Remaining Nazi Sites in Alsace-Lorraine

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 Alsace 1944-2015

At the beginning of the Occupation, French leaders expected to pay a price for France’s defeat and accepted German measures with a degree of resignation. The annexation of Alsace and Lorraine surprised few observers. French policemen turned over common enemies and undesirable refugees to Himmler’s ϟϟ. Laval passed legislation that sent hundreds of thousands of French workers to Germany in exchange for a few prisoners of war and short-lived exemptions for select Vichy supporters. 

 

Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp

At the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp, often referred to simply as KZ Natzweiler, established by the ϟϟ on the northern slopes of the Vosges massif in occupied Alsace in May 1941. It lay some 55 kilometres south‑west of Strasbourg and eight kilometres from Rothau station at an altitude approaching eight hundred metres. In its official designation the camp bore the name of the nearby village of Natzweiler; after the war it became known in France as Le Struthof, a title commonly used in contemporary scholarship. It is the only Nazi concentration camp in France and underlined the strategic interest of the ϟϟ Economic and Administrative Main Office in exploiting the region’s granite for the monumental architectural ambitions of Albert Speer.

In front of the camp gate and as it appeared shortly after the war. Construction of the camp was overseen by ϟϟ‑Obersturmbannführer Karl Blumberg under orders from Speer, Himmler and Oswald Pohl. Initial inmates were transferred from Sachsenhausen in May 1941 and confined in the Salle des Fêtes of the Struthof inn whilst forced to erect the barrack blocks, guard towers and barbed‐wire enclosures. By the end of the first year nearly three hundred of the nine hundred labourers had perished through exhaustion, exposure or illness. The quarry detachment, tasked with extracting red Vosgian granite, became notorious for its lethal working conditions: more than half of its members weighed under fifty kilograms.

Between 1941 and 1945 some fifty‑two thousand prisoners of more than thirty European nationalities were deported to Natzweiler and its network of some seventy satellite camps. Their treatment ranged from penal confinement and forced labour to medical experimentation and public execution. Approximately seventeen thousand inmates died, including three thousand within the main camp itself. Causes of death included disease, malnutrition, exposure, the after‑effects of medical cruelty and systematic violence. Scholars like Hans‑Joachim Lang have chronicled specific episodes, such as the murder of eighty‑six victims selected for a so‑called skull collection under the direction of Bruno Beger, and the extermination of four British SOE officers by phenol injections in July 1944.

From 1943 onwards the arrival of Night and Fog prisoners—mainly members of the French, Belgian, Dutch and Norwegian resistance—led to even harsher isolation. The so‑called NN category was intended to vanish beyond all trace, and records suggest that over fourteen hundred such detainees passed through Natzweiler, where they endured severe restraints, starvation and summary executions. Medical personnel including Professor August Hirt of the Reich University of Strasbourg and Drs Karl Wimmer, Otto Bickenbach and Harald Rühl conducted experiments with mustard gas, phosgene and typhus inoculations. Some subjects were exposed to lethal doses under the guise of vaccine trials.  In 1937 and 1938, the concentration camp system was expanded to utilise prisoners more efficiently as a workforce. In order to exploit this labour, the ϟϟ established its own commercial enterprises. Among these was Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke GmbH (DEST), which was intended to supply the substantial quantities of building materials required for the extensive construction projects the Nazis were planning. In 1938, DEST acquired quarries near Flossenbürg, Mauthausen, and Gross-Rosen, where concentration camps could be established. Following the Western Campaign, Albert Speer, during a tour of occupied Alsace, took an interest in the rare red granite deposits in the northern Vosges and recommended their extraction. DEST was charged with preparing and implementing this project, and ϟϟ-Obersturmbannführer Karl Blumberg began collecting rock samples from the Le Struthof inn, situated between the village of Natzweiler and the peak of Roche Louise in the Vosges, in September 1940 to determine a suitable location for a concentration camp. On behalf of Speer, Himmler, and Oswald Pohl—the head of the ϟϟ Economic and Administrative Main Office—it was decided to establish a concentration camp at Natzweiler. Official documents referred to the camp as "Natzweiler" after the village, while in France, following the war, the name "Le Struthof" (named after the inn) became common. In the literature, the term "Natzweiler-Struthof" is frequently used. Construction of the Natzweiler-Struthof camp began on May 1, 1941. On May 21 and 23, the first groups of prisoners from Sachsenhausen concentration camp arrived in two transports. In 1941, an average of 400 prisoners were held in Natzweiler. They were initially housed in the dance hall of the Struthof Inn and were tasked with building the camp. The climate was extremely inhospitable, and within a year, 900 prisoners had worked to construct the camp. Of these, 330 died and another 300 were transferred to Dachau concentration camp as invalids.  That same year, the Nazi economy was fully redirected towards war production as a result of setbacks in Russia, and the resultant labour shortages necessitated the use of concentration camp prisoners to manufacture strategically important weapons and fuel. By 1944, a network of seventy satellite camps had been established in Alsace, the Moselle region, and east of the Rhine. The prisoner population increased sharply, and deteriorating living and working conditions led to a corresponding rise in the death rate. By September 1944, the main camp was hopelessly overcrowded, and two-thirds of the prisoners were ill. 

