent % 40 30 20
10032.323.414.36.64.53.72.32.25.3 CSU Greens SPD AfD FW left FDP ÖDP
Otherwise. Profits and losses compared to 2014 %p 12 10 8th
6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8th
-10−5.4+11.0−8.1+0.7+0.9+0.5+0.7+0.3+0.4 CSU Greens SPD AfD FW left FDP
ÖDP Otherwise. → Main article : Results of the local elections in
Augsburg The city council is made up of 60 city councilors and the
mayor. Distribution of seats in the city council since 2020
[102] A total of 60 seats PARTY : 1 V-Party³ : 1 Left :
2 SPD : 9 Greens : 14 Generation AUX: 1 WSA: 1 AIB: 1 FDP : 1 FW
: 3 ÖDP : 1 CSU : 20 Pro Augsburg: 1 AfD : 4 City council election
results since 1972 in percent [103] Year CSU SPD FDP Greens ÖDP Left 1
REP NPD Pro Augsburg AfD Other 1972 44.9 46.5 2.3 – – 0.7 – 0.9 – – 4.7
1978 46.8 44.5 2.7 – – 0.4 – 0.6 – – 4.9 1984 32.9 44.9 1.3 4.2 – 0.2 –
0.7 – – 15.8 1990 43.1 28.4 2.5 10.8 – – 10.0 – – – 5.2 1996 44.1 29.4
1.7 10.5 – – 2.8 – – – 11.5 2002 43.5 36.4 3.5 8.7 1.8 1.2 – – – – 4.9
2008 40.1 30.1 2.7 10.3 1.5 3.5 – – 9.4 – 2.4 2014 [104] 37.7 22.4 1.6
12.4 1.9 3.2 – – 5.1 5.9 9.6 2020 32.3 14.3 2.3 23.4 2.2 3.7 –– – 1.8
6.6 13.3 Seats 2020 [105] 20 9 1 14 1 2 – – 1 4 8 2 1 2002 as PDS ,
until 1984 the DKP is listed. In 2017, Alexander Süßmair resigned from
the party, taking his city council mandate with him. 2 Free Voters 3,
Augsburg in citizen hands 1, Generation AUX 1, The PARTY 1, V-Party³ 1,
WSA 1 Members of the Bundestag Augsburg is located in constituency 252
Augsburg-Stadt , which also includes Königsbrunn in the Augsburg
district of the same name. In the election for the 17th German
Bundestag in September 2009, Christian Ruck from the CSU was directly
elected with 42.2 percent of the vote. Miriam Gruß for the FDP , Heinz
Paula for the SPD , Alexander Süßmair for the Left Party and Claudia
Roth for Alliance 90/The Greens also entered the Bundestag via the state
list . After Christian Ruck and Heinz Paula no longer ran in the
election for the 18th German Bundestag, only Claudia Roth from Alliance
90/The Greens was re-elected. Volker Ullrich (CSU) won the direct
mandate, and Ulrike Bahr for the SPD was elected via the state list.
Alexander Süßmair and Miriam Gruß were not re-elected. [106] In the
2021 federal election, Volker Ullrich (CSU) won the direct mandate again
with 28.1%. [107] With him, Ulrike Bahr for the SPD, Claudia Roth for
Alliance 90/The Greens and Maximilian Funke-Kaiser for the FDP entered
the Bundestag via the respective state lists. [108] Citizens' decisions
In Bavaria, Article 18a of the municipal code allows municipal citizens
the right to initiate citizens' initiatives as part of direct influence
at the municipal level . [109] Successful collections of signatures are
voted on by means of a referendum . In Augsburg, citizens were called
to the ballot box on the following issues: In 1995, the building
contractor Ignaz Walter intended to build an underground car park under
Fuggerstrasse near the center. One citizens' initiative was in favor of
the construction, another was negative. In January 1996, 63 percent of
voters decided to reject the underground car park, while a minority of
37 percent wanted the structure to be built. The voter turnout was 36.3
percent. A few months later, the construction of the so-called “Loop
Road” including the bypass at the Red Gate caused a stir. Various
citizens' initiatives, which complained about noise pollution from
traffic and an impairment of the living environment, collected the
necessary signatures for a citizens' petition. The Augsburg city council
contrasted the rejection of the initiatives with the improved concept
of a “city-friendly” tangent. It received 80 percent “yes” votes in the
referendum in June 1997. 32.5 percent of those eligible to vote voted on
the loop road that was subsequently constructed. In 2007, concrete
considerations by the Augsburg city administration and the city's
transport company regarding the redesign of Königsplatz became the
subject of a citizens' initiative. As part of the planning for the
Augsburg mobility hub, the central bus stop system should be enlarged
and modernized. The intention was to intervene in the adjacent green
area, including clearing trees. The opponents first demanded an ideas
competition for an overall transport concept before any renovation could
be carried out. The referendum on the renovation took place on November
25, 2007. 53.2 percent of citizens who voted chose this competition.
[110] The voter turnout was 24.2 percent. After the competition, the
city government of CSU and Pro Augsburg decided in favor of a car-free
Königsplatz, achieved by relocating the main traffic axes. Citizens
mobilized against this plan and demanded the construction of a tunnel at
Königsplatz. In the referendum on November 21, 2010, those eligible to
vote were able to vote separately on a council request, the citizens'
request and a key question. The city council alternative, which provides
for a “relief road” as a precautionary measure if necessary, was
preferred by voters with 73.9 percent “yes” votes. The construction of a
tunnel not only failed due to the required quorum of 19,391 votes, but
would also have been rejected by a majority of 68.1 percent of the valid
votes counted. The voter turnout was 28.8 percent. [111] Sometimes
local politicians respond to resistance from the population without a
referendum if there is strong signature support from sympathizers for a
project. The construction of the new Augsburg city library was completed
in a short time after years of delays for financial reasons, and the
intended sale of the old city pool was stopped by the will of the
citizens. Another example of this is the cycling decision , which was
averted in the summer of 2021 through a contract in which essential
demands were taken over by the black-green city government. [112]
badges and flags Wappen der Bibliothek zu Augsburg (Kolorierung um
1551–1600) Coat of arms of the library in Augsburg (coloring around
1551–1600) Stadtwappen mit goldenem Kapitell von 1811 bis 1985 City
coat of arms with a golden capital from 1811 to 1985 Zirbelnuss auf
einem Kanaldeckel in Augsburg Pine nut on a manhole cover in Augsburg
Flag of the city of Augsburg Modernisiertes Stadtwappen seit 1985 Blazon
: “In a shield split by red and silver, a green pine nut on a golden
capital.” [113] [114] Reasons for the coat of arms: The official
heraldic description of the Augsburg coat of arms mentions a shield
split between red and silver, on which there is a green pine nut on a
capital that has also been green since 1985. Accordingly, the city
colors are red, green and white. The oldest verifiable city seal in
Augsburg from 1237 shows a two-towered city gate with a crenellated wall
and a star above it. In the archway there is a tree of life , and from
1260 there is a grape on a foot, which probably alludes to the name of
the city “Augster”, which represents a type of grape. In the 15th
century, a green grape was depicted in a red and white shield, which
changed with the discovery of a pine cone (probably the top of a Roman
tomb) in 1467: Since then, a pine nut has been depicted instead of the
grape. The head on the capital has been traceable since 1521, the wall
crown only since 1811. The meaning of these symbols is not clear. The
city colors have been known since 1372. On the occasion of the 2000th
anniversary in 1985, the coat of arms was redesigned in keeping with
contemporary taste. As a stylized pine cone, the pine nut was the
standard symbol of the Roman legion of the Roman camp and became the
symbol of the later Roman capital of the province of Raetia . Even
today, the stone pine nut can be found on numerous buildings and walls
throughout the city as a symbol of Augsburg's dignity. The pine nut
stands in a red and white split shield , which can be traced back to the
banner of the Bishop of Augsburg and the bishopric . Here, as with the
old field emblems of the Duchy of Swabia , the colors red and white were
worn. [114] See also : List of coats of arms in Augsburg Town twinning
Augsburg entered into its first twin town partnership with Inverness,
Scotland, in 1956 at the suggestion of the British Consulate General in
Munich . After the first mutual visits between official representatives
in the same year, a permanent cultural exchange took place; the town
twinning was never recorded in a contract. The Augsburg city
partnerships [115] Stadtwappen von Inverness Inverness United Kingdom
1956 Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland Stadtwappen
von Nagahama Nagahama Japan 1959 Japan Stadtwappen von Amagasaki
Amagasaki Japan 1959 Japan Stadtwappen von Dayton Dayton United States
1964 Vereinigte Staaten Stadtwappen von Bourges Bourges France 1967
Frankreich Stadtwappen von Liberec Liberec Czech Republic 2001
Tschechien Stadtwappen von Jinan Jinan People's Republic of China 2004
China The first German- Japanese sister city association goes back to
the initiative of Magokichi Yamaoka , who studied in Munich before the
Second World War and was interested in Rudolf Diesel , which is why he
was often in Augsburg. After the war, Yamaoka was now head of the Yanmar
Diesel Works, and he donated the Japanese Rudolf Diesel Memorial in
Wittelsbacher Park . He then used his political and private influence to
connect the cities of Amagasaki and Nagahama , where his company had
factories, with Augsburg, resulting in the dual partnership in 1959. In
1964, the connection to the American city of Dayton ( Ohio ) was
established, which had its origins in the “People to People” project
announced by US President Eisenhower in 1956. In addition, the
Dayton-based NCR group had founded its German headquarters in Augsburg.
After signing the Élysée Treaty in 1964, the Augsburg city council
expressed the desire for a partnership with a city in France. In
consultation with the International Union of Mayors, the choice fell on
the centrally located Bourges . The partnership agreement was signed in
April 1967. 31 years later, on May 1, 2001, another partnership
agreement was signed, the origins of which lie in the post-war period:
in 1955, the city of Augsburg took over the sponsorship of all those
displaced from the Czech city of Liberec (Reichenberg), the majority of
whom were in the Fugger city had found a new place to stay. After the
end of the Cold War, those previously displaced initially established
cultural contact, which led to regular exchange programs. The last
partnership entered into has its roots in the provincial partnership
between the Free State of Bavaria and the Chinese province of Shandong
in 1987. As a result, the provincial capital Jinan was interested in
starting a partnership with a Bavarian city. After initial mutual visits
and contacts, the mayors signed the partnership deed on September 3,
2004. [115] Sponsorships In 1954, at the suggestion of the German
Association of Cities, the then market town of Göggingen took over a “
sponsorship for the district of Neudek ” ( Sudetenland ), which was
taken over by the city of Augsburg when the city of Göggingen was
incorporated in 1972 and was directed towards the “displaced people from
the city and the district of Neudek”. was expanded. There have also
been friendly contacts with the town of Nejdek for several years . In
the same year, Augsburg itself became the godfather of the Swabian
Illertissen , which was made a city that year. Only a year later, all
Germans expelled from the Reichenberg (Czech: Liberec ) region, which is
now part of the Czech Republic, were sponsored, which ultimately led to
an official town twinning in 2001 after the fall of the Iron Curtain
(see: town twinning ). The Fugger city is also the inspiration for a
number of means of transport. As early as 1909, during the imperial era,
a small cruiser bore the name Augsburg and since 1958, two frigates in
the Federal Navy have been named Augsburg , the F 222 and the F 213 . In
2018, the Federal Ministry of Defense announced that one of the five
planned new corvettes of the 2nd construction lot K130 would be named
Augsburg. [116] Since 2008, the passenger ship MS Augsburg in the
Ammersee fleet has also borne the city's name. In addition, an ICE 3
[117] operated by Deutsche Bahn has been operating since 2002 and a LINT
41 operated by Bayerische Regiobahn since 2008 . A Lufthansa Airbus
A320-211, christened Augsburg in 1990, was taken out of service in June
2020. [118] Stamps Stamp “2000 Years of Augsburg” Events associated
with Augsburg were recorded in stamps for the 1000th anniversary of the
Battle of Lechfeld (1955), the Ecumenical Pentecost Meeting (1971), the
Olympic competitions on the Augsburg Ice Canal (1972), the 450th
anniversary of the Augustan Confession (1980), captured for the city's
2000th anniversary (1985), the 450th anniversary of the Peace of
Augsburg (2005) or the 500th anniversary of the Fuggerei (2021). On
Stamp Day 1984, a stamp was issued for the 16th century Augsburg post
office. For Christmas 1995, motifs from the St. Mary's window in
Augsburg Cathedral were issued. In the summer of 2017, a series with
motifs from the Augsburger Puppenkiste was published . The private
delivery company Logistic-Mail-Factory, based in Augsburg, released
several series of stamps related to the city, including motifs on the
Fugger family , the Augsburg Zoo and the Puppet Box. [119] World
Heritage List The city of Augsburg, as an applicant, has succeeded in
getting its progressive water management system , which goes back
centuries, inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List . The strict
separation between drinking and industrial water was introduced here as
early as 1545. [120] Climate camp Klimakamp in Augsburg 2023 Climate
campaign in Augsburg 2023 As an expression of protest against inadequate
climate justice measures, a climate camp has existed in Augsburg at the
fish market at Augsburg City Hall since July 1, 2020. The place is
constantly occupied by mostly young, politically active people. In
addition to information on the global climate crisis, lectures on local
topics are also held here, such as the Augsburg traffic transition plan,
Bobingen Auwald, clearing of the Lohwald near Meitingen, and repression
against climate activists in Bavaria. [121] Culture and sights → Main
article : Culture and sights in Augsburg City view of Augsburg on
Reichstaler, minted in 1643 Augsburg has always been a cultural center
throughout its history and still has supra-regional importance for art
and culture in various areas. architecture See also : List of
architectural monuments in Augsburg There are currently 1,226 individual
Augsburg monuments entered in the list of monuments published and
maintained by the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation -
these make up around 1.6 percent of the city's entire building stock. In
addition, Augsburg has 20 registered ensembles as well as the large old
town ensemble, which in turn has 65 protected square and street
scenes. Perlachturm Perlach Tower The Fuggerei in Augsburg's old town
is the oldest social housing estate in the world and has been inhabited
since 1523. Antiquity and the Middle Ages Today, only a few finds remain
from the time of Roman settlement as Augusta Vindelicum , most of which
are exhibited in museums. The best way to get a sense of what life used
to be like is on the street along the Via Claudia Augusta , most of
which still exists today. In the Middle Ages, mainly sacred buildings
were built, the most important of which are the Cathedral of the
Visitation of the Virgin Mary and the Basilica of St. Ulrich and Afra ,
which still have a decisive influence on the cityscape today. The
prophet windows in the southern clerestory of the cathedral, created
around 1140, are the only surviving examples of Romanesque stained glass
in the world. Other important ecclesiastical works of art from this
period include the bronze doors of Augsburg Cathedral from 1065, which
were renovated in 2000. St. Ulrich and Afra, together with the small
Protestant Ulrichskirche in front, form a magnificent group of
buildings. The Romanesque church of St. Peter am Perlach is one of the
oldest brick buildings in southern Germany. Of the other preserved
churches from the Middle Ages, the buildings of St. Moritz , St. Jakob ,
Heilig Kreuz (Catholic church) and St. Georg are particularly
influential on the cityscape. They date back to the Romanesque period,
but have been repeatedly rebuilt since the Gothic period and were
sometimes badly hit in the Second World War. This is particularly true
for the Barfüsserkirche and St. Stephan . Around 1320 there was a
cathedral building hut that also incorporated Gothic forms into the
construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady. The choir dates from this
period. In addition, medieval Augsburg was surrounded by large
defensive fortifications and the continuous city wall , many parts of
which are still preserved today, including the Fünfgratturm , the Red
Gate and the Wertachbrucker Gate . At the same time , gold and
silversmiths settled within these walls , and over the centuries they
developed an excellent reputation. Her works can now be viewed in
various museums and exhibitions. The city itself is still characterized
by a strikingly high number of craftsmen of this type. The Goldsmiths'
Fountain on Martin-Luther-Platz bears witness to their presence. Around
1500, Augsburg was the fourth largest city in the empire after Cologne,
Prague and Nuremberg , well ahead of Vienna or even Berlin. The city
therefore has a large old town with numerous medieval churches. [122]
Renaissance and Mannerism Armory Augsburg experienced its absolute
peak during the Renaissance , when artists such as Hans Holbein the
Elder and Hans Burgkmair the Elder worked here and made the city one of
the most important cultural centers in Central Europe. During this time,
some of the most important and best-known sights were built, which were
financed not least by the wealthy Fugger and Welser merchant families .
In the Church of St. Anna, the Fugger family had a burial chapel built
as the first German Renaissance building. The Fugger Houses on
Maximilianstrasse, which is also important in terms of art history, were
built between 1512 and 1515 as the residence of the Fugger family. The
Fuggerei was also the oldest social settlement in the world that is
still in use today. The St. Catherine's Church was built in 1516/17.