Within the camp's internal prison, prisoners were frequently subjected to pressure, and three levels of imprisonment were distinguished. The first stage involved confinement in a lit room, with daylight, subsisting on bread and water for up to ten days, together with up to eighteen other prisoners in a space measuring approximately two metres by three metres, with one bucket per cell for sanitary needs. The second stage involved confinement in a dark room, with daylight blocked, and subsisting on bread and water for up to forty-two days, receiving only one substantial meal every four days, otherwise under similar conditions to the first stage. The third stage involved confinement in one of five small niches (measuring approximately 1.5 metres in height, 0.8 metres in width, and 1 metre in depth), where the prisoner was kept until execution. No prisoner is known to have survived this procedure. There was no access to toilet facilities; it was impossible to stand upright or lie down. There was presumably very little or no food. These niches were extremely hot in summer and freezing in winter, and were pitch black. Originally intended for heating systems, no heater was ever installed at the Natzweiler-Struthof camp.

Escape attempts did occur. On one occasion, a prisoner working in the quarry dug a hole and concealed himself with grass, remaining hidden overnight after the other prisoners had returned to the camp. By the following morning, his absence had not been noticed, but a meticulous roll call revealed he was missing, and search dogs were deployed. The escapee was found, arrested, and held in captivity for several days with severe bite wounds. Exceptionally, he was later permitted to work in the camp again—normally, escape attempts were punished by hanging. During a subsequent transport to another concentration camp, he managed to escape once more. In another instance, an inmate acquired the camp commandant's uniform and managed to leave the camp in the commandant’s vehicle, as the guards saluted the apparently legitimate "commander". The resistance was very active in Alsace, and the former prisoner reached Algeria within a few days, where he remained safe.