From 1574 onwards, the master builder Johannes Holl built the church for
the monastery of the Franciscan Sisters of Maria Stern , whose onion
dome spread widely from Augsburg. [123] Johannes Holl also built the
head house . His son Elias Holl later built the town hall , which is
considered the most important secular Renaissance building north of the
Alps and towers over the Mannerist fountain ( Augustus Fountain ,
Hercules Fountain and Mercury Fountain ). The Perlach Tower also
received its current appearance at that time. The Augsburg Armory , the
Stadtmetzg and the Neue Bau as well as the Heilig-Geist-Spital are other
important late Renaissance buildings by Elias Holl and were built at
the beginning of the 17th century. Of the former Franciscan church, the
current parish church of St. Maximilian , built between 1609 and 1613 ,
only the facade survived the last war. In contrast, the recently built
Jesuit Church of St. Salvator was completely demolished in 1872. Only
parts of the Kolleg , another Fugger foundation, have survived.
Baroque, Rococo and Classicism But later eras also left their mark on
Augsburg. Important baroque- designed sacred buildings include the Holy
Cross (Protestant Church) , St. Michael and St. Margareth . Some older
buildings, such as the Reichsstädtisches Kaufhaus, were also rebuilt at
that time. Above all, the Rococo style , which was also known as the
Augsburg style , left its mark on the city: the Episcopal Residence and
the Schaezler Palace in particular date from this period . The interiors
were particularly magnificent. The Roeck House and the Martini Palace
are also evidence of this time. The former cathedral custodianship of
the Episcopal Palace on Hohen Weg is a wide mansard roof building from
1761 with a rococo portal. The former Schüle calico factory even has a
rococo facade from 1770/72 that resembles the castle building. The
Welserhaus on Philippine-Welser-Straße, whose core dates back to the
16th century, now shows an early classicist facade from the end of the
18th century. The neighboring Bothmersche Palais was also redesigned
during the classicism period . Schaezler Palace Historicism and Art
Nouveau During the Industrial Revolution, after the above-mentioned
Schüle calico factory, other factory complexes were built, such as the
Glass Palace or the Factory Palace , which today largely serve other
purposes (mostly as museums or art galleries), and industrial villas
such as the Gignoux House , which dates back to the Rococo period , the
Villa Haag or the Villa Silbermann . Representative buildings of
historicism in Augsburg are, above all, the Great House of the City
Theater and the building of the State and City Library (by Martin Dülfer
, 1893). Together with the St. Anna primary school and the Palace of
Justice , these form an impressive ensemble from this period. Art
Nouveau also left behind extraordinary buildings in Augsburg with the
synagogue , the Kurhaus in Göggingen , the Sacred Heart Church in the
Pfersee district and the Old City Baths . Panorama of Augsburg around
1835, steel engraving by F. Höfer Modernity Augsburg congress center
“Kongress am Park”, hotel tower in the background After the Second World
War, the cityscape was primarily dominated by buildings for major
events. Of particular note are the Rosenau Stadium as the most modern
stadium of its time and many buildings built in exposed concrete ,
including the Erhard-Wunderlich sports hall , the congress center with
the hotel tower or the Curt Frenzel Stadium . The Haus der Moderne
itself was built in 1929 as a residential and studio building by the
Augsburg architect Thomas Wechs in the New Modern style. The Don Bosco
Church also comes from him . Museums and galleries → Main article :
List of museums in Augsburg Swabian Crafts Museum The Maximilian Museum
was built in 1855 and was completely renovated for the first time at
the turn of the millennium, giving it a historical-modern flair. The
exhibition area extends over several floors and is divided into
permanent exhibitions, which include sculptures, goldsmiths' art,
building designs and city history collections, as well as a section for
temporary exhibitions. Since 2006, the Augsburg Swabia Jewish Museum
has had a permanent exhibition documenting the history of Jews in
Augsburg and Swabia from the Middle Ages to the present day. It
documents “religious practice over time” and makes clear “Jewish history
as an integral part” of Augsburg and Swabian history. [124] The
Swabian Crafts Museum is run by the Swabian Chamber of Crafts and shows
historical workshops of old and mostly extinct crafts such as barbers ,
saddlers , shoemakers , watchmakers , bakers , bookbinders and trimmers .
Original facilities, tools and work materials can be seen. There is
also a separate exhibition dedicated to the guilds . In the Roman
Museum , which is located in the rooms of the former Dominican monastery
of St. Magdalena, archaeological finds from Augsburg and the
surrounding area from the Stone Age and the Bronze Age to late antiquity
and the early Middle Ages can be viewed. The focus, however, is on
objects from the time as a Roman provincial capital. The Schaezler
Palace, which was reopened in 2006 after extensive renovation work , is
on the one hand worth seeing as a highlight of the Rococo architectural
style , but on the other hand it also houses important art collections:
the German Baroque Gallery , the Graphic Collection and the Karl and
Magdalene Haberstock Foundation . From there there is also access to
another collection, the neighboring State Gallery in the
Katharinenkirche - Old German Masters , which has been located at this
location since the early 19th century. Works by Albrecht Dürer, among
others, can be viewed here. Glass Palace Augsburg (houses several art
museums) For fans of modern art, the Glass Palace with the Walter Art
Museum and the neighboring Noah Gallery is the right place, because the
private collection of the entrepreneur Prof. Ignatz Walter is shown here
on 5,500 square meters of exhibition space. The focus of the collection
is contemporary art. The highlight is the glass art of Egidio
Costantini, whose numerous works were created in collaboration with
artists such as Picasso, Miró and Braque. The State Gallery of Modern
Art , a branch of the Pinakothek der Moderne in Munich, and the H2
Center for Contemporary Art are also housed here. The ice hockey museum
is located next to the Plärrer and exhibits various exhibits from
famous ice hockey players at home and abroad, such as the estate of
Gustav Jaenecke. It also runs the Hall of Fame Germany, into which
players, referees, coaches, officials and journalists are inducted. The
Lutherstiege Museum Augsburg shows objects and rooms from Martin
Luther's time. The birthplaces of Bertolt Brecht and Leopold Mozart
were named after them and today, as the Brecht House and Mozart House,
respectively, house exhibitions about the life and work of the city's
two most famous sons. The Puppet Theater Museum The Box of the
Augsburger Puppenkiste is located in the former Holy Spirit Hospital and
shows the well-known “stars on strings” such as Urmel , Jim Knopf or
Kalle Wirsch . The Fuggerstadt also offers a large number of other
museums and galleries with various themes and has recently received
other important museums such as the Bahnpark , the Fugger and Wels
Adventure Museum , the Gasworks Museum and the State Textile and
Industrial Museum . Administratively, several large museums such as the
Schaezlerpalais, the Maximilian Museum and the Roman Museum were
combined into the Augsburg Art Collections & Museums . [125]
Theaters and stages → Main article : List of theaters in Augsburg
Augsburg State Theater The Augsburg State Theater , the most important
in the city, has a musical theater, drama and ballet ensemble that
performs at several venues - in the Great House , in the Brechtbühne ,
in the Hoffmannkeller , on the open-air stage at the Red Gate and in the
Congress Hall. The Augsburger Puppenkiste is known throughout Germany ,
a puppet theater with productions such as Urmel aus dem Eis or Jim
Knopf and Lukas the Engine Driver . With the Sensemble Theater,
Augsburg has a nationally known experimental theater that initially
played on an open-air stage and now has its own venue in the
Kulturfabrik Augsburg . The S'ensemble Theater's pieces range from
spoken , musical , improvisational and expressive theater to performance
and installation . Other stages and cultural centers are dedicated to
various areas of theater, such as the municipal cultural center Abraxas
and the university's Romanist theater . Augsburg has hosted the
Bavarian Theater Days , the largest Bavarian theater festival , twice,
in 1985 and 2012 . Cinemas The Liliom , a cinema in Augsburg
Augsburg's film theaters have a long tradition. The first recorded film
screening took place on October 19, 1896 in the Mercur coffee house on
Judenberg, where various short films - for example the arrival of a
train at a train station - were shown by a cinematographer . In the
years that followed, showmen regularly came to various folk festivals
with their traveling cinematographs. The Augsburg grocer Fridolin
Widmann officially registered the first cinema building to host variety
shows in November 1906: The Thalia Theater can therefore call itself the
oldest cinema in the city, even if this name was only confirmed with
certainty in 1909. [126] Many early cinemas no longer exist or have
different names. A turning point was marked at the turn of the
millennium by the construction of two multiplex cinemas for Hollywood
blockbusters , a Cinestar at the main train station and a CinemaxX in
the City - Galerie , which meant the end of traditional film theaters
such as Capitol , Dreimäderlhaus or Filmpalast . Some smaller cinemas
remained largely as arthouse cinemas , which also offer other cultural
events ( Liliom , Mephisto , Savoy and Thalia ). Every summer the
Augsburger Lechflimmern takes place with a daily open-air cinema in the
outdoor pool at Plärrer. In the summer of 2006, the Bavarian film Who
dies earlier is dead longer celebrated its premiere at Mephisto . Music
Bands and artists Augsburg is the hometown of some well-known music
artists and bands throughout Germany. The band The Seer is well known
and was founded in 1990 and plays a mixture of anthemic rock and folk
elements. The band Impotenz was founded ten years earlier and initially
attracted attention primarily because of its provocative lyrics. The
song Nutten an die Macht was even put on the banned list by Bayerischer
Rundfunk . In 1984 they actually wanted to record a single with Roy
Black, but he had to cancel due to health reasons. Back in the 1960s,
Augsburg was already a good place for bands that made a name for
themselves, especially on a local level - such as The Roughroads or The
Shotguns . In contrast, the pop bands Nova International and Anajo have
become particularly popular recently . The latter represented the state
of Bavaria at the Federal Vision Song Contest in 2007 and reached ninth
place. The group Dear John Letter , whose post-rock became known
primarily via the Internet, has now also achieved national fame. Above
all, the song Auf uns , which ARD made the World Cup song for its
coverage of the 2014 World Cup in Brazil, also helped Andreas Bourani ,
who was born and grew up in Augsburg, to become very popular in
Germany. Roy Black , who started out as a beat singer with The Cannons
but then became famous through his hits (for example, You're Not Alone
), is not a native of Augsburg, but comes from the village of Straßberg a
few kilometers south. However, he spent his entire youth in the Fugger
city because he completed his Abitur at the Holbein-Gymnasium there .
Many well-known Augsburg bands can be heard on the album 2000 Tones ,
which was recorded on the occasion of the city's 2000th birthday.
choirs The most important choir in Augsburg is the Domsingknaben , an
all-boys ensemble that is under the patronage of the Cathedral of St.
Mary of the Visitation , which is why the singers were previously also
called Marians . The choir has a long tradition: it was first mentioned
in a document in 1439. In addition to regularly organizing the liturgy
in the cathedral, its members constantly give concerts and travel abroad
and have also become known through numerous records and CD recordings.
The Augsburg Philharmonic Choir is equally important. In 2018 he
celebrated his 175th anniversary. It is a merger of the Augsburg
Liedertafel (1843) and the Augsburg Oratorio Association (1866). The
Albert Greiner Singing and Music School (today Mozartstadt Augsburg
Singing and Music School , SuMMA for short) and the music school (today
Leopold Mozart Center of the University of Augsburg (LMZ)) emerged from
these two choirs . The Philharmonic Choir performs twice a year together
with the Augsburg Philharmonic (which was founded at the insistence of
both choirs over 100 years ago) and in return receives the Philharmonic
for one choir concert per year, which usually takes place in the
Kongress am Park. The choir is particularly known for its performances
of Carmina Burana, but also for German premieres such as: B. Andrew
Lloyd Webber's Requiem. The Augsburg Christmas Singing (by Otto Jochum
and Albert Greiner) is performed annually during Advent in the Golden
Hall of the town hall. The choir has over 100 active members and has
been directed by Wolfgang Reß since 1982. [127] The Augsburg State
Theater has its own mixed choir in its ensemble, which is used in major
opera or musical productions, but also gives its own concerts and
performances. The Mozart Choir Augsburg received attention throughout
Germany , particularly as part of the Mozart Year 2006 . It was founded
in 1976 and consists of experienced amateur singers. His repertoire
mainly includes oratorios , which are performed together with well-known
soloists or orchestras. There are also a number of other choirs, most
of which belong to Christian communities or organizations, music schools
and general education schools. The mixed choirs of the former Albert
Greiner Singing and Music School , since 2010 the Mozartstadt Augsburg
Singing and Music School , and the high school near St. Stephan , which
are known far beyond the city limits, are particularly notable . The
Augsburg Boys' Choir Archive has existed since 2017 to maintain boys'
choir history. orchestra The Bavarian Chamber Philharmonic is the most
famous orchestra in Augsburg, although it was only founded in 1990. The
chamber orchestra is primarily dedicated to the interpretation of
classical and contemporary music and has now established itself in the
music world, which is not least due to two important awards that it
received in 1996: the European Economy Promotion Prize and the European
Regions Culture Prize . The Augsburg Philharmonic is the city's largest
orchestra and part of the Augsburg State Theater . In the theater it
takes part in up to 120 musical theater performances a year and has its
own symphony concert series in the Kongress am Park. The 70 musicians
also perform independently or in collaboration with other choirs. [128]
Additional orchestras are provided by many schools, organizations and
music lovers, providing a large calendar of musical events in the city.
Cultural event Brecht House Over the centuries, Augsburg can look back
on a number of important citizens whose anniversaries gave the city
occasion for major events. Major events with the theme of Bertolt Brecht
take place at regular intervals, including literary projects or theater
performances. The Brecht Festival has taken place annually since 2010
. At the beginning of 2006, the so-called Mozart Year , Augsburg
presented itself as the German Mozart city , as Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart's father Leopold Mozart and his family came from the region and
even WA Mozart's (alleged) childhood sweetheart Maria Anna Thekla Mozart
was a citizen of the city . In this context, numerous concerts and
lectures took place in cooperation with the German Mozart Society (DMG)
and the Augsburg Mozart Community , which merged with the DMG in 2011
and has existed since 1937 . Since 1985, the Augsburg International
Film Days have taken place every March and can be divided into four
sub-events: The Augsburg Children's Film Festival , the Independent Film
Days , the Augsburg Short Film Weekend and the international Cinema of
Tomorrow symposium for young filmmakers and students. The festival was
canceled in 2006 due to financing problems, but these were resolved in
the fall of the same year, so that the film days will continue to take
place in the future. [129] Since 2007, Augsburg has had the youth and
pop culture festival Modular , which takes place annually and attracts
around 30,000 visitors over three days. From 2013 onwards, the STAC -
the show festival (Stac Festival for short, or STAC) took place annually
in the Reese Theater , which is located on the old barracks area of the
Kulturpark West in the Kriegshaber district of Augsburg . The STAC
emerged from a freelance artist group of young adults, the Street
Academy . Since 2013, STAC Festival gGmbH [130] has been operating as a
non-profit company . At the end of May 2019, the STAC Festival lost its
original, permanent venue due to the closure and eventual demolition of
the Reese Theater. [131] When looking for a new location, the variety of
possible venues in the greater Augsburg area became apparent , which
gave rise to a new concept idea. In order to reach new catchment areas
of artists and spectators and to inspire more people with regional
performing arts, several venues were now chosen throughout the entire
metropolitan area. [132] The Augsburg media art festival lab.30 has
also taken place every year since it was founded in 2003. Experimental
local, regional and international projects that work with digital and
analogue technologies will be shown. There are also a number of other
events of every kind and genre, from concerts to art and cabaret days.
The city is also the location of the Honky-Tonk festival, among other
things. other events Easter Plärrer in 2006 With around 1.2 million
visitors per year [133], the Augsburger Plärrer is the largest folk
festival in Bavarian Swabia and the third largest in Bavaria. The
Plärrer takes place twice a year on the so-called small parade ground
near the city's outdoor swimming pools: once in spring (starting on
Easter Sunday) and once in late summer (end of August/beginning of
September) - it lasts around two weeks each. The showmen come mainly
from southern Germany. This folk festival has a tradition that goes back
more than a thousand years and attracts thousands of visitors every
day. [134] Bertolt Brecht honored it in 1917 in his poem Das Plärrerlied
. A second major event is the Augsburger Dult , a former church
festival. This creates an almost one kilometer long stall street between
Jakobertor and Vogeltor (along the old city wall), which offers the
typical goods of a fair. The Dults are visited by thousands twice a
year: once around Easter (the so-called Spring or Easter Dult) and
around September 29th, St. Michael's Day (the so-called Autumn or
Michaelidult). Turamichele at the Perlach Tower On this day there is
also the only opportunity of the year to view the Turamichele , a
mechanically moving figure of the Archangel Michael : She appears every
hour on the hour in the lowest west window of the Perlach Tower and
gives the devil as many stabs as the number of bells. There will also be
a large children's festival on the town hall square on this day. Since
2016, the Augsburg Summer Nights have taken place in downtown Augsburg
once a year. Streets, squares and courtyards are transformed into a
large festival zone with different music, exotic and regional delicacies
and colorful lighting concepts. [135] Every year during Advent, the
Augsburg Christkindlesmarkt is set up on the town hall square, which is
mentioned in a protocol as early as 1498 and is therefore one of the
oldest Christmas markets in Germany. Since 1977, the “Angelesspiel” has
taken place on Advent weekends and at the opening and closing of the
market, in which 24 people in angel costumes appear on the balcony of
the town hall. As the scene of the Augsburg Imperial and Religious
Peace of 1555, the first treaty for peaceful coexistence between
Catholics and Protestants, Augsburg also presents itself as a “city of
peace” and awards the Augsburg Peace Prize every three years, which has
already been awarded by Mikhail Gorbachev and Richard von Weizsäcker,
among others received. The first and still existing “ Climate Camp
Augsburg” has been located on the fish market next to the town hall
since July 1, 2020 . [136] nightlife The area around Maximilianstrasse
is the center of nightlife with a wide range of bars, clubs and cafés.
[137] Larger discos can be found mainly in the outskirts of the city, as
can smaller bars and pubs (in the working-class districts in the north
of the city mainly so-called Boizen , [138] in the south of the city
mainly student-oriented bars). [139] Culinary specialties The plum
datschi , an Augsburg specialty The most famous Augsburg specialty is
the sheet cake known as Zwetschgendatschi , baked from yeast or
shortcrust pastry and topped with halved plums . It was supposedly
invented in the city. The cake can be found in an Augsburg recipe book
from 1830. [140] The derisive name Datschiburg has been used for the
city and Datschibürger for the residents since the 19th century . [141]
Another culinary specialty common in Augsburg is the Brätstrudel , a
rolled-up pancake with a filling of sausage meat. Typical side dishes
for Augsburg dishes are spaetzle , sometimes served as a separate dish -
Kässpatzen are served with fried onions and salad . Also popular are
(herb) Schupfnudeln and roast pork , which is appreciated almost
everywhere in Bavaria. dialect It is difficult to assign Augsburg to a
language group precisely because the city forms the border between
different areas of dialect distribution and the language there is
therefore influenced by a variety of influences. In principle, the
dialect can be assigned to the East Swabian - Alemannic dialects, but is
also interspersed with Central and South Bavarian dialect forms. The
younger generations in particular now speak a Swabian dialect that is
more influenced by High German and Bavarian . Like all Alemannic
dialects, Augsburg lies southwest of the fest-fescht line: historical
/s/ is present /t/ (and less often /p, b/ and /k/ ) in all positions /ʃ/
shifted, for exampleis→ish; know→woisch; Augsburg→Augschburg; and the
standard German sentence “couldn’t you even show me the best way to do
this” corresponds to dialektaleskénndsch mr ned amol zoiga, wia i dés âm
beschda zom dua hâb/hâo. Further features include therolled alveolar
[r] and the /n/ -apocope; for example,speakingdialectschprecha,and “the
stone man” in the local dialect isdr schtoinarne Mâ(ordr schtoinerne
Mo), thetramis theSchtrossabô. stumbling blocks Since May 26, 2014,
so-called “ Stolpersteine ” have been laid in Augsburg by the artist
Gunter Demnig . These square stones (10 × 10 cm) are small brass plates
in the pavement that commemorate the victims of the extermination of
Jews and political persecution under National Socialism . See also :
List of stumbling blocks in Augsburg zoo Bear enclosure in the Augsburg
Zoo Even before the outbreak of the Second World War, the Augsburg Zoo
was opened in 1937. After the end of the war, it was stocked with exotic
animals and, with more than 500,000 visitors annually, is now the most
visited cultural institution in Bavarian Swabia. sport and freetime
sports clubs football Match of the 2012/13 Bundesliga between FC
Augsburg and Borussia Dortmund on November 9, 2012 Since the 2011/12
season, the Fuggerstadt has had a club in the Bundesliga , FC Augsburg ,
which qualified for participation in the Europa League for the first
time in the 2015/16 season . The club, founded in 1907, had previously
won the championship title in the Regionalliga Süd in 2006 and thus
returned to the 2nd Bundesliga after 23 years . The FCA, whose talent
factory included Helmut Haller , Christian Hochstätter , Bernd Schuster
and Armin Veh , is the record champion of the Bayernliga and also had
heydays in the mid-1970s, when an average of 23,000 football fans came
to home games. There is also a second traditional football club, TSV
Schwaben Augsburg , which has played in the Bayernliga several times.
The Swabians have become known above all for their other sports
departments, especially the canoe and kayak team (see water sports ) .
The women's football team of TSV Schwaben currently plays in the
Regionalliga Süd , where the women of TSV Pfersee Augsburg were also at
times, but have now been relegated to the Landesliga Süd. During the
Second World War, TSG Augsburg 85 played in what was then the highest
division, the Gauliga Südbayern , and in 1964 was the first champion of
the newly introduced Landesliga Süd . After a short time in the
Bayernliga, the club increasingly sank into the lower leagues. TSV
Göggingen Augsburg also experienced a similar fate , which temporarily
played in the second highest German league after the Second World War,
but can now be found in the Augsburg district league. Until its
dissolution in 1995, the football club FC Enikon Augsburg, founded by
Croatians in the 1970s , was one of the most successful migrant clubs in
Germany and played in its final season in the Bayernliga, the fourth
highest league in the German football system at the time. Türkspor
Augsburg is currently playing in the same, now fifth-tier league after
being promoted in the 2018/19 season . [142] ice Hockey The Augsburg
Panthers at a game in the German Ice Hockey League As the city's most
consistent professional team, the first division ice hockey team
Augsburger Panther plays in the DEL , in which they achieved runner-up
title in 2010. As champions of the Second Ice Hockey Bundesliga in the
1993/94 season, they are one of the founding members of the DEL. The
Panthers emerged from the Augsburger EV , which was founded in 1878 as
the first ice skating club in Germany and is still responsible for the
youth ice skating club. The club used to provide the amateur team of the
DEL team and also took part in games with the women's ice hockey team -
the Icecats. There is a third ice hockey team in Augsburg, the EG
Woodstocks , which currently plays in the Bavarian District League .
tennis Augsburg has two traditional and successful tennis clubs: The
men's team of TC Schießgraben Augsburg already played in the Bundesliga ,
but in recent years has only been at the Bavarian or state league
level. The women's team took part in the 2nd Bundesliga from 2011 to
2012, but was then relegated to the regional league. The TC Augsburg
Siebentisch women's team is currently playing in the regional league,
but has also taken part in the Bundesliga . In 2011, the TCA was named
“Bavarian Tennis Club of the Year” by the Bavarian Tennis Association .
[143] The Augsburg-born Philipp Kohlschreiber began his tennis career
with this club. [144] Alpine sports The Augsburg section of the German
Alpine Club is the second largest club in the city and is ranked 36th
among the largest sports clubs in Germany . Within the German Alpine
Club it is the eleventh largest and at the same time one of the oldest
sections . [145] With the Augsburger Hütte , the Otto-Mayr-Hütte and the
Otto-Schwegler-Hütte, it operates three Alpine club huts , the
Augsburger bivouac and two section huts. [146] The Alpen.Net section is
the first Internet section of the DAV and is also based in Augsburg.
[147] water sports With the construction of the ice channel as a
whitewater course as part of the 1972 Summer Olympics, the Federal
Center for Canoe Slalom and Whitewater was also set up in Augsburg ,
which has also been an Olympic base since 1992 . Accordingly, Augsburg
has two successful canoeing clubs: Both athletes from Kanu Schwaben
Augsburg , a department of TSV Schwaben Augsburg, and the Augsburg Kayak
Club have won numerous national and international titles, including
three Olympic gold medals from 1992 . 1996 and 2008 . SV Augsburg was
founded in 1911 as a swimming club, but was best known for its water
polo department . The SV was a founding member of the German Water Polo
League in 1969 and played first class from then until 1979 with short
interruptions. The Augsburg Sailing Club is one of the oldest sailing
clubs on Lake Ammersee and organizes several national and international
regattas every year . In addition, the club can also count several
internationally successful sailors among its members. Other sports The
Augsburg 1847 gymnastics club is the second largest sports club in the
city and operates with great success in various sports: German
championships were won in fistball , rhythmic gymnastics , the
gymnastics youth group championship and inline skater hockey . In the
latter sport, the Skater Union Augsburg was a founding member of the
Bundesliga in 1996 and was represented there until 2001. [148] The DJK
Augsburg-Hochzoll , a 1999 merger of two previously independent clubs
from the DJK sports association , has gained a high reputation ,
especially in the sports of handball and volleyball . Some of their
teams rose to the First Bundesliga. Also a member of the DJK sports
association is the DJK Augsburg-Lechhausen , which is primarily known
for its softball department, which played in the Bundesliga for several
years. In athletics , TG Viktoria Augsburg has produced many
internationally successful athletes, but also won the German
championship , the DVV Cup and the CEV Cup , the third highest European
Cup competition for club teams, with the women's volleyball team in the
1984/85 season . [149] [150] [151] Post SV Augsburg was a founding
member of the table tennis Bundesliga in 1966 and was able to stay in
this class for six years. Only then did the team have to be relegated
and since then they have never been able to build on their old
successes. Well-known players in the team were Peter Stähle , Toni
Breumair and Martin Ness . TSV Haunstetten also played some of the table
tennis in the highest German league and also has a successful handball
department: the women's team currently plays in the 2nd handball
Bundesliga . The Augsburg Free Balloon Club has been running balloon
sports in Augsburg since 1901, making it the world's oldest active air
sports club . SV Reha Augsburg is the only club in the city dedicated to
sports for the disabled . The club's wheelchair basketball department
played in the Bundesliga at times and currently competes in the Oberliga
Süd. [152] The BCA Augsburg competed in the Chess Bundesliga from 2018
to 2022 . Sporting events Augsburg Ice Canal The largest sporting
event in Augsburg is the Augsburg City Run , which takes place every
summer and attracted almost 5,000 professional and recreational athletes
in 2008. All participants can compete against each other in four
disciplines, with the top places receiving cash prizes. The city run is
the largest popular sports event in Bavarian Swabia. [153] A second
major event is the RT.1 Skate Night Augsburg , which also takes place
annually on several dates in the summer. It is named after the main
sponsor, a local radio station. An average of 4,000 inline skating
enthusiasts ride various routes over streets and squares in the city
that are cordoned off for the occasion and which belong only to them for
a few hours. [154] The Canoeing World Cup stops every year in
Augsburg, where the Ice Canal is the oldest and one of the best-known
artificial whitewater facilities in the world and where the Federal
Center for Canoe Slalom and Whitewater is also located. The World Cup,
which lasts several days, attracts thousands of sports enthusiasts every
year. The World Canoeing Championships also took place here in 1985 and
2003 , and are scheduled to take place again in Augsburg from July 26th
to 31st, 2022. [155] Since 2019, the “Schwaben Open”, a men’s tennis
tournament and part of the ATP Challenger Tour , has been taking place
in Augsburg on the grounds of the TC Augsburg . There are also numerous
other sporting events taking place at various locations in the city,
which are primarily aimed at young people. The Perlachturm Run is the
oldest and best-known stair run in Germany and takes place every year on
German Unity Day . A curiosity is the annual Augsburg Backwards Run ,
which has always been held on Shrove Tuesday since 2000. He dropped out
in 2007. With the impuls arena , which opened in 2009, Augsburg was a
venue for games in the 2011 Women's Football World Cup and for games in
the 2010 Women's U-20 Football World Cup . Leisure and sports
facilities Rosenau Stadium WWK Arena during the construction phase in
June 2009 Interior view of the Curt Frenzel Stadium The Rosenau Stadium
, built between 1949 and 1951, is one of the most famous sports venues
in Augsburg and was considered one of the most modern stadiums in Europe
after its opening. Especially up until the inauguration of the Munich
Olympic Stadium, it was of immense importance for sporting events in
Germany and was, among other things, the venue for the German athletics
championships in 1953 and 1963 , several preliminary football games at
the 1972 Summer Olympics as well as some athletics country comparisons -
this is how Ludwig Müller, among others, acquired his Reputation as the
“Hero of Augsburg”. Nowadays it is used by some of FC Augsburg's
women's and youth teams to host their home games. The dominance of the
Rosenau Stadium as Augsburg's largest sports facility came to an end
after over fifty years in 2009 with the opening of a new football
stadium. The stadium planned under the project title “Augsburg Arena”
will be called the WWK Arena after the current sponsor . The new
building serves purely as a football stadium for the Bundesliga club FC
Augsburg, and major events such as games from the 2011 Women's Football
World Cup and the 2010 U-20 Women's Football World Cup have already
taken place here. The stadium currently holds 30,660 spectators with
standing room, and 28,367 spectators for international games due to the
only seats available. [156] The Curt Frenzel Stadium, which opened on
November 2, 1963, is used by the Augsburg Panthers for their home games
in the DEL , the top ice hockey league in Germany. When it opened, the
structure was considered a masterpiece of exposed concrete construction
and served as one of the venues for the Junior Ice Hockey World
Championship in 1981 . In recent years the stadium has been modernized
and completely closed into a hall. The Augsburg sports hall, today the
Erhard-Wunderlich sports hall , was opened in 1965 as the first large
hall building in Augsburg after the Second World War and is considered
an architectural masterpiece because of its suspended roof construction
made of prestressed concrete , which was recognized in 2003 by being
added to the list of monuments. While it was the venue for some handball
and basketball games at the 1972 Summer Olympics , it is now used
primarily for concerts and performances by artists. The third venue for
competitions at the 1972 Olympic Games was the Augsburg Ice Canal ,
which was specially built for this purpose and in which all canoeing
disciplines took place. The world's first artificial whitewater course
has a grandstand for 24,000 spectators and is still in use for canoe
slalom World Cups and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2019
as part of the Augsburg water management system . [157] In July 2020,
the groundbreaking ceremony took place for the general renovation of the
facility in preparation for hosting the 2022 Canoe Slalom World
Championships . [158] After the WWK Arena and the Rosenau Stadium, the
Ernst Lehner Stadium is the third large football stadium in the
Fuggerstadt, where TSV Schwaben Augsburg plays its home games. It is
located on the grounds of the Süd district sports facility , a large
sports facility on the western edge of the Siebentischwald with many
sports fields and running paths (including the Max Gutmann running path
). [159] There are also other sports facilities such as the Haunstetten
district sports facility (a stadium with a 400-meter track for
athletics and a 500-meter sand track for sand track racing , where
international races have taken place since the 1970s), the Paul Renz
district sports facility (with the FC Augsburg youth performance center
), the Karl Mögele sports facility in Göggingen and the Anton Bezler
sports hall in the same district. The 200-meter indoor velodrome run by
the Augsburg e.V. cycling community has existed in the Lechhausen
district since 1988 . v. Augsburg offers five indoor swimming pools ,
the Altes Stadtbad , the Spickelbad and the Haunstetten and Göggingen
indoor swimming pools . The Plärrerbad is currently only available to
clubs. They are complemented by five outdoor pools , the family pool,
the Bärenkeller and Lechhauser pools as well as the “Fribbe” and the
Haunstetten natural outdoor pool . Green areas and parks The Japanese
Garden in the Augsburg Botanical Garden Even before it was named the
greenest and most livable city in Europe in 1997 , Augsburg had a
reputation for having an extraordinarily high number of green spaces,
parks and gardens. These loosen up the densely built-up urban spaces in
many places and offer residents an opportunity for peace and
relaxation. The most famous park is the one on Königsplatz in the heart
of the city. The tree-lined green area with a fountain in its center is
located right next to the stop triangle of the same name, which serves
as the main public transport hub for trams and buses. The park was
created in 1911 as part of the redesign of the station district and
today has the dubious reputation of serving as a meeting place and
trading point at night, especially for alcoholics and drug addicts. With
the renovation of Königsplatz in 2013, it became significantly smaller;
part of the former area is now paved. For a small entrance fee, the
Botanical Garden at the northern end of the Siebentischwald offers
visitors a variety of gardens such as the Japanese garden or the
farmer's and pharmacist's garden over an area of around ten hectares .
In total, more than a million onion plants, over 1,200 types of ferns ,
grasses , perennials and wild herbs , 280 roses and 450 types of woody
plants can be viewed on the site, as well as a further 1,200 plant
species in glasshouses. With an area of 20.8 hectares , Wittelsbacher
Park is the largest green space in the built-up urban area and has been
a landscape protection area since 1980, which, in addition to the
actual park, also includes the city garden to the northeast and the
slope to the Wertach Valley . The complex was only given the name of the
noble Wittelsbacher family in 1906, but the forerunners existed much
earlier. Until the exhibition center was built, the annual Augsburg
spring exhibition took place in these open spaces. A kilometer-long air
raid shelter system was dug under Wittelsbacher Park in 1944 , parts of
which are still preserved. Although the Hofgarten was laid out between
1739 and 1744, it has only been open to the public since 1965 because it
is located on the grounds of the bishop's residence . After the end of
the Second World War, the park served as an orchard for a long time. It
was only during its renovation in the 1960s that various trees, bushes,
flower beds, box hedges and pyramids were planted here, which can now be
admired there as well as a water lily pond and a large fountain . The
historic city maintenance ranger is the remnant of the originally much
larger Anger from around 1820 in front of the old inlet on the western
edge of the old town and is now a small green area in the middle of the
architectural ensemble of the Palace of Justice , State and City
Library, St. Anna Elementary School and City Theater (State Theater). A
“history column” from the 1970s provides information about two thousand
years of the city’s history. Furthermore, the city of Augsburg created
some green spaces in the area of former fortifications after the
fortress properties were removed. In addition to the Jakoberwallpark,
along the former city wall and past the Jakoberwallbastion, there is the
Red Gate Park, which was created around the Red Gate and its ramparts.