Overlooking the camp and as it appeared after the war when the barracks stilled existed. Here roll-calls were held and public executions took place, shown by the gallows behind me. Executions for violations of camp rules were conducted as public spectacles before all inmates. There were also special executions, carried out without court proceedings, of individuals brought to Natzweiler solely for execution, who therefore were not counted among the registered prisoners. These were carried out secretly and immediately, and all evidence was subsequently destroyed. The principal victim groups included Soviet prisoners of war and forced labourers deported according to Heydrich's segregation directive, Polish forced labourers for political or racial reasons, Alsatians, Lorrainers and other French and Luxembourgers who sought to avoid German conscription or were considered members of the resistance, and Western Allied military personnel involved in intelligence activities. British bomber Sergeant Frederic ("Freddie") Habgood was hanged here after his Lancaster bomber crashed in Alsace on July 27, 1944 and he was betrayed to the Nazis by a local woman and hanged on July 31, 1944. His death was acknowledged as a war crime in 1947 and his family was informed, but the most personal evidence of his presence there, a silver bracelet with his name on it, emerged from the soil in July 2018, as an area with flowers was being watered by a volunteer. Methods of execution included shooting in the neck in a specially constructed room, gassing, lethal injection, and hanging. There were two types of hanging: in secret executions, the condemned stood on a stool which was then removed, breaking the neck and causing immediate death. In public executions, which occurred approximately once a month as a deterrent, the condemned stood on a trapdoor with the rope tightened in advance so that the neck would not break. The opening of the trapdoor resulted in death by slow suffocation, sometimes lasting several minutes. The bodies were then cremated.
As the war front approached France, the ϟϟ Main Economic and Administrative Office decided to evacuate the Natzweiler concentration camp. On 1 September, the evacuation order was sent to camp commandant Friedrich Hartjenstein. Between 2 and 4 September 1944, 5,518 prisoners were transported from the main camp to Dachau. On 5 September, fourteen ϟϟ personnel followed, along with supplies. The more than four hundred remaining prisoners were housed in barracks at the quarry, making room for 3,000 French militiamen who retreated to the camp in mid-September. On 19 September, another 401 prisoners were sent to Dachau, and on 20 September, eight infirmary staff prisoners were sent to Neckarelz. Dachau concentration camp temporarily assumed various administrative duties for the dissolving Natzweiler camp. At the same time, about 3,000 French militiamen from Nancy were stationed in the camp.
The administration of the satellite camps near Neckarelz (now part of Mosbach), where several satellite camps were located, was relocated, apparently in October 1944. By order of 17 October, the commandant's office designated Neckarelz as the post office for prisoners previously managed at Natzweiler. At the end of October or early November, the clothing store was relocated to a granary in the castle at Binau, five kilometres northwest of Neckarelz. On 22 November, about twenty ϟϟ men and ten prisoners moved from Natzweiler to Neckarelz, completing the evacuation. From the end of November, the main staff of the commandant's office resided in an inn in Guttenbach am Neckar, about six kilometres north of Neckarelz. The administrative staff was housed in a schoolhouse in Binau. The ϟϟ motor pool with twelve drivers was based from December 1944 in Neunkirchen, which is four kilometres from both Guttenbach and Binau. Under commandant Hartjenstein, the ϟϟ attempted to re-establish camp administration for the satellite camps in Guttenbach and Binau, retaining the name "Concentration Camp Natzweiler".

In front of the crematorium which  played a central role in the functioning of the camp, both in the disposal of bodies and as an instrument within the broader system of repression and death. Initially, until February 3, 1943, the deaths of prisoners were officially recorded in the civil register of the municipality of Natzweiler. During this period, the bodies of deceased prisoners were transported to and cremated at the Straßburg-Robertsau crematorium, located in Strasbourg. This arrangement provided a veneer of bureaucratic normality and some degree of public record. After this date however, the process changed significantly. The deaths of prisoners were no longer entered into the civil register, but instead were recorded only in an internal camp register. This alteration in record-keeping effectively concealed the true scale of mortality within the camp from public scrutiny. At this point, the camp began to carry out cremations on site in a makeshift crematorium. This was a rudimentary arrangement, designed to provide a means of disposing of the growing number of bodies resulting from both the extreme conditions within the camp and the deliberate actions of the ϟϟ authorities.
Inside the shower room inside the building, now usually closed to the public given the disturbing increase in vandalism. On October 22, 1943, a new, purpose-built crematorium was brought into use at Natzweiler-Struthof. This facility was equipped with a muffle furnace manufactured by the Kori company, a German firm that supplied cremation equipment to several Nazi camps. The installation of this modern crematorium reflected the increasing number of deaths and the need for a more systematic and efficient method of body disposal. The operation of the crematorium was closely linked to the overall conditions and policies within the camp. Many prisoners died as a result of being forced to undertake hard labour in the surrounding quarries, particularly for the construction projects associated with Speer’s plans for monumental Nazi buildings. These prisoners, already weakened by malnutrition and the harsh climate, succumbed to exhaustion, injury, and starvation. In addition, a significant number of prisoners were murdered outright, either through direct killing or as a result of medical experiments conducted in the camp.
Beside the crematorium and shown after the war. The crematorium wasn't used solely for the disposal of those who died from so-called “natural” causes or medical neglect. It was also the final destination for those executed within the camp. Executions for breaches of camp rules were staged as public spectacles, intended to serve as a warning to other inmates. Individuals were also brought to Natzweiler specifically for execution, without being registered as official prisoners, and these killings were carried out secretly, with all traces subsequently erased. The bodies of those murdered in this way were also incinerated in the crematorium. Two Royal Air Force airmen, Flying Officer Dennis H. Cochran, and Flight Lieutenant Anthony "Tony" R. H. Hayter, who were involved in "The Great Escape" and murdered by the Gestapo after re-capture, were cremated at Natzweiler-Struthof. 
There are documented cases which illustrate the lethal contempt for human life that prevailed in the camp and extended even into the infirmary, or “Revier”. One report from a Revier orderly, dated July 8, 1942, describes how prisoners classified as criminals (who wore green triangles on their uniforms) placed a still-living prisoner in a coffin and cremated him alive. The orderly recounted seeing six roughly made wooden coffins stacked in the infirmary corridor, with blood seeping from the joints. At one point, a faint voice was heard from the lowest coffin, pleading to be released. When the coffin was opened, the man inside was found to be severely injured but alive. The criminal prisoners prevented any attempt to rescue him, delivered further blows, nailed the coffin shut again, and took it to the crematorium.
Following executions, whether carried out by shooting, hanging, lethal injection, or gassing, the bodies of the victims were removed to the crematorium. In the case of public hangings, which occurred about once a month, the condemned were displayed before the assembled camp population. The method of execution was deliberately cruel: the rope was tightened in such a way that the neck did not break, and the opening of the trapdoor led to death by slow suffocation, which could last several minutes. After these executions, the corpses were burned in the crematorium.