Economy and Infrastructure Traffic Road traffic The most important
long-distance road in the city is the federal highway 8 in the direction
of Munich and Stuttgart , to which Augsburg is connected with two
direct cloverleaf-shaped junctions (Augsburg-East and Augsburg-West ).
Three further junctions are located in the suburbs of Dasing , Friedberg
and Neusäß . The B 300 in the city area (Schleifenstrasse) Augsburg
is also connected to three federal highways: the B 2 and B 17 run
through the city in a north-south direction and the B 300 in an
east-west direction. The “ Yellow Motorway ” B 2 reaches Augsburg from
the north and, in the area of the northern city limits, merges into
the B 17 (West Tangente), which is also similar to a motorway. It has
been expanded into several lanes in the city area, is partially lowered
and only has exits without intersections. The B 17 then leaves Augsburg
towards the south and is developed like a motorway up to the A 96 . The
expansion of the section between Klosterlechfeld and the A 96 was
completed in 2009. In the section from Stadtbergen to Oberhausen, the B
17 was given the name of Augsburg's sister city Dayton and is therefore
called Dayton-Ring . The B 300 only has several lanes in the immediate
city area and the suburbs, after which it narrows to one lane in each
direction. With the Schleifenstrasse, a south-east connection from
Blücherstrasse in Lechhausen to the B 300 (Haunstetter Strasse in
Hochfeld ) was created over a ten-year construction period from 1993 to
2004 (plans go back to the 1930s) . The route has four lanes throughout
and leads from Lechhausen over a fourth, newly built Lech bridge through
the Textilviertel , dives into a 480 meter long tunnel at the level of
Provinostraße, appears on the surface again after passing under the B
300 (Friedberger Straße), and is bypassed the Red Gate is extensive and
flows into the B 300 in Hochfeld. The name Schleifenstrasse comes from
the fact that the street has created a loop-shaped bypass of the city
center with an east and west connection to the motorway, with the
southeastern city center around the Red Gate from Through traffic was
relieved. As on the B 17, the individual streets were named after
Augsburg's twin cities and the names Inverness- , Nagahama- or
Amagasaki-Allee . A8 Karlsruhe – Pforzheim – Stuttgart – Ulm – Augsburg
– Munich – Rosenheim – Salzburg B2 Border/Poland – Berlin – Leipzig –
Nuremberg – Augsburg – Munich – Garmisch-Partenkirchen – Border/Austria
B17 Augsburg – Landsberg am Lech – Schongau – Füssen – border/Austria
B300 Geisenfeld – Schrobenhausen – Aichach – Augsburg – Krumbach –
Memmingen The low emission zone , which includes the inner city center,
was activated on July 1, 2009. The third stage came into force on June
1, 2016. Only cars with a green sticker are allowed to enter the low
emission zone. [160] The share of bicycle traffic in the total traffic
volume in Augsburg after the modal split was 16.7% in 2003. In 2008 the
value was 13.4%. This corresponds to the average value of the cities
examined in 2008. According to the 2008 traffic survey “Mobility in
Cities”, 87.5% of all Augsburg residents own a bicycle. Augsburg is the
seat of the Augsburg district association of the ADFC with the bicycle
self-help workshop Bikekitchen Augsburg. Transportation The entire
urban area is part of the Augsburger Verkehrsverbund (AVV), which
extends across Central Swabia, and is served by the Augsburger and
Gersthofer Verkehrsgesellschaft through five tram, 27 city bus and six
night bus lines as well as various taxi collection services. [161]
Tram of the Augsburg transport company In recent years, the tram network
has been expanded to 49.8 kilometers with new routes to the university
(1996), to the northern city limits (2001), to the university hospital
(2002), to Friedberg (2010) and Königsbrunn (2021). Another tram line is
also being planned. From 1943 to 1959, the Augsburg trolleybus
supplemented the city's rail transport. In addition, all seven train
stations in the city are served by six AVV regional trains from Deutsche
Bahn and the Bayerische Regiobahn at regular intervals, which are to be
expanded to an S-Bahn- like system in the future. An eighth stop was to
be set up when Hirblingerstrasse station was reopened , but these plans
were abandoned. Regional transport is carried out by a large number of
bus companies on behalf of the Augsburger Verkehrsverbund (AVV), with
many bus lines running to Augsburg main station and can therefore partly
be used for inner-city local transport. Königsplatz (“Kö”) serves as
the main hub for the city’s tram and bus lines . After a pavilion built
in 1914 east of Konrad-Adenauer-Allee , called mushroom by the local
population , had reached its capacity limits, a larger stop triangle was
opened on the other side of the street in 1977 after two years of
construction. A further renovation should expand capacity by 2009 with
additional platforms and tram tracks. On November 25, 2007 there was
initially a referendum against the planned renovation, which was
approved with 53.2 percent of the votes (with a voter turnout of 24.2
percent), so that the renovation was delayed and only in 2011 (after a
now positive vote of the citizens) could begin. As part of the Augsburg
mobility hub, the new Königsplatz was opened on December 15, 2013. In
2016, after loud criticism about smokers, a self-driving robot was
introduced at Königsplatz that uses a sign to ask smokers to keep their
smoke-free and to stop smoking. [162] The robot was named Swa*lly , a
portmanteau of SWA and the fictional film character Wall-E . [163] The
robot could be found on the 7th of every month (until around 2022).
[164] The robot was controlled covertly by an swa employee via an app.
Swa*lly was developed and built by members of the Open-Lab Augsburg.
[162] In April 2016, the Augsburg public utility company installed
so-called bombs at the Haunstetter Straße and Von-Parsewal-Straße tram
stops in a pilot project to increase traffic safety at busy stations.
[165] These warn pedestrians, especially smombies , with additional LED
lights embedded in the street. When a tram approaches, the light strips
flash red, alerting pedestrians. There was already a similar project in
Frankfurt am Main in 2010, but it received little attention. It was only
the project in Augsburg that attracted worldwide interest. The
international press, including the Washington Post and Yomiuri Shimbun
(Japan's largest daily newspaper), reported on the project. [166] The
idea was also adopted, partly in the same year, in other cities such as
Sydney in Australia or San Cugat del Vallès in Spain. [166] The ground
traffic lights are still installed at the two stops, but no additional
ones are planned. The project came to the sober conclusion that traffic
safety cannot be increased by bombarding. Jürgen Fergg, municipal
utility spokesman, said in this regard: “People are more attentive, but
still go when the light is red.” [167] Since January 2020, there has
been a free city zone in Augsburg, which includes 9 of 281 stops.
Distances of up to three stations in the heart of the city center can be
covered free of charge by bus or tram. [168] [169] The mobility hub
project The term mobility hub refers to several individual projects in
the city of Augsburg that are intended to make local transport in the
city more modern and attractive. The plans include the creation of new
tram lines, the expansion of the most important transport hubs
Königsplatz and the main station, and the establishment of an
S-Bahn-like system, the Augsburg Regio-Schienen-Takt . [170]
Construction began on the first part of the major project on June 28,
2007 with the groundbreaking ceremony for the new tram line 6 between
the main train station and Friedberg-West . This project was completed
with the opening in December 2010. Another sub-project was the expansion
of Königsplatz , which was completed in 2013. Other coordinated
individual projects include: Renovation of the main station into a
modern hub that connects all rail transport New construction of tram
line 5 from the main train station to the clinic Extension of tram line 1
from the Neuer Ostfriedhof to the Augsburg-Hochzoll regional train
station Due to the complexity and effects in different areas of
interest, various specialist departments, committees and interest groups
are involved in the project work. [171] Augsburg region freight
transport center → Main article : Augsburg freight transport center The
Augsburg freight transport center (GVZ) is a logistics center in the
triangle between the cities of Augsburg, Gersthofen and Neusäß. There,
goods are transferred between different modes of transport, put together
for loads and prepared for transport journeys. At the GVZ, different
modes of transport (road transport, rail transport and air freight),
transport companies ( haulage companies , warehouses ),
transport-related service companies ( vehicle service , consulting
services) as well as logistics-intensive industrial and commercial
companies are brought together and networked. The spatial proximity
promotes cooperation and division of labor between the companies located
there . The Augsburg freight transport center is centrally located near
rail and road connections. It has become a freight hub in the Swabia
region , a distribution center for transalpine traffic, an access
corridor to southern and eastern Europe and a hinterland location for
seaport traffic . [172] [173] The centerpiece is a transshipment
terminal for combined transport, which links the rail and road transport
modes . This transshipment terminal was planned by the Augsburger
Localbahn , the Spedition Roman Mayer and the Spedition Nuber as TIA -
Terminal Investitionsgesellschaft mbH in cooperation with the railway
subsidiary DUSS . The terminal, which cost around 20 million euros, was
ready at the turn of the year 2011/2012. [173] Rail transport General
The main train station [174] was built between 1843 and 1846 and is
Germany's oldest train station in a major city that is still in
operation in its original architectural condition . Under the project
name Mobility Hub Augsburg, a complete modernization of the train
station is currently being implemented, which includes, among other
things, the construction of an underground tram stop. [170] Augsburg is
on the main route for Europe . A Europe-wide planned, continuous
express train connection from Paris to Bratislava or Budapest . [175]
The city currently has seven railway systems with platforms and a number
of other railway systems, including three on the infrastructure of the
Augsburg Localbahn (Augsburg Ring, Augsburg West, Augsburg AL-Messe).
The main station is the most important railway facility. It forms one
end of the Augsburg–Munich high-speed line , the former busiest railway
line in Germany (now the S-Bahn main line in Munich), and is an ICE , IC
, EC and TGV station on the routes from Munich to Berlin , Dortmund ,
Frankfurt am Main , Hamburg , Stuttgart , as well as to Zurich , Paris
(can be reached twice daily with the TGV without having to change),
Klagenfurt and Brussels . Other important operating points in the city
are Augsburg-Hochzoll , Augsburg-Oberhausen and Augsburg
Haunstetterstrasse , which have half-hourly connections to
interchange-free railway lines to other southern German cities such as
Nuremberg , Weilheim , Ingolstadt and Ulm . The other operating
locations Augsburg Morellstrasse , Augsburg Messe and Augsburg-Inningen
primarily fulfill local transport functions and are only served by
regional trains , rarely by regional expresses . Passenger train
stations in the sense of the EBO are now only Augsburg Hochzoll and
Augsburg Hbf. The main station also has Augsburg-Oberhausen, Augsburg
Haunstetterstraße and Augsburg Morellstraße as station parts . The
remaining stops are now managed as stopping points . Since the beginning
of 2020, with the commissioning of the electronic signal box (ESTW) in
Inningen, the former stop (definition according to EBO) [176]
Augsburg-Inningen has been used as a train station again. [177] Worth
mentioning is the former Augsburg Hirblingerstrasse train station . The
station's platforms and tracks remained intact even after it was
decommissioned in the early 1990s and are used regularly. This fact has
recently become important again, as the stop is to be put back into
operation as part of the establishment of the Augsburg regional rail
service . This would primarily require renovation work on the platforms,
the construction of a modern access staircase and the installation of
lighting and signage. Railway infrastructure company (EIU) Augsburg is
one of the few cities to have five independent railway infrastructure
companies (EIU). The largest EIU is DB Netz . This is followed by the
Augsburger Localbahn , which also operates as a railway company (EVU).
At the freight transport center, which was newly founded in 2017, a
consortium acts as a special-purpose freight transport center
association. The DB Regio and Meridian each operate their own parking
facilities and are therefore not only considered RUs, but also as EIUs
in this area. At DB Regio, these are located to the left of the Augsburg
– Buchloe main line ( KBS 987) between the Augsburg Messe stop and
Augsburg Morellstrasse. At the meridian to the right of the track at the
same level. Railway transport companies (EVU) Augsburg is currently
(as of March 2020) served by the following railway companies in local
passenger transport : DB Regio Bavaria (For example with the E-Netz
Augsburg ) Bavarian Regional Railway (For example with the Allgäu I
diesel network [178] ) Augsburg local railway Go Ahead (expected from
12/2022) [179] Augsburg is currently (as of March 2020) served by the
following railway companies for long-distance passenger transport : DB
long-distance transport with the IC, ICE and partly the EC. ÖBB (
Austrian Federal Railways ) with EC, IC and ÖBB Nightjet . [180] SNCF (
Société Nationale des chemins de fer français / German : National
Society of French Railways ), with which you can take the TGV to Paris
and Munich twice a day. passenger traffic Augsburg main station In
addition, seven AVV regional train lines run in a star pattern from the
main station to Mammendorf , to Aichach / Kühbach-Radersdorf , to
Donauwörth , to Dinkelscherben , to Schwabmünchen , to Klosterlechfeld
and to Schmiechen in the direction of Ammersee . The regional rail
service in the Augsburg electric network has been operated at
S-Bahn-like cycle times since 2008 and is to be expanded to the Augsburg
regional rail cycle in the long term. The regional train lines are
operated by DB Regio AG and, since the end of 2008, also by the
Bayerische Regiobahn (BRB). It is also planned to reactivate the
Gessertshausen–Türkheim railway line to Langenneufnach and to connect
trains to Augsburg. The BRB is the operator on behalf of the BEG through
the “ Augsburg Dieselnetz II ” contract . [181] The start of operations
has been postponed to December 2022. Freight transport Augsburg was
not a hub in rail freight traffic during the closure of the marshalling
yard by Deutsche Bahn between April 1, 2005 and the construction of the
new freight traffic center in the Augsburg/Gersthofen/Neusäß city
triangle , which opened in 2017 . This freight transport center was
built between 2007 and 2017 to shift road freight transport to rail.
Local partners and the Deutsche Umschlaggesellschaft Schiene-Straße mbH
(DUSS) are investors . As a result, the share of rail freight transport
has increased steadily again since 2017. Augsburg is now one of the main
hubs for southern German rail freight transport . On the north-south
axis it connects the North and Baltic Sea ports and, to the south, the
New Alpine Transversale Railway (NEAT) towards Switzerland , Milan and
Liguria . It offers access to the western ports in France and Spain via
Stuttgart and Paris / Toulouse . It connects Italy via the Brenner Base
Tunnel (BBT) and southeastern Europe and the Adriatic ports via the
Tauern route . [173] There is already a bimodal transshipment terminal
for combined transport to provide access to the rail network. The
terminal with a capacity of 24,000 loading units per year is located in
the Oberhausen district of Augsburg. The total usable area of the
railway system is 10 hectares . [172] Localbahn A special feature of
the Swabian metropolis is the Augsburger Localbahn , founded in 1898, a
railway that runs right through the city and which large industrial
companies (for example: MAN , Weltbild Verlag , AVA waste recycling , MT
Aerospace , PCI , BASF , BÖWE , Premium Aerotec ) have a connection to
Rail network provided. In parts the route runs directly next to Lech and
Wertach. At the northern end of the route, the route forms the border
with Wolfzahnau - a protected landscape area between Lech and Wertach in
the middle of the city. Another special feature is that the Localbahn
acts both as a railway transport company (EVU) and as a railway
infrastructure company (EIU) within the city area. In 2015, the
Localbahn had a transport volume of around 1 million tons and is now
also active on railway routes outside the city. [182] air traffic →
Main article : Augsburg airfield Augsburg Airport (2021) In the
northeast of the city is the Augsburg airfield ( IATA : AGB), which was
reopened in 1968 because the city's other airfields were being used for
other purposes. From 1980 onwards it served as a regional airport with a
number of domestic German destinations until 2005 when scheduled
flights were discontinued and the airfield was downgraded to a
commercial airfield. The commercial airfield only has a 1594 meter long
runway (07/25) in a southwest/northeast orientation. [183] Due to the
sharp increase in passenger numbers over the years, it was planned to
expand the airport, but this failed due to protests from residents in
the surrounding towns. Since only passenger planes with up to 100 people
can land, the civilian shared use of the NATO Lechfeld Air Base was
under discussion. However, this project failed due to the high
additional costs that the Bundeswehr wanted to charge for relocating the
ammunition depots. Between 2003 and 2005, Denim Airways was based as a
virtual airline at Augsburg airfield. Due to the cessation of
scheduled air traffic in 2005, the future of the loss-making airport was
uncertain for a long time, as the city of Augsburg, as a
co-shareholder, had to subsidize Augsburg Airport GmbH with one million
euros annually, which bore no relation to the benefits now provided. In
April 2006 it was decided to convert the commercial airfield into a
modern city airport, which will mainly be served by business aircraft.
Augsburg airfield is a permanent customs airfield and is therefore also
suitable for international aircraft. [184] In addition, an 80,000 square
meter commercial area is being built, which will mainly be developed
for companies related to aviation. There is a flight school on site.
Private, professional and helicopter pilots as well as glider pilots can
receive training there. [185] The local aviation company
'Ballonfahrten Augsburg' is unique in Augsburg and was founded to
transport guests in hot air balloons . The company was approved in
December 2013 by the Southern Bavaria Aviation Office and the Government
of Upper Bavaria in accordance with Section 20 of the Aviation Act.
Business The Swabian university town is one of the three metropolises of
the Free State of Bavaria and is located within the Munich metropolitan
region . It is one of the most important industrial locations in
southern Germany . In 2016, Augsburg, within the city limits, generated
a gross domestic product (GDP) of €14.060 billion, placing it in 24th
place in the ranking of German cities based on economic performance .
The GDP per capita in the same year was €48,824 (Bavaria: €44,215/
Germany: €38,180) and thus well above the regional and national average.
In 2017, there were around 195,100 employed people in the city. [186]
The unemployment rate was 4.6% in December 2018. [187] In the 2016
Future Atlas , the independent city of Augsburg ranked 68th out of 402
districts and independent cities in Germany, making it one of the places
with “high future prospects”. [188] In the 2019 edition she was ranked
49th out of 401. [189] Large companies Main building of the
Augsburg-Nuremberg machine factory (MAN) Premium Aerotec company
building Due to its good location, Augsburg is historically an important
industrial location and was also previously the world capital of the
textile industry, [190] although the companies in this sector have now
almost completely disappeared from the cityscape. The city is
characterized above all by the large factories of industrial companies.
On the edge of the old town there are the Maschinenfabrik
Augsburg-Nuremberg (MAN) , the printing press manufacturer manroland ,
the gear manufacturer Renk , MT Aerospace as an aerospace company, and
the lamp manufacturer Ledvance (formerly Osram ), which belongs to the
Chinese lighting company MLS . , which, however, stopped its production
in Augsburg at the end of 2018 and also gave up the logistics areas
[192] and the UPM-Kymmene paper factory (formerly Haindl ) by the end of
2019. Walter Bau AG, once Germany's third-largest construction
management and construction technology group, had its headquarters in
the Textilviertel before it was forced to file for bankruptcy in 2005.
The second large industrial location is Haunstetten in the south of
Augsburg, where Premium Aerotec , a subsidiary of the Airbus Group
(formerly Messerschmitt AG ) and Fujitsu Technology Solutions GmbH in
the field of computer development and manufacturing, but which moved to
the Augsburg location in 2020 due to a relocation Asia will close
completely, [193] and Siemens has set up its own techno park. The BMK
Group , a manufacturer of electronic assemblies and devices, and PCI
Augsburg GmbH, a manufacturer of dispersion and powder products for
construction chemicals, are also located in Haunstetten, as is the
company Weltbild , which was the largest Catholic publishing house and
mail order company in the world until 2014. The industrial robot and
welding system manufacturer KUKA and NCR , which produces self-service
devices for the financial sector, cash register and database systems,
can be found in Lechhausen in the east of Augsburg. There are also
other large companies : Böwe Systec , which develops inserting systems
and complete solutions for mailrooms, Faurecia (formerly Zeuna Starker
), which produces exhaust systems for cars, motorcycles and commercial
vehicles as an automotive supplier, Kontron , which produces embedded
computer technology, and WashTec (formerly Kleindienst). , which
produces car washes. Traditional company City-Galerie (largest
shopping center in Swabia ) In keeping with the old age and once
outstanding importance of the city, Augsburg is home to numerous
businesses with traditions, some of which go back centuries. With the
Augusta brewery (since 1488), the Golden Gans brewery (since 1346),
Hasen-Bräu (since 1463), Thorbräu (since 1582) and the Riegele brewery
(since 1884) there are five long-established breweries alone Most of
them are still produced for the local market today. The well-known mixed
cola drink Spezi also comes from Riegele . The importance in finance
that arose primarily through the Fugger and Welser family is also
reflected in the credit institutions that are still active in the city
today: The Fürst Fugger Private Bank emerged from the Fugger trading
house, which was first referred to as a “bank” in 1468. The city savings
bank was founded in 1822 and the district savings bank in 1855. In
1914, Anton Hafner founded the Hafner Bank on Maximilianstrasse and,
with the Augsburger Aktienbank , another important bank was not founded
until the second half of the 20th century. There are also traditional
companies in the book and publishing industry: Schlosser'sche J. A.
Buch- und Kunsthandlung (since 1719), Rieger & Kranzfelder (since
1731) and Anton Böhm & Sohn (since 1803). Other traditional
companies include Dierig (since 1805), the Naegele perfumery (since
1835), J. N. Eberle & Cie. GmbH (since 1836), the ironmongery Siller
und Laar (since 1836), the furniture transport company H. Weissenhorn
& Cie. (since 1839), the Augsburg gymnastics equipment factory
Wallenreiter (since 1858 - now Wallenreiter Sportgeräte ), the Lembert
hat factory (since 1861), the gear manufacturer Renk AG (since 1873),
Pfister balances (since 1894), the furniture shipping and travel company
Domberger (since 1897), the August Riedinger balloon factory (since
1897 - now Augsburger Ballonfabrik ) and the Hosokawa Alpine AG (since
1898). One of the oldest traditional companies, the town fisherman
Schöppler (since 1650), ended its business operations in 2014. [194]
Other important companies In addition to large and traditional
companies, the following companies are of great importance: Amann
Nähgarne , one of the few remaining textile companies that produces
industrial yarns and remained at the location after the takeover of the
former Ackermann-Göggingen AG VR Bank Augsburg-Ostallgäu eG, one of the
hundred largest cooperative banks in Germany with a strong presence in
the regional market Betapharm , a major generics manufacturer the
Freudenberg group of companies , which produces Vileda household
products in its Augsburg plant Hosokawa Alpine AG, a company active in
mechanical and plant engineering Patrizia AG , a service company in the
area of housing management and related activities Grandel, a major
cosmetics manufacturer whose founding location and headquarters is in
Augsburg. PCI Augsburg GmbH, a leading manufacturer of building
materials and system solutions, which has been part of the BASF Group
since 2007. Infineon , a semiconductor manufacturer that operates a
development center in Augsburg. [195] Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH -
The German headquarters and founding location of the laboratory service
provider, whose parent company, SYNLAB AG, based in Munich, is listed on
the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. tourism Augsburg hotel tower with
congress at the park in the foreground Augsburg is an attractive
destination for tourists from home and abroad, especially because of the
Fuggerei , the town hall and the Puppenkiste . A total of 12,500 people
were employed in this sector in the city in 2010, generating a turnover
of 820 million euros - which corresponds to around five percent of the
city's national income. [196] In 2010, 610,000 overnight stays were
registered, which means an increase of almost 20 percent compared to the
previous year - meaning Augsburg had the largest increase of all major
cities in Germany this year. On average, a guest stayed in the region
for 1.9 days and had 3,800 hotel beds available in the city area - 400
beds more than in 2009. Germans account for around 400,000 overnight
stays, and Italians are most represented among foreigners. From 1998 to
2010, the Dutch recorded the greatest increase at 154 percent and the
Austrians at 81 percent. [196] Growth was also recorded in the
surrounding region in 2010: the Augsburg district had 392,000 overnight
stays (an increase of 3.6 percent), the Aichach-Friedberg district had
171,000 overnight stays (an increase of 5.9 percent). [196] Various
long-distance routes touch Augsburg. For example, the Romantic Road ,
the Via Claudia and the Bavarian-Swabian Way of St. James . Trade fairs
and congresses Entrance area of the Augsburg trade fair Although
Augsburg has a long tradition as a trade fair city, the current Augsburg
Trade Fair site was only opened in 1988. Until then, such events took
place in tent halls in Wittelsbach Park . The trade fair is now the
third largest in Bavaria after Munich and Nuremberg . The exhibition
center includes twelve halls with a total of 48,000 m² of exhibition
space, 10,000 m² of open space and a congress and conference center with
3,500 m². The Schwabenhalle offers space for up to 8,200 visitors and
regularly serves as a venue for large concerts and performances. [197]
The most important trade fairs in Augsburg are the Augsburg Spring
Exhibition (afa) , the Americana (international exhibition for
equestrian sports and western culture), the interlift (international
trade fair for elevator technology), the Intersana (international health
fair), the Jagen und Fischen (international exhibition for hunters and
fishermen and nature lovers), the RENEXPO (international trade fair for
renewable energies and renewable building and renovation) and the GLORIA
church fair. One of the important conferences is, for example, the
Mobile Commerce Technologies and Applications (MCTA) conference . The
tallest buildings in Augsburg Hotel tower (with antenna) 115m (167m)
Basilica of St. Ulrich and Afra 93 m Gas boiler (Augsburg gasworks) 84 m
Sacred Heart Church 79 m Schwabencenter (residential high-rise) 76 m
Don Bosco Church 70 m Perlach Tower 70 m The Augsburg Congress Hall is
located in the Antonsviertel district below the hotel tower and is used
for concerts, cultural and congress events as well as sales exhibitions
of all kinds. The exposed concrete building, which opened in 1972 ,
together with the hotel tower, forms the Augsburg Congress Center and
offers four halls and three foyers. The congress hall, the largest room,
can accommodate up to 1,400 visitors. For events with slightly larger
numbers of visitors, the Erhard Wunderlich sports hall , located not far
from the congress center on the edge of Wittelsbacher Park, is used. It
can accommodate up to 4,000 guests when fully seated, which is why
concerts and performances by well-known artists take place here. media
Newspapers The only local daily newspaper is the Augsburger Allgemeine ,
which is published by Presse Druck- und Verlags-GmbH . Together with
its home editions (which have the same newspaper cover and only differ
in their own local section), it has a daily circulation of around
217,892 copies (IVW 2015), making it the third strongest regional
newspaper in Germany. [198] It is mainly read in the urban area of
Augsburg and in parts of Bavarian Swabia and Upper Bavaria . The
newspaper was decisively influenced by the late editors Curt Frenzel and
Günter Holland, as well as his wife Ellinor Holland , née Frenzel, as
publisher. Since 2008, Die Augsburger Zeitung (DAZ) has also been
offering daily local news online, primarily from the areas of politics
and culture. [199] The Augsburger Sonntagspresse , which is dedicated
to both local and Germany-wide news, is also published every Sunday and
is available at many of the city's bus and tram stops, train stations
and gas stations. Because the topics are mainly reduced to images and
only short texts, it can be counted among the tabloid media . The most
widely read free weekly newspaper with editorial local reporting is the
StadtZeitung , founded in 1978 , which has divided the Augsburg
metropolitan area (the urban area with the surrounding districts of
Augsburg, the Dillingen district and the Aichach-Friedberg district)
into fifteen local editions (of which five in the urban area alone) and
by the Media group Mayer & Söhne is published. [200] The same
publisher also owns the city magazine Augsburg Journal , which is mainly
dedicated to the typical topics of tabloid journalism and appears once a
month. In contrast to the StadtZeitung, however, it is subject to a
fee. The New Scene Augsburg is published monthly, especially for young
people . It focuses primarily on lifestyle , music , nightlife and event
information and reaches around 25,500 readers in the actual city area
and the surrounding districts with each issue. This makes it one of the
largest Bavarian city magazines . [201] The free cultural newspaper
a3kultur is published monthly . The feature section for Augsburg
city/country and the Wittelsbacher Land offers news, dates and
positions. The entire cultural spectrum of the region is covered.
a3kultur is the successor to the magazine a-guide , which until 2011 was
one of the largest magazines in Augsburg with an annual circulation of
120,000 copies (spread over six issues). [202] The free online news
portal Presse Augsburg has existed since 2014 with news for the Augsburg
region, Bavarian Swabia and national reports. [203] The colored
monthly magazine Augsburger Süd-Anzeiger has been published since 1977
and is primarily dedicated to local issues in the districts of
Göggingen, Bergheim, Inningen and Haunstetten, which were incorporated
in 1972. Further publications appear at the universities: The UniPress ,
published by the university management, the Universum , which is
responsible for the student body, and the presstige , formerly published
by the Catholic University Community, [204] now published by its own
association , appear at the universities . [205] radio There are two
local stations in Augsburg: Hitradio RT1 , which belongs to the Presse
& Druck media group, which also publishes the Augsburger Allgemeine.
RT1 is the official broadcasting partner of the Augsburger Panther and
FC Augsburg . Radio Fantasy , which specializes primarily in music and
comedy and tends to appeal to a slightly younger target group. Both
Hitradio RT1 and Radio Fantasy can be received via FM (Hitradio RT1 over
96.7 MHz and Radio Fantasy over 93.4 MHz), DAB+, internet radio and
smartphone apps. In addition, every Monday from 10 p.m. to 1 a.m. (the
following Tuesday ), university students volunteer their own program for
their fellow students, Channel C. Both local stations can be received
via their own terrestrial frequencies as well as other cable frequencies
and together account for a large proportion of the number of listeners
in the city. The Sankt-Ulrich-Verlag, the publishing house of the
Diocese of Augsburg, offers another radio program with Radio Augsburg .
It is only broadcast via DAB+, cable radio and a smartphone app. The
Rock Antenne, which specializes in rock music , can be heard on the
frequency of the former Radio Kö (87.9 MHz). Rock Antenne is a
subsidiary of Antenne Bayern . Since the end of 2008, the egoFM station
in Augsburg , which can only be received in the largest Bavarian
cities, has been aimed at teenagers and young adults between the ages of
14 and 30. The station Smart Radio on DAB+ mainly plays songs from the
jazz genre, and its program is not accompanied by a radio presenter but
is limited solely to the music. There are also three other local radio
stations: Frozen Radio and Radio Cisaria International (RCI). Until a
few years ago, the American Forces Network (AFN) in Augsburg broadcast
on the medium wave frequency 1485 kHz, among other things. When the last
American troops withdrew from the city in 1998, the radio station was
also abandoned and the system used for this purpose was completely
dismantled. The Augsburg entrepreneur Ulrich RJ Kubak acquired the
majority shares in Klassik Radio and took it public in 2004. Klassik
Radio is a private radio program for classical music . Klassik Radio
GmbH & Co. KG is a subsidiary of Klassik Radio AG based in the
Augsburg hotel tower . The broadcast center is currently in Hamburg .
However, in September 2018 it was announced that Klassik Radio would
also like to move its entire broadcast center to Augsburg at the
beginning of 2020. [206] Some music programs are also broadcast via
laut.fm and other portals that can only be heard via the Internet.
[207] TV As the only local television station, augsburg.tv (a.tv for
short) broadcasts for the city of Augsburg as well as for the districts
of Aichach-Friedberg, Donau-Ries, Dillingen and Günzburg (from March 16,
1994 to December 31, 2006 as TV Augsburg , thereafter briefly as
augsburg.tv ) a daily 24-hour program with primarily local and regional
topics that are important for the residents of the Augsburg metropolitan
area. a.tv can be received unencrypted and around the clock throughout
Europe as well as parts of North Africa and the Middle East via the
Astra 1M satellite (19.2° East, transponder 21, 11523 MHz horizontal).
[208] Other distribution channels include digital and analogue cable
television on its own channel S18, as well as in RTL 's regional window
(weekdays Monday to Friday from 6:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.), as well as via
IPTV in Telekom's T-Entertain package as a continuous live stream on the
Internet. [209] The station also offers a media library on its
homepage, which is currently (as of February 2015) accessed up to
150,000 times a month and contains all the programs from previous years.
[210] Augsburg also served as a playground and filming location for
the ZDF series Velvet and Silk , which was about a family working in the
textile industry and had typical soap opera elements . The last program
for the time being was broadcast on February 10, 2005. The film Harte
Jungs with Axel Stein also takes place in Augsburg and was also filmed
there. Public facilities IHK on Stettenstrasse On the one hand,
because of its historical significance and on the other hand because of
its political position in Bavarian Swabia, Augsburg is the seat of
numerous authorities, associations and other public bodies . A special
situation also arises from the fact that two districts, the city and the
district, have their offices in Augsburg. In the south of Augsburg
there is a state authority, the Bavarian State Office for the
Environment , which, among other things, also operates the Bavarian
Flood Intelligence Service and shares its tasks with a smaller office in
Hof in northern Bavaria . The Josef Vogl Technical Center in the
Lechhausen district is affiliated with the state office . In addition,
an office of the State Office of Finance is located in Augsburg. The
government of Swabia, as the general supervisor of the state authorities
in the Bavarian administrative district of Swabia, as well as the
district of Swabia as the third municipal level of the Free State of
Bavaria, has its headquarters here, as do the Augsburg city and country
tax offices, the administrative center of the city of Augsburg and the
Augsburg district office . In the banking and insurance sectors, the
Deutsche Bundesbank and the Deutsche Rentenversicherung Schwaben have
established their information and advice centers. There is also a social
insurance site for agriculture, forestry and horticulture (SVLFG). With
the municipal loan office , the city of Augsburg has the oldest
municipal loan office in Germany. Since 1603, this institution has been
temporarily helping citizens in financial difficulties with cash by
pawning valuable belongings. On December 31, 2018, the office will close
after 415 years; it is the penultimate municipally owned office in
Germany. The Chamber of Crafts (HWK) and the Swabian Chamber of
Industry and Commerce (IHK) as well as the Schwaben Nord Police
Headquarters, which is responsible for the city of Augsburg, the
districts of Augsburg , Aichach-Friedberg , Dillingen and Donau-Ries,
also have their headquarters here as representatives for the Swabia
district The responsible finance and main customs office , a
correctional facility and the city youth association are also located in
Augsburg . Various associations and associations such as the Bavarian
Red Cross , the Bavarian Football Association or the service union
ver.di have their headquarters for all of Swabia, and in some cases even
for southern Germany, in Augsburg. Drinking water supply The
extraction, treatment and distribution of drinking water is carried out
by the Augsburg public utility company . The drinking water for Augsburg
is obtained exclusively from groundwater. There are eight waterworks
available (the year of commissioning in brackets): the new waterworks at
Hochablass (2007), the waterworks at Lochbach (1912), Lochbach II,
Meringerau Nord (1948), Meringerau Süd I (2003) and II ( 2007),
Leitershofen (1972) and Siebenbrunn (2000). There are a total of 60
wells, mostly filter and shaft wells, which are approximately 10 m deep.