Here an American soldier in examines an urn used to hold the ashes of cremated prisoners inside. The crematorium at Natzweiler-Struthof, therefore, was more than a facility for dealing with the dead. It was an integral part of the system of terror and dehumanisation enforced by the ϟϟ. It enabled the camp authorities to dispose of bodies efficiently and to conceal evidence of the scale and nature of the crimes committed there. The installation of the Kori muffle furnace in October 1943 marked the transition from makeshift arrangements to a more systematic approach, reflecting both the increase in deaths and the camp’s evolving role within the Nazi camp system. The presence and use of the crematorium is a stark indication of the conditions and policies that prevailed at Natzweiler-Struthof throughout its operation. Natzweiler also became a site for medical experiments on prisoners. Professor August Hirt of the Reich University of Strasbourg, a founding member of the Institute for Military Research of the German Ancestral Heritage Research Association, turned the camp into a centre for human experimentation. Part of the infirmary was set aside as an experimental station, and in October 1942, Hirt and Luftwaffe doctor Karl Wimmer initiated the first experiments. A small gas chamber was installed in the former Hotel Struthof, about two kilometres from the camp, intended for research rather than mass extermination.

Hirt and Wimmer conducted experiments on the effectiveness of acriflavinium chloride (trypaflavin) as a countermeasure to the chemical warfare agent mustard gas (yperite), by applying mustard gas to prisoners' skin or exposing them to its vapours in the gas chamber. Otto Bickenbach and Harald Rühl tested the effectiveness of hexamethylenetetramine (urotropin) against phosgene gas. Prisoners who had received urotropin, as well as a control group, were each exposed to the gas in the chamber. Eugen Haagen, Francois Trensz, Helmuth Ostertag and Helmuth Graefe tested typhus vaccines on prisoners who were vaccinated and then infected with typhus. A typhus epidemic in the camp was attributed to infection brought by a transport from Lublin, though it may have been caused by an experiment conducted by Haagen. The doctors not only accepted the risk to their test subjects, but in some cases, the death of control subjects was a deliberate aspect of the experiment. Survivors of the experiments were transferred to other camps to maintain secrecy and prevent unrest.