Deep water has so far hardly been used to maintain an emergency reserve
in the future. [211] Since July 1, 2021, the drinking water supply has
been climate-neutral through the use of hydropower. [212] The drinking
water comes from the groundwater flow in the western Lech meadows south
of the city. Significant drinking water protection areas are located in
the Augsburg city forest and in the Lechauwald nature reserve near
Unterbergen . With a total hardness of 2.41–2.48 mmol/l (13.5–13.9 °dH),
the water can be assigned to the “medium” hardness range. [213] After
treatment, the drinking water enters the 1,000 km long pipe network.
Four water storage tanks with a total volume of 48,300 m³ are installed
here , which cover consumption peaks and also serve to maintain pressure
in the network. Due to the different altitudes in the supply area, four
pressure zones ranging from 2 to 7 bar were set up. [214] The gross
consumption price in 2021 is 1.86 to 2.42 euros per cubic meter,
depending on consumption. [215] Wastewater disposal The discharge and
purification of the resulting wastewater is the responsibility of the
city of Augsburg. The canal network is 640 kilometers long (627
kilometers of gravity pipelines ). 70% of these are vitrified clay pipes
, 21% are concrete and 5% are clinker . The degree of connection to the
sewer system is 99.7%. Due to the favorable topography, only nine
pumping stations are necessary in the sewer network. [216] [217]
Wastewater treatment takes place in the main sewage treatment plant
Welt-Icon. It was built in 1957, is designed for 800,000 inhabitants and
is currently at around 81% capacity. In 1976 and 1994, additional
biological purification stages were put into operation. 50 million m³ of
wastewater is treated every year, 120,000 m³ daily in dry weather. The
treated wastewater is fed into the Lech. The sludge is putrefied in
three digestion towers, then dewatered and transported by truck to
various incineration plants throughout Germany. [217] [218] As with the
drinking water supply, the Augsburg sewage treatment plant is now
energy self-sufficient . In 2019, electricity consumption was 13 million
kWh compared to energy production of 18 million kWh. Energy is
generated on the one hand in three combined heat and power plants ,
which convert the resulting sewage gas into electricity and also
generate heat for heating, and on the other hand through photovoltaics
and through turbines in the wastewater treatment plant. [218] [219]
Healthcare The University Hospital After extensive restructuring,
Augsburg has had two maximum care hospitals (III care level) as well as a
number of smaller, partly specialized clinics since 2006 . There are
also two emergency practices run by the Bavarian Association of
Statutory Health Insurance Physicians and a district hospital for
psychiatric care. The largest hospital and the central emergency room
for the metropolitan area is the Augsburg University Hospital , which
has been in municipal hands since 1982, initially as a central clinic
and, after the above-mentioned restructuring, as a clinic. On January 1,
2019, after years of prior planning, it was elevated to a university
hospital and transferred to the ownership of the Free State of Bavaria.
At the same time, it was affiliated with the newly founded medical
faculty at Augsburg University. The university hospital is located in
the Kriegshaber district in the west of the city and can be reached
quickly via federal highways 17 and 300. The children's clinic Right
next door is the Augsburg Children's Clinic , which was already closely
linked to the clinic in the Augsburg Hospital Association and is now
part of the University Hospital. Through close collaboration, it was
already possible, for example, for almost all pediatric emergencies to
be transferred to the children's hospital that was more suitable for
care after the initial treatment. The second maximum care hospital is
the Augsburg Süd Clinic , previously called “Haunstetten Hospital” ,
which has now also become part of the University Hospital. Through
extensive restructuring and the relocation of entire departments from
the previous central clinic to Haunstetten, it now meets all the
requirements of the IVth care level set out in the hospital requirements
plan . In addition to the existing focus on surgery and internal
medicine, clinical specialties include dermatology and the ENT clinic .
[220] The Augsburg District Hospital is supported by the Swabia
district and, as a clinic for psychiatry , psychotherapy and
psychosomatics , ensures psychiatric care for all citizens living in the
city and the Augsburg district. It is located in the Kriegshaber
district not far from the university hospital and provides psychiatric
training for medical students at the University of Augsburg. [221]
There are also four other hospitals: the Diakonissen Hospital , the
Hessing Clinic , the Josefinum and the Vincentinum , all of which
specialize in sub-areas of medical care (e.g. gynecology or orthopedics )
and some of which work with attending physicians . Further emergency
care is provided by the emergency practices of the Bavarian Association
of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians, which are located directly at
the Vincentinum and the Augsburg University Hospital. graveyards The
blessing hall of the Westfriedhof Augsburg has a total of fourteen
cemeteries, nine of which are maintained by the city: the northern
cemetery, the old and new eastern cemetery, the old and new Haunstetter
cemetery, the western cemetery , the Gögginger cemetery , the Inninger
cemetery and the Bergheimer cemetery. There are also three Christian
cemeteries: the Kriegshaber Catholic Cemetery, the Catholic Cemetery on
Hermanstrasse and the Protestant Cemetery . There are two Jewish
cemeteries: the Jewish cemetery in Kriegshaber and the Jewish cemetery
in the Hochfeld district . Education and Research Universities Despite
the age and historical significance of the city, Augsburg has only had a
university since 1970. In addition, the University of Applied Sciences,
the Leopold Mozart Center and the FOM University of Economics and
Management also provide a wide range of study programs. There are
currently over 25,000 students enrolled at the three universities and
the music center. University of Augsburg University of Augsburg
(campus) The University of Augsburg was founded in 1970. There is a
certain connection to the University of Dillingen, which was founded in
1549 and 1551 and was abolished in 1802, via the Dillingen University of
Philosophy and Theology, which was dissolved in 1971 and affiliated to
the university as the Catholic Theological Faculty . In addition, the
Augsburg University of Education, which emerged from the Institute for
Teacher Training in 1958, was integrated into the university as an
educational science department in 1972. In 2008 it took over some areas
of the dissolved Nuremberg-Augsburg University of Music as the Leopold
Mozart Center (LMZ). It is the only university in the administrative
region of Bavarian Swabia. The university is currently divided into a
Faculty of Philology and History, Philosophy and Social Sciences,
Economics, Law, Mathematics and Natural Sciences and Catholic Theology
as well as the recently established Faculty of Applied Computer Science.
The University of Augsburg, with its approximately 20,100 students
[222] , is not a traditional comprehensive university, but rather
focuses primarily on cultural, social and economic sciences. Since
1974, an extensive campus has been built in the south of the city on the
site of the old airfield, which has grown into its own district (the
university district) to this day. Now only smaller parts of the
university are located together with the business administration
department of the Augsburg University of Applied Sciences in the
building of the former teacher training college in Lechhausen and at the
“Old University” location. Augsburg University Augsburg University of
Applied Sciences , Campus at Roten Tor, K-Bau (headquarters of the
university management) Augsburg University of Applied Sciences , Campus
at Brunnenlech, A-Building Although the Augsburg University of Applied
Sciences was only founded in 1971, it can look back on an extensive
history of its predecessor institutions. There was already a private art
academy around 1660, which first developed into a Protestant and then
in 1710 into a public imperial city art academy , from which the
Augsburg art school eventually emerged over several stages. The
technical branch comes from the Rudolf Diesel Polytechnic, which was
founded in the 19th century . Finally, in 1971, the Augsburg University
of Applied Sciences was founded through their merger. It is therefore
one of the oldest technical colleges in Germany; in 2008 it was renamed
the Augsburg University of Applied Sciences, or Augsburg University for
short. The university has two locations, the campus at Brunnenlech and
the campus at the Red Gate, which are only about 500 m apart. Numerous
courses in the areas of technology, design and economics are offered.
Social work has also been offered since the WS 2018/19. [223] In the
winter semester of 2017/18, around 6,200 students were enrolled at
Augsburg University. [224] Leopold Mozart Center The Nuremberg-Augsburg
University of Music was created in 1998 through the merger of the
Nuremberg Meistersinger Conservatory with the Augsburg Leopold Mozart
Conservatory. Despite violent protests from students and lecturers, the
Bavarian State Ministry for Education and Culture decided in 2006 to
close the Augsburg part of the university for cost reasons, which has
since been affiliated with the university as the Leopold Mozart Center
and thus as a “music college within the university”. to be led. The
offer includes music education and artistic courses (singing, orchestral
instruments, keyboard instruments). You can also study guitar and music
therapy. The training of brass band directors is unique in Germany.
FOM University of Economics and Management The FOM University of
Economics and Management, headquartered in Essen , operates a location
in Augsburg where part-time bachelor's and master's degree programs are
offered with a focus on economics subjects. Among other things,
“Business Administration”, “International Management” and business law
as well as some master’s degrees can be studied at the FOM. The
face-to-face lectures are held at the study location in Augsburg city
center during the week in the evenings and on weekends. [225] General
education schools The basic general education for all Augsburg students
is currently provided by ten high schools , nine secondary schools , 42
primary and secondary schools , 13 special schools and one free Waldorf
school in the city area . [226] Primary, special and comprehensive
schools The basic education of the students is provided by a total of 42
primary and secondary schools throughout the city. There are also a
total of 13 special needs schools that take care of children who need
special education and therefore cannot or only receive insufficient
support at general or vocational schools. If it can be combined with the
respective funding priorities, these schools provide the same
qualifications as comparable general education schools. There are also
two comprehensive schools , the Free Waldorf School and the
International School Augsburg (based in the suburb of Gersthofen) ,
which teach all age groups in one building. secondary schools Nine
secondary schools in the city area and six in the metropolitan area
provide educational opportunities for both general education and
specific career preparation that lie between the offerings of high
schools and secondary schools. All three all- girls schools mentioned
under grammar schools each have an attached secondary school; The Free
Waldorf School also offers a secondary school leaving certificate
(technical secondary school qualification/secondary school certificate).
There are therefore five “pure” secondary schools in the city. Because
secondary schools are rarely found, especially in rural areas, they also
have an enormous appeal for students from more distant districts in
Bavarian Swabia. The secondary schools in Augsburg Evening secondary
school for working people (S) Agnes Bernauer School (M, W, S) Bertolt
Brecht Secondary School (M, W, S) Heinrich-von-Buz secondary school (M,
W) St. Ursula Girls' Secondary School (W, S) Maria Ward Secondary School
Augsburg (W, S) Stetten Institute (W, S) Maria Stern secondary school
(W, S) Rudolf Diesel Secondary School (M) Legend M =
mathematical-technical branch W = branch of economics S = social,
musical, craft, foreign language branch high schools Holbein High
School (old building) Augsburg has a total of ten high schools , some
with centuries of tradition. In addition, the Bayernkolleg Augsburg (as a
second-chance high school) and the Free Waldorf School Augsburg enable
students to graduate with a high school diploma . Since all larger
cities in the metropolitan area (Friedberg, Gersthofen, Königsbrunn and
Neusäß) have their own high schools, the students in these places mainly
attend the local high school, so that the Augsburg high schools are
mainly made up of students from the city area. Because of their
sometimes special educational paths (for example musical or humanistic
branches), they still have catchment areas as far away as the whole of
Bavarian Swabia. With the A. B. von Stetten Institute, the Maria-Stern-
and the Maria-Ward-Gymnasium, there are three high schools only for
girls; The high school at St. Stephan was only reserved for boys until
the fall of 1995, but has since enjoyed increasing interest, especially
from girls who are interested in music. Almost all schools can look
back on celebrities who graduated from high school at their institution.
Among others, Napoleon III was here. , Werner Egk , Bertolt Brecht ,
Rudolf Diesel , Gerhard Höllerich (alias Roy Black), Andreas Bourani or
the Nobel Prize winner Johann Deisenhofer pupil. High schools in
Augsburg Gymnasiums sponsored by the Free State of Bavaria: Gymnasium
near Sankt Anna | High school near Sankt Stephan | Holbein High
School | Peutinger High School | Rudolf Diesel High School High
schools sponsored by the city of Augsburg: Jakob-Fugger-Gymnasium |
Maria Theresia High School Privately sponsored high schools: Anna
Barbara von Stettensches Institut | Maria Stern High School | Maria
Ward High School Former high schools: Leonardo da Vinci High School
Vocational high schools The State Technical High School and Vocational
High School and the Municipal Vocational High School in Augsburg lead
students who have completed secondary school leaving certificate or
completed vocational training within the framework of the Bavarian
Vocational High School either to the technical college entrance
qualification or to the subject-specific or general university entrance
qualification . For the latter qualification, proof of knowledge of a
second foreign language (in addition to English ) is required. [227]
Vocational schools and academies Because of its central importance for
the Bavarian Swabia district, Augsburg has almost all types of
vocational schools : there is one private, state-recognized and seven
municipal vocational schools, 18 vocational schools , four technical
academies and technical schools and three business schools . While most
of these schools teach a profession either in cooperation with the
training company or on a full-time basis, the technical schools require
that you have already completed training in order to be accepted, as
they train advanced professional degrees ( master craftsman , technician
). Other schools In addition to the schools and academies mentioned,
there are a number of other educational opportunities in Augsburg,
ranging from the adult education center and the Kolping educational
center to various singing and music schools and language schools . For
many, no specific prior degree is required; Rather, they are committed
to the general education of citizens. There is also the Augsburg Free
Waldorf School with a kindergarten and crèche in the northeastern part
of the city. It is located on a large campus. Research The university
and the college have their own institutes, which are usually assigned to
a faculty and conduct research in their field. However, they also join
forces for larger or interdisciplinary projects in order to be able to
deal with a broader range of topics. For example, the Institute for
Materials Resource Management deals with the technical development of
renewable technologies. Augsburg has important institutions, especially
in the area of research on the environment and environmental
protection : The KUMAS - Competence Center for the Environment , created
by the Free State of Bavaria as part of its high-tech offensive , is
located here, a network of almost all research institutions and
companies active in this sector, that coordinates their communication
and collaboration. The headquarters of the Bavarian Environmental
Cluster was also set up in Augsburg. The Bavarian State Office for the
Environment was located near the university in order to be able to work
closely on its projects with the students and scientists of the planned “
Augsburg Innovation Park ” research center there. [228] In the
Lechhausen district is the Josef Vogl Technical Center , which is
affiliated with the state office and primarily collects ecological data
for reports. The Fraunhofer Institute for Foundry, Composite and
Processing Technology and a project group of the Fraunhofer Institute
for Applied Information Technology are located in Augsburg . There is a
location of the German Aerospace Center on the university campus . The
Bukovina Institute is considered one of the leading institutions in the
field of Eastern European studies . It is dedicated to documenting and
researching culture, history and regional studies in Eastern Europe in
international and interdisciplinary collaboration. It is named after the
region of Bukovina (“Beech Country”), with which the institute is
particularly concerned. The Swabian Research Association , founded in
1949 , is also active in the area of regional studies and history.