A particularly notorious project was the murder of prisoners for the creation of a skull collection. With the support of the German Ancestral Heritage Research Association, the anthropologist Bruno Beger sought to assemble a collection of skulls from Jewish soldiers and "Bolshevik commissars" captured by the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front, as supposed evidence of the ancient migration of North Germanic peoples to Inner Asia. In June 1943, Beger and Hans Fleischhacker selected eighty-nine individuals from eight European countries at Auschwitz and sent them to Natzweiler. Three died during transport, and the remaining eighty-six were murdered in the gas chamber over four evenings between 11 and 19 August 1943. Their preserved body parts were discovered in the anatomical department of the Reich University of Strasbourg after the liberation of Alsace and were later buried in the Jewish cemetery in Strasbourg-Cronenbourg. For decades, it was believed that Professor Hirt, who committed suicide after the war, was the sole initiator of the project. Historian and journalist Hans-Joachim Lang later identified the names and origins of the eighty-six victims, and a documentary film has been produced on this subject.

This watercolour representing the Struthof camp reused as a camp for the purge, in May 1945, has two authors. It was first signed by a certain "A. Bornhausen", a set designer at the Strasbourg theatre, interned at Struthof for germanophilia. Then it was modified by a certain "E. Kintzler"; he made the French flag disappear and carried out a modification of the French uniforms so that they resemble those of the Nazis. When American troops reached Natzweiler on November 25, 1944, the camp was empty. This was the first concentration camp encountered in Western Europe. In December 1944, war correspondent Yuri Galitzine of the Political Warfare Executive compiled the Investigation Report on the Life in a German Extermination Camp (KZ Natzweiler) and the Atrocities committed there, 1941–1944. This report, which contained detailed accounts, the names of twenty-two suspects, and statements from eighteen witnesses, was sent to SHAEF headquarters in Paris for a planned press conference. However, it remained classified due to concerns that it might provoke the perpetrators to continue resisting. Galitzine was sworn to secrecy. After the war, he participated in war crimes investigations within the War Office and covertly assisted the SAS War Crime Investigation Team, which investigated, among other cases, the fate of murdered SAS commandos, suspected resistance NN prisoners from Operation Loyton, and the SOE radio operators who disappeared in Natzweiler. Finally, from December 1944 to 1948, the camp served as a prison for prisoners of war and collaborators. Approximately 2,500 German civilians—men, women, and children—were held there. The camp was initially under the Ministry of the Interior, then later the Ministry of Justice.

 

Molsheim

The staircase of the Metzig, Nazi headquarters in annexed Molsheim, adorned with swastikas and Nazi eagle during the Kreistage of October 20, 1941 and today. Here a speech in front of the Metzig was delivered to arouse enthusiasm towards the annexation. As Matt Bera writes in Raise the white flag: Conflict and collaboration in Alsace,

In the early days of the occupation, the population of Alsace began to adapt as they had after conflicts twice before in living memory. Like French citizens all over occupied France, Alsatians were relieved to discover that the German troops, from whom they expected terrible acts of brutality, were in fact well disciplined, clean and orderly young men. This revelation was particularly poignant to the refugees returning after having been evacuated from Strasbourg and the areas surrounding the Maginot Line. These families returned to Alsace to discover that their homes and wine cellars had been plundered by unruly French, rather than German, troops while their livestock was requisitioned without compensation by the French high command. Many of these Alsatians were at least thankful for a swift end to the war and a return to their homes.

Mulhouse

Adolf-Hitler-Platz then and now. After the Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War Mulhouse was annexed to the German Empire as part of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The city was briefly occupied by French troops on August 8, 1914 at the start of the First World War, but they were forced to withdraw two days later in the Battle of Mulhouse. 

A fierce battle lasted all night, forcing General Bonneau's troops to leave the city the next day. The citizens of Alsace who unwisely celebrated the appearance of the French army, were left to face German reprisals. Alsace-Lorraine was invaded and annexed by France after the First World War. Despite a new French offensive from August 16- 19, marked by violent clashes in front of Dornach and an ephemeral return to Mulhouse, the Germans retook the city for a long time from August 24; French troops wouldn't be allowed to return until nearly a week AFTER the armistice. As for the civilians, they suffered from the taking of hostages carried out by the two belligerent camps and were divided between German “immigrants” who were more favourable to the Kaiser and “natives” who were more Francophile. In November 1918, as Germany was losing the war, insurgencies broke out among the soldiers who were inspired by the Soviet model to set up "councils". In Mulhouse, a "comrade Gallem" was the spokesperson for an ephemeral "soldiers' council", soon followed by a later attempt at a workers' council on November 13. The reaction of the bourgeoisie and of Mayor Cossmann, who set up a bourgeois militia, then the entry into town of French soldiers put an end to this revolutionary agitation. On November 17, 1918, Mulhouse became French again, liberated by the troops of General Auguste Édouard Hirschauer. 