The Cooperative Health Research in the Augsburg Region (KORA) is an
internationally used research platform of the Helmholtz Research Center
for Health and Environment , on which studies on population-related
health research are carried out. Augsburg is also a “corporate
supporting member” of the Max Planck Society . [229] Libraries State
and city library City library Augsburg has had an important library
tradition dating back to imperial city times, which is still reflected
in a large number of institutions today. The State and City Library is a
scientific library that has existed since 1537 and is now located on
Schaezlerstrasse. It is one of the regional state libraries in Bavaria
and has legal deposit rights for the administrative region of Bavarian
Swabia . Since its beginnings it was initially run by the city, but when
it was nationalized in 2012 it became an authority of the Free State of
Bavaria and is organizationally subordinate to the Bavarian State
Library . Its focus is on looking after the outstanding old collection
(approx. 100,000 volumes) as well as supplying the population interested
in scientific literature (particularly in historical subjects and on
the subject of “Bavarian Swabia”). A large part of the almost 600,000
volumes of books can therefore also be borrowed. The Augsburg State and
City Library is also the office of the Historical Association for
Swabians, founded in 1834, which can set a tone in science and urban and
regional cultural life, especially with the annual magazines of the
Historical Association for Swabians (ZHVS). The municipal Brecht
Research Center is also based here. The renovation of the aging library
building on Schaezlerstrasse, which was already announced in the course
of nationalization, was approved by the Bavarian State Parliament in
2021, which provided a total of 62.5 million euros for this and a new
warehouse building. Work will begin in December 2022 and reopening is
planned for 2025/26. The Augsburg State and City Library will then have
one of the most modern library buildings in all of Europe. The
operational library operations with part of the holdings will be
maintained during the renovation in interim quarters in the former
Bayernkolleg Lechhausen. [230] The beginnings of Augsburg's second
important library, the city library , date back to 1920, founded as a
subdivision of today's state and city library (as the “people's
library”). The public library had already become independent in 1953 and
was a representative of the public library system in Augsburg. In 1978
the public library was finally renamed the city library . With the
district libraries in Göggingen , Haunstetten , Kriegshaber and
Lechhausen as well as the headquarters in the city center, it provides
all citizens of Augsburg with access to primarily fiction literature,
magazines and other media. The New Augsburg City Library is very modern
in its use of print media and multimedia, for which over 14,000
signatures were collected in a citizens' petition and which was then
opened in June 2009 after much planning. The 15 million euro new
building on Ernst-Reuter-Platz in the city center covers an area of
5,000 m² and, in addition to the loan of books, audio books, CDs and
DVDs, also offers plenty of space for cultural exchange. Augsburg
University Library The Augsburg University Library is located on the
campus of the University of Augsburg and is divided into a central
library and four branch libraries (humanities, social sciences, natural
sciences, medicine). Its main task is to provide the university's
students and teachers as well as the population interested in scientific
research with information resources and scientific literature. Your
collection mandate covers all departments taught at the University of
Augsburg. This results in particular focuses in the humanities and
social sciences and, since the founding of the new university medicine,
also in the area of medical literature. Although the library was only
founded in 1970, it has a remarkable old collection, which includes
numerous special collections, particularly in the Oettingen-Wallerstein
Library , which was purchased by the Free State of Bavaria in 1980 with
financial help from the federal government. With 2.8 million volumes,
the university library is by far the largest library in the Bavarian
Swabia administrative region and one of the largest libraries in
Bavaria. Other important library facilities in Augsburg include the
library of the Augsburg University of Applied Sciences and the pastoral
and diocesan library. Near the university is the Bukovina Institute for
Eastern European Research, which offers interested specialists a large
library with a focus on East German and Eastern European literature,
history and culture. In the age of e-texts, the Bibliotheca Augustana ,
a project by a professor at the University of Applied Sciences, has
gained a high reputation throughout Germany as a digital library for
texts from world literature . There are also many other small and
private libraries, which, however, are only partially accessible to the
public (for example monastery or school libraries). Archives In
Augsburg there are some archives owned by the state, municipality and
church. The best-known archives include the Augsburg State Archives as
the Bavarian State Archives responsible for the administrative region of
Swabia , the Augsburg City Archives as the municipal archives of the
city of Augsburg and the Augsburg University Archives . As a church
archive, the archive of the Diocese of Augsburg in Augsburg-Oberhausen
is responsible for the official transmission of written and documentary
material from the offices and institutions of the Episcopal Ordinariate
of Augsburg and also looks after the parish and deanery archives of the
Diocese of Augsburg . House of Bavarian History The House of Bavarian
History inzeuggasse was founded in 1983 as an authority of the Free
State of Bavaria and has been based in Augsburg since September 1993. It
is intended to make Bavaria's historical and cultural diversity
accessible to all sections of the population, especially the young
generation, in all parts of the country and currently has an image
archive containing 270,000 materials. Personalities Only people who are
clearly associated with Augsburg are listed here. For more detailed
information about the names listed here and people who can be associated
with the city in a broader sense, there is the main article List of
personalities of the city of Augsburg . St. Afra († 304 in Friedberg )
was an early Christian martyr who was canonized in 1064. St. Tozzo (†
January 16, 778 in Augsburg) was Bishop of Augsburg St. Simpert (*
around 750; † probably October 13, 807 in Augsburg) was Bishop of
Augsburg and is the third patron saint for the city and diocese of
Augsburg (alongside St. Ulrich and St. Afra). St. Ulrich (* 890 in
Wittislingen or Augsburg; † July 4, 973 in Augsburg) was bishop in
Augsburg from 923 until his death and played a decisive role in the
victory over the Hungarians in the Battle of Lechfeld . In 993 he was
the first person ever to be personally canonized by the Pope . St.
Wolfhard or St. Gualfardus (* around 1070 in Augsburg; † April 30, 1127
in Curte-Regia near Verona ) The bones of Saint Wolfhard are kept in the
church of St. Sebastian . Johann I von Langenmantel (* around 1275 in
Augsburg; † November 8, 1337, in Augsburg) was a patrician and Augsburg
city administrator (mayor). Agnes Bernauer (* around 1410 probably in
Augsburg; † October 12, 1435 near Straubing) was the lover and perhaps
also the first wife of the Bavarian Duke Albrecht III. Anna Rüger , a
printer, the first woman to appear in the colophon of a book in 1484.
Lorenz Helmschmied (* between 1450 and 1455 in Augsburg; † 1515 in
Augsburg) was an important armorer . Hans Holbein the Elder (* around
1465 in Augsburg; † around 1524 in Augsburg) was a German painter whose
work marks the transition from the late Gothic to the Renaissance . He
created a number of altarpieces and devotional pictures, portraits and
glass paintings . Jakob Fugger “the rich” Jakob Fugger the Rich (born
March 6, 1459 in Augsburg; † December 30, 1525 in Augsburg) was Europe's
richest and most important merchant and banker at the time . He came
from a trading family, which he expanded into one of the first early
capitalist companies within a few years, thus laying the foundation for
the Fugger family's global reputation and wealth . Hans Burgkmair the
Elder (* 1473 in Augsburg; † 1531 in Augsburg) was an important painter,
draftsman and wood cutter at the beginning of the 16th century. Along
with Hans Holbein the Elder, Burgkmair is considered the most important
Augsburg artist between the late Gothic and Renaissance periods in the
Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation . Bartholomäus V. Welser (born
June 25, 1484 in Memmingen ; † March 28, 1561 in Amberg in Swabia ) was
head of the Welser Company, one of the largest trading, banking,
shipping and mining companies of the 16th century, from 1519 to 1551.
century. As the banker of Emperor Charles V and the French King Francis I
, he had a decisive influence on the powerful people of his time.
Ägidius Rehm (1486–1535), Bishop of Chiemsee Pilgram Marbeck (* around
1495 in Rattenberg (Tyrol) ; † December 16, 1556 in Augsburg) was an
important leader of the Reformation Anabaptist movement and spiritual
leader of the Marbeck Circle named after him . He worked for the city of
Augsburg as a hydraulic engineer from 1544 and, among other things,
created a timber rafting company that was important for the expansion of
the city . Susanna Daucher (* 1495), Augsburg Anabaptist Hieronymus
Sailer (1495–1559), Swiss merchant, conquistador and slave trader
Hieronymus Meitting (1496–1557), Bishop of Chiemsee Hans Holbein the
Younger (* 1497 or 1498 in Augsburg; † November 29, 1543 in London ) was
a German painter. In a self-portrait that he painted shortly before his
death, he describes himself as a Basel native. He is one of the most
important artists of the Renaissance. Adolf Occo (1524–1606), physician
and numismatist Johannes Nysaeus (Niss) Augustanus, master, from 1560
Baden superintendent and reformer of the Hachberg region (1527–1599)
Adriaen de Vries (* around 1545 or around 1560 in The Hague ; † before
December 15, 1626 in Prague ) was a Dutch sculptor , whose main work is
two of Augsburg's magnificent fountains: the Merkur and Hercules
fountains , both of which are characterized by the elegance of their
construction and characterized by the fineness of the individual
formations. Elias Holl (born February 28, 1573 in Augsburg; † January 6,
1646 in Augsburg) was the most important architect of the German early
Baroque . His main work is the Augsburg Town Hall (built from 1615 to
1620) with the Golden Hall in the baroque style. Caspar Stromayr (* 16th
century, most likely in Augsburg; † 1566 or 1567 in Lindau) ,
ophthalmologist and surgeon. Leopold Mozart (born November 14, 1719 in
Augsburg; † May 28, 1787 in Salzburg ) was a composer and father of the
much better known Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . He primarily created church
music works and occasional compositions in which he liked to use “real
sound effects” (bells ringing, dogs barking, post horn, etc.). He also
wrote a considerable number of instrumental music works . Jakob Wilhelm
Benedikt Langenmantel von Westheim (born March 16, 1720 in Augsburg; †
April 17, 1790, in Augsburg) was a patrician and long-time city
administrator (mayor); Childhood friend of Leopold Mozart Rudolf Diesel
Johann Heinrich Edler von Schüle (born December 13, 1720 in Künzelsau ;
† April 17, 1811 in Augsburg) was a German merchant, inventor,
technician, chemist and calico manufacturer of European importance. He
was the first entrepreneur in Germany to print calico fabric with copper
plates in his factory and is considered the founder of industrial
textile production in this area. Johann Friedrich von Tröltsch (March 8,
1728 in Nördlingen ; September 1, 1793 in Augsburg), lawyer Johann
Gottlieb Freiherr von Süßkind (born March 11, 1767 in Nürtingen ; †
December 21, 1849 in Augsburg) founded his own bank in Augsburg and
increased his fortune through securities speculation to such an extent
that he is still the richest man in Swabia after the end of the Thirty
Years' War applies. Rudolf Diesel (born March 18, 1858 in Paris ; †
September 29, 1913 in the English Channel ) was a German engineer and
inventor. Starting in 1893, he developed the diesel engine in the
Augsburg machine factory, which became MAN in 1906 , with financial
participation from Friedrich Krupp AG , and presented the first
functional model of this engine to the world in 1897. Marie Louise von
Larisch-Wallersee (born February 24, 1858 in Augsburg; † July 4, 1940 in
Augsburg) Bertolt Brecht (born February 10, 1898 in Augsburg; † August
14, 1956 in Berlin) is considered the most influential German playwright
and poet of the 20th century. He has also been internationally
recognized and awarded for his works. Brecht is considered the founder
of epic or “dialectical theater”. Magda Schneider (born May 17, 1909
Augsburg; † July 30, 1996), actress Anna Lang (born May 5, 1911
Lechhausen; † September 27, 2019), weaver, member of the AWO, was the
second oldest Augsburg resident at 108 years old Günther Strupp (born
March 6, 1912 in Johannisburg; † November 14, 1996 in Augsburg), German
painter and graphic artist Werner Haas (born May 30, 1927 in Augsburg; †
November 13, 1956 in a plane crash near Neuburg an der Donau) was a
German motorcycle racer and three-time motorcycle world champion on NSU .
Gerd von Haßler (August 28, 1928 in or near Augsburg; † January 7,
1989), author, director, radio play speaker, composer, singer,
journalist and producer, created the Augsburger Kasperle . Helmut Haller
(born July 21, 1939 in Augsburg; † October 11, 2012 in Augsburg),
football player, runner-up in the 1966 World Cup Tilo Prückner (born
October 26, 1940 in Augsburg; † July 2, 2020 in Berlin) German actor and
author. Roy Black (born January 25, 1943 in Straßberg near Augsburg; †
October 9, 1991 in Heldenstein ), real name Gerhard Höllerich , German
pop singer Hans Henning Atrott (born January 12, 1944 in Klaipėda ,
Lithuania ; † 2018), initiator of euthanasia Wolf Blitzer (born March
22, 1948 in Augsburg), American journalist and television presenter
Erhard Smutny (born January 12, 1949 in Aichach) - known as the magician
“Hardy”. Most recently lived in the Fuggerei in Augsburg Reinhard
Kammler (born December 17, 1954 in Augsburg), cathedral music director
and founder of the Augsburg Cathedral Boys' Choir Erhard Wunderlich
(born December 14, 1956 in Augsburg; † October 4, 2012 in Cologne),
handball player Bernd Schuster (born December 22, 1959 in Augsburg),
football coach and former player, 1980 European champion and 1982
European Cup Winners' Cup winner. Armin Veh (born February 1, 1961 in
Augsburg), football coach, official and former player Andreas Bourani
(born November 2, 1983 in Augsburg), singer Honorary citizen The city of
Augsburg has granted honorary citizenship to 39 people since 1820 .
Five of these people were deprived of this right because they were
dignitaries of the Third Reich. In the course of the incorporation of
the city of Göggingen, the city of Haunstetten, the Oberhausen market
and the municipality of Bergheim, the honorary citizenship rights
granted there were transferred to the city of Augsburg by a total of
nine more people. Currently, the former mayor Peter Menacher , the
former FCA president Walther Seinsch and the former Bavarian Prime
Minister Horst Seehofer are the living holders of honorary citizenship.
More detailed information about the city's honorary citizens can be
found in the main article List of honorary citizens of Augsburg . See
also Portal: Augsburg - Overview of Wikipedia content on the topic of
Augsburg literature General Peter Dempf : Fabulous Augsburg. 3. Edition.
Wißner, Augsburg 2005, ISBN 3-89639-498-3 . Ferdinand Frensdorff,
Matthias Lexer, Friedrich Roth (eds.): The chronicles of the Swabian
cities . Volume 1: Augsburg . Leipzig 1865; archive.org . Gunther
Gottlieb , Wolfram Baer, Josef Becker , Josef Bellot, Karl Filser,
Pankraz Fried , Wolfgang Reinhard , Bernhard Schimmelpfennig (eds.):
History of the city of Augsburg from Roman times to the present. Theiss,
Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-8062-0283-4 . Günther Grünsteudel , Günter
Hägele, Rudolf Frankenberger (eds.): Augsburger Stadtlexikon. 2nd
Edition. Perlach, Augsburg 1998, ISBN 3-922769-28-4 . Carl Jäger:
History of the city of Augsburg, from its beginnings to the most recent
times . Darmstadt 1837; archive.org . Rolf Kießling (Ed.): New research
on the history of the city of Augsburg. Wißner, Augsburg 2011, ISBN
978-3-89639-839-0 . Martin Kluger : Augsburg. The city guide through
2000 years of history. Context, Augsburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-939645-47-4 .
Wolfgang Kucera, Reinhold Forster (ed.) Augsburg on foot. 16 district
tours through history and the present. VSA, Hamburg 1993, ISBN
3-87975-628-7 . Hans Pletz: My Augsburg - Augsburg local history for
young people . Drawings by Arkad Gropper. Augsburg: Kieser 1956. [1.
edition]. Bernd Roeck : History of Augsburg. Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN
3-406-53197-0 (preview) . Wolfgang Zorn : Augsburg - history of a
European city. From the beginning to the present. Wißner, Augsburg 2001,
ISBN 3-89639-319-7 . Individual aspects Karl Ganser : Industrial
culture in Augsburg. Pioneers and factory castles. context, Augsburg
2010, ISBN 978-3-939645-26-9 . Maximilian Gloor: Political action in
late medieval Augsburg, Basel and Strasbourg. Winter, Heidelberg 2010,
ISBN 978-3-8253-5840-2 (review) . Bernhard Gotto : National Socialist
local politics: Administrative normality and system stabilization by the
Augsburg city administration 1933 - 1945. Oldenbourg, Munich 2006, ISBN
3-486-57940-1 ( full text ). Herbert Jäger: Imperial city and Swabian
district. Corporate urban politics in the 16th century under the
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Volume 95. Kümmerle, Göppingen 1975, ISBN 3-87452-299-7 (also
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the Middle Ages. Wißner, Augsburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-89639-715-7 . Martin
Kluger : Historical water management and water art in Augsburg. Canal
landscape, water towers, fountain art and hydropower. Published by the
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Martin Kluger: The Renaissance town hall and the Golden Hall in
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City and middle class. Volume 9. Oldenbourg, Munich 1998, ISBN
3-486-56387-4 (also dissertation, University of Frankfurt am Main,
1993/94). Gernot Michael Müller (ed.): Humanism and Renaissance in
Augsburg. Cultural history of a city between the late Middle Ages and
the Thirty Years' War . In: Early Modern Times. Volume 144. De Gruyter,
Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-11-023124-3 . Gregor Nagler: Romanticism,
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Markus Pöhlmann : “It was as if everything was about to burst…”. The
city of Augsburg during the bombing war 1939–1945. SoSo, Augsburg 1994,
ISBN 3-923914-27-X Evelien Timpener: Diplomatic strategies of the
imperial city of Augsburg. A study of the management of regional
conflicts in the 15th century. Böhlau: Cologne, Weimar, Vienna 2017,
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Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions
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Memento des Originals from August 30, 2021 in the Internet Archive )
Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been
checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the
instructions and then remove this notice.(PDF; 1.9 MB) accessed on May
7, 2020 Goodbye church Record numbers of people leaving Augsburg's
parishes are alarming Significantly more people leaving the church since
the beginning of the year Leaving the Church , accessed on November 16,
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the Internet Archive ) Free Protestant communities in Augsburg:
Augsburg-Mitte , Augsburg-West , Augsburg-Süd and projekt_X Augsburg (
Memento des Originals from July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been
checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the
instructions and then remove this notice.– Retrieved February 3, 2011.
Stefanie Schoene: A life between two worlds. Retrieved September 29,
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2, 2022 ; accessed December 2, 2022 . This article is available as an
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Districts and independent cities in the Free State of Bavaria Counties:
Aichach-Friedberg | Altötting | Amberg-Sulzbach | Ansbach |
Aschaffenburg | Augsburg | Bad Kissingen | Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen |
Bamberg | Bayreuth | Berchtesgadener Land | Cham | Coburg | Dachau |
Deggendorf | Dillingen an der Donau | Dingolfing-Landau | Donau-Ries |
Ebersberg | Eichstätt | Erding | Erlangen-Höchstadt | Forchheim |
Freising | Freyung-Grafenau | Fürstenfeldbruck | Fürth |
Garmisch-Partenkirchen | Günzburg | Haßberge | Hof | Kelheim | Kitzingen
| Kronach | Kulmbach | Landsberg am Lech | Landshut | Lichtenfels |
Lindau (Bodensee) | Main-Spessart | Miesbach | Miltenberg | Mühldorf am
Inn | München | Neuburg-Schrobenhausen | Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz |
Neustadt an der Aisch-Bad Windsheim | Neustadt an der Waldnaab | Neu-Ulm
| Nürnberger Land | Oberallgäu | Ostallgäu | Passau | Pfaffenhofen an
der Ilm | Regen | Regensburg | Rhön-Grabfeld | Rosenheim | Roth |
Rottal-Inn | Schwandorf | Schweinfurt | Starnberg | Straubing-Bogen |
Tirschenreuth | Traunstein | Unterallgäu | Weilheim-Schongau |
Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen | Wunsiedel im Fichtelgebirge | Würzburg
Kreisfreie Städte: Amberg | Ansbach | Aschaffenburg | Augsburg |
Bamberg | Bayreuth | Coburg | Erlangen | Fürth | Hof | Ingolstadt |
Kaufbeuren | Kempten (Allgäu) | Landshut | Memmingen | München |
Nürnberg | Passau | Regensburg | Rosenheim | Schwabach | Schweinfurt |
Straubing | Weiden in der Oberpfalz | Würzburg Großstädte in der
Bundesrepublik Deutschland ab 1.000.000 Einwohner: Berlin | Hamburg |
Köln | München ab 500.000 Einwohner: Bremen | Dortmund | Dresden |
Duisburg | Düsseldorf | Essen | Frankfurt am Main | Hannover | Leipzig |
Nürnberg | Stuttgart ab 250.000 Einwohner: Aachen | Augsburg |
Bielefeld | Bochum | Bonn | Braunschweig | Gelsenkirchen | Karlsruhe |
Mannheim | Mönchengladbach | Münster | Wiesbaden | Wuppertal ab 100.000
Einwohner: Bergisch Gladbach | Bottrop | Bremerhaven | Chemnitz |
Darmstadt | Erfurt | Erlangen | Freiburg im Breisgau | Fürth |
Göttingen | Gütersloh | Hagen | Halle (Saale) | Hamm | Hanau |
Heidelberg | Heilbronn | Herne | Hildesheim | Ingolstadt | Jena |
Kaiserslautern | Kassel | Kiel | Koblenz | Krefeld | Leverkusen |
Lübeck | Ludwigshafen am Rhein | Magdeburg | Mainz | Moers |
Mülheim an der Ruhr | Neuss | Oberhausen | Offenbach am Main |
Oldenburg (Oldb) | Osnabruck | Paderborn | Pforzheim | Potsdam |
Recklinghausen | Regensburg | Remscheid | Reutlingen | Rostock |
Saarbrücken | Salzgitter | Win | Solingen | Trier | Ulm |
Wolfsburg | Würzburg
.gif)
A
25-minute coloured home movie recently appeared in Aichach showing a
local Nazi Party conference at district level recorded between April 27 to May 1, 1938 which attracted thousands of visitors. It was filmed by a local teacher,
the head of the district picture office; a third of it is in colour-
representing the first colour film recordings from the town. As Christoph Lang, Director of the Aichach City Museum stated, "[w]e
didn't even know this film existed. We were approached by an elderly
lady, the filmmaker's daughter, asking if we could tell her where we
could have this film digitised." In order to digitise the three rolls of
film, each individual image was scanned in the media laboratory at the
University of Jena. The University of Augsburg , where a master's thesis
on the film has already been written. The GIF on the left shows the
Lower Gate serving as a backdrop during the event in which the film
shows Nazi flags dominating the town, even flying from the tower of the
parish church, as troop after troop formations of the various Nazi
groups marched through the streets from the ϟϟ Totenkopf units of the Dachau concentration camp to the Reich Labour Service, shouldering their shovels like assault rifles. .gif)
My GIF on the right shows the town hall from the south side as it appears in the film and today. According to Aichach historian Willi Artmeier, the film represented "a stroke of luck,"
demonstrating how the Nazis presented themselves in the provinces,
especially in an area where their successes were rather limited until
1938, such as in the Catholic Aichach. It is known that such district
councils were very common, especially in Upper Bavaria according to
Lang, but there is no other documentation of this kind anywhere else.
From
1919 to 1933, Aichach was one of the district offices with the lowest
percentage of Nazi Party votes; the largest party was the Bavarian
People's Party (BVP).
.gif)
The town hall again in another Nazi event. Kershaw
quotes a report of the Kreisleiter of Aichach dated March 31, 1939
after the invasion of Bohemia and Moravia in which "[p]eople rejoiced in
the great deeds of the Führer and look up to him with confidence. But
the hardships and worries of everyday life are so great that the mood is
soon clouded again." Aichach was never bombed during the war. Aichach during the war housed the only women's prison in southern Germany
as well as the largest in Bavaria, used by the Nazi state for political
prisoners who had just escaped the death penalty. Opened in 1909, the
number of imprisoned women more than tripled under the Nazis from 691
prisoners in 1933 to 2,000 by 1945, not including the thousand women in
the satellite camps. One of the inmates at the time was the well-known
Viennese architect Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky sentenced to fifteen years
for "preparing to commit high treason".
In 1939 Schütte-Lihotzky joined the Austrian Communist Party (KPÖ) and
in December 1940 travelled back to Vienna to secretly contact the
Austrian communist resistance movement, agreeing to meet a leading
Resistance member nicknamed "Gerber", Erwin Puschmann, and help set up a
communications line. She met him at the Cafe Viktoria where they were
surprised and arrested by the Gestapo only 25 days after her arrival. She was finally liberated by the Americans April 29, 1945.
'Asocial women were forcibly sterilised- local historian Franz Josef Merkl has established at least 110- and more than 360 women from "safety detention" were sent to Auschwitz.
.gif)
Aichach is where Ilse Koch, the so-called “Witch of Buchenwald,” killed herself on
September 2 , 1967 in the women's prison. She had been the wife of the
camp commander of the Buchenwald concentration camp, Karl Otto Koch.
They had married at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp
when Karl Koch was its commander. Ilse Koch was notorious among the
concentration camp prisoners, said to have hit inmates with a riding
crop whilst on horseback inside the prison camp although witnesses like
the camp inmate and later author Eugen Kogonhowever testified in the
Dachau court hearing that they themselves had never seen Ilse Koch enter
the prisoner area, which was shielded by a barbed wire fence. What is
certain is that, unlike other ϟϟ
wives, she often witnessed punishments as a spectator, which is why she
undoubtedly had knowledge of the atrocities committed there and "her
attitude towards the human misery in the camp was [at best] cold
indifference". As early as October 1948, the American occupation
authorities had instructed the Bavarian state government to institute
new criminal proceedings against Koch for crimes committed against
German citizens. Immediately after her release from the war criminals
prison in Landsberg in October 1949, Koch was taken into custody. .gif)
By
January 15, 1951, Koch was charged with inciting murder, attempted
murder, and inciting aggravated assault and sentenced to life
imprisonment; presumably her pregnancy during her incarceration saved
her from the death sentence. She was the only woman in Germany who was
sentenced to life imprisonment in connection with Nazi crimes compared
to 165 men. On September 2, 1967, she hanged herself in her cell in the
Bavarian women's prison in Aichach , where she had been since 1949.
.gif)
By
January 15, 1951, Koch was charged with inciting murder, attempted
murder, and inciting aggravated assault and sentenced to life
imprisonment; presumably her pregnancy during her incarceration saved
her from the death sentence. She was the only woman in Germany who was
sentenced to life imprisonment in connection with Nazi crimes compared
to 165 men. On September 2, 1967, she hanged herself in her cell in the
Bavarian women's prison in Aichach , where she had been since 1949.Aichach
is also the birthplace of Vincenz Müller, a military officer and
general who served in the Imperial German army, the Wehrmacht, and after
the war in the National People's Army of the East German Democratic
Republic, where he was also a politician. Müller eventually became a
member of the East German parliament, the Volkskammer, and served as
chief of staff of the National People's Army.
Günzburg
This was the hometown of Nazi politician Franz Xaver Schwarz and the infamous "angel of death" Josef Mengele, ϟϟ
officer and Auschwitz physician. The town's memorial to the victims of
the concentration camp doctor Josef Mengele, composed of a display board
around which single eyes (around fifty created by pupils from
Dossenberger-Gymnasium) and pairs of eyes (around 25 by the 6th form art
foundation course pupils from Maria-Ward-Gymnasium) are grouped. The
single eyes and pairs of eyes were modelled from clay in lessons and
baked after air drying. From the “clay eyes”, the foundry finished the
final step of making silicon formed wax models, through the
manufacturing of moulds. The memorial was unveiled on March
8, 2005. According to Mengele's son Rolf, his father returned to the Günzburg area toward the end of 1948 and stayed in the nearby forests
until the spring of 1949. Mengele told Irene that he expected her and
Rolf to follow once he had established himself in Buenos Aires. But
Irene would not agree to go with him. Mengele's flight was arranged and
paid for by his family through former ϟϟ contacts in the Günzburg area.
This was a town that had driven out its 309 resident Jews after the Nazis came to power. There was a widespread readiness to believe that the allegations against Mengele were false. And broadcasts across Germany by the overseas service of the BBC claiming that the ϟϟ had engaged in monstrous acts of carnage, were viewed as Allied victory propaganda.
Adolf-Hitler-Platz then and now. Hitler
himself had, on October 11 1932, launched a campaign comparable in
magnitude to his “Flights over Germany” in the Mengele factory. Today
the so-called 'Günzburg Question' continues to be raised by the
allegation that Mengele lived openly after the war here in his hometown
under his own name. This claim implies at least ignorance and at worst
acquiescence or complicity on the part of American authorities stationed
there.
According
to the census of May 1939, the city of Günzburg had a population of
6,949. During the war, the population grew to about 10,500, swelled by
individuals fleeing to Günzburg from areas that had been destroyed
through intensive Allied bombing, as well as by workers, including
foreign labourers, assigned to local armaments firms. Günzburg escaped
significant damage until April 9, 1945, when a Messerschmitt factory
located there was the target of a large Allied bombing raid. Two further
air raids, on April 15 and April 19, destroyed the rail yards
and disrupted public utilities.
Günzburg was the seat of Landkreis Günzburg, a county made up of 67 separate communities with a total
population at the end of the war of approximately 45,000. Located in
Schwaben, Günzburg lay in the westernmost part of Bavaria. Primarily
agricultural, the most significant industry in Günzburg was the Mengele
factory, producer of agricultural equipment. Although not as large as
it is today, the Mengele factory prior to and during the war was a
significant economic factor in Günzburg. The Mengele family, as a
result, exercised considerable influence in the town and was well known
by all. As a part of the initial activity of the Military Government
following Germany's surrender, the city administration was purged of
active Nazis, streets were renamed, and a welfare office was
established. For the first phase of the occupation, in addition to the
Military Government Detachment, an American Army infantry regiment was
stationed in Guenzburg.
.gif) |
| The Sparkasse at Brentano-Haus on Hitler-Platz and the square today |
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Immediately following the war, and for several years, the Mengele name
and power were less a factor in Günzburg life than previously or since,
a decline due in part to the fate of the Mengele family. The head of
the family, Karl Mengele, was arrested by the Americans at the end of
April because of his position as the Kreiswirtschaftsberater (District
economic advisor) and was interned, first in Ludwigsburg, north of Stuttgart, and later at Moosburg in Bavaria. Two
of his three sons were far from home: Alois was a prisoner of war in
Yugoslavia, and Josef was, as far as the family claimed to know,
"somewhere in the east." .gif)
Karl's wife "Wally," his daughter-in-law Irene
(Josef's wife), and grandson, Rolf (Josef's son), had moved to the small
village of Autenried, not far from Günzburg. Karl, Jr., who had
received a draft deferment because his service with the Mengele firm was
considered essential war duty, stepped down from the firm because he
suspected, rightly, that he would place it in jeopardy by remaining with
it. He
was the subject of a prolonged denazification procedure, the result of
which left him banned from the Mengele premises. Karl, Jr., handed
general management over to Hans Sedlmaier, whose loyalty to the family
was unquestioned. Despite the post-war absence of anyone from the
Mengele family in a position of power, for those who lived in Günzburg
before the war, the Mengele name still held an almost mythic quality.
Known for his philanthropy, Karl, Sr., was reputed to have placed
sausages in the windows of the poor people of the town. As the major
employer, the Mengele factory meant food on the table for a large number
of Günzburg families.
.gif)
Karl's wife "Wally," his daughter-in-law Irene
(Josef's wife), and grandson, Rolf (Josef's son), had moved to the small
village of Autenried, not far from Günzburg. Karl, Jr., who had
received a draft deferment because his service with the Mengele firm was
considered essential war duty, stepped down from the firm because he
suspected, rightly, that he would place it in jeopardy by remaining with
it. He
was the subject of a prolonged denazification procedure, the result of
which left him banned from the Mengele premises. Karl, Jr., handed
general management over to Hans Sedlmaier, whose loyalty to the family
was unquestioned. Despite the post-war absence of anyone from the
Mengele family in a position of power, for those who lived in Günzburg
before the war, the Mengele name still held an almost mythic quality.
Known for his philanthropy, Karl, Sr., was reputed to have placed
sausages in the windows of the poor people of the town. As the major
employer, the Mengele factory meant food on the table for a large number
of Günzburg families. .gif)
Oettingen
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The main square during the Nazi era and today. During Kristallnacht in
1938, the town's synagogue on Schäfflergasse dating from 1853, wasn't
burned down due to its proximity to other houses. However, windows,
inventory and ritual objects were destroyed, desecrated and stolen.
Schoolchildren were encouraged to take part in the violence and
barbarism by their teachers who were also actively involved. Whilst some
of the Jewish residents, numbering 66 in 1933,
were able to emigrate, the last ended up being deported and murdered by
1942. After the war the synagogue was initially confiscated by the
American military and transferred to the Jewish Assets Administration
(JRSO) and later became private property. During the war, Oettingen suffered severe damage from bombing raids. On February 23, 1945, the Allies dropped around 500 bombs from 48 aircraft over the small town as part of Operation Clarion in which 199 people died.
Altenstadt
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At around 8:30 p.m., around 15 to 18 men from the ϟϟ Storm 2/29 arrived unexpectedly in Altenstadt on bicycles from Vöhringen. They immediately began to smash the windows of the synagogue. They then violently blew open the doors of the synagogue. They took the prayer books from the prayer chairs and the law books and papers that had been stacked up in a corner and carried them to the courtyard in front of the synagogue, where they burned them. They also announced their intention to set fire to the synagogue. When confronted, they explained that they had been ordered by their standard to liquidate the synagogue, to set it on fire, and possibly to blow it up... But since there was a risk that setting fire to the synagogue would seriously endanger the surrounding buildings, they refrained from setting fire to the synagogue after being persuaded by the gendarmes.
Only
a few emigrated up until 1939. Even in 1940 there were still 24 Jewish
residents in the town who were eventually deported to extermination
camps in 1941/42. The last of Altenstadt's Jews were deported to Theresienstadt in two groups during 1942. By August 1942, the Illertissen District Office reported to the Munich State Police Headquarters that "[t]he Illertissen district is henceforth free of Jews from this day on." Only one of the deportees returned to Altenstadt after the end of the war.
In 1955, the former synagogue building, which had since become completely dilapidated and had been used as a storage room or garage, was demolished. Today six granite steles mark the external dimensions of the former place of worship. A memorial plaque at the former site of the synagogue on Memminger Strasse bears the following inscription under a depiction of a menorah: The synagogue of the Altenstadt Israelite Community, built in 1802, stood here. It was damaged during the persecution of our Jewish fellow citizens in November 1938 and demolished in 1955.
The Hebrew inscription reads: "The grass withers, the flower fades, but the word of God endures forever."