From 1940 to 1944 the city of Mulhouse was, like the rest of Alsace, de facto annexed to the Third Reich. Although never formally restored to Germany after the Battle of France in 1940, it was occupied by German forces until returned to French control at the end of the war in May 1945, after Mulhouse had suffered major destruction in 1944.

 Colmar

The corner of Rue Kleber and Boulevard du Champ de Mars in 1940. 

The Germans entered Colmar on June 17, 1940. What followed was a brutal process of reGermanisation and Nazification. Monuments were ransacked, such as the monument to Admiral Bruat and the monument to General Rapp. About 20% of the street names were changed such as "Avenue de la République" which became "Adolf Hitler-Straße". However, the region remained legally under French sovereignty. In 1942, the Germans dismantled the Colmar resistance network, which had been active since 1940, and imprisoned its leaders. On August 25, an ordinance made military service compulsory, and 123,000 young men were forced to put on the uniform of the Wehrmacht or the Waffen-ϟϟ. 

When the Germans arrived in Colmar, they took possession of the city in the name of the Führer as they tore the tricolour of the City Hall's balcony and replaced it with a swastika. The kommandierender des Sturmtruppenregiments Adolf Hitler, Colonel  Koch, and his men thus accomplished the first act: changing the flag and made it clear that Colmar was German again.Within a few days Colmar became Kolmar. By July a working group was being set up to determine how best to start Germanising the town chaired by Stadtkommissar Hellstern and moderated by Albert Schmitt, city librarian since 1924 and specialist in the history of Colmar, whose sympathies for the Nazi regime would be revealed- under the pseudonym Morand Claden he published in August in the Strassburger Monatshefte an ode to Hitler. In the end, over three hundred street names, places or localities, were changed. Adolf Hitler-Strasse, now avenue de la République Ahnenplatz. Strasse des 17 June now replaced by another military event- avenue de la Liberté. Schillerstrasse replaced rue Victor Hugo and Robert-Koch-strasse replaced rue Pasteur. Avenue Foch was replaced with the name of another general- Hindenburgstraße. 

On September 18, 1944, an ammunition train exploded at the freight yard, causing damage within a radius of about a mile. By February 1, 1945, the German lines were pierced north of Colmar by the American infantry of the 21st corps. Being the last Alsatian city to be liberated from the Nazi occupation, the colonel of the 109th American infantry regiment, on the orders of General Milburn, magnanimously allowed the first step into Colmar to General Schlesser who commanded but a fraction of the tanks of the 5th DB of the 1st French  Army, giving de Gaulle yet another excuse to claim French glory from previous capitulation as well as the official tourist office of Colmar which gives the French all the credit alone for liberating themselves from their own capitulation.

Kaysersberg

Birthplace of Nobel Prize winner Albert Schweitzer, Kaysersberg is considered one of the most beautiful villages in the whole of France. Named after emperor Frederik Hendrik II, it was first mentioned in 1227. Through the Treaty of Frankfurt on May 10, 1871 which formally ended the Franco-Prussian war, the area became part of the German Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine, and the village was assigned to the district of Rappoltsweiler in the Upper Alsace region. After the First World War, the region was again ceded to France in 1919 due to the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles . During the Second World War, the region was occupied by the Wehrmacht, and the village was under German administration until 1944. Hitler visited the area on June 28, 1940.

On the bridge at the Château de Kaysersberg with an American cavalryman with the castle ruins rising behind. 

During the war, the crew of an American tank fired on the keep because German soldiers had barricaded themselves there. The resulting damage was repaired in 1955 as part of repair work. 

The roots of the complex go back to the 13th century, when Emperor Friedrich II gave the order to secure the strategically important location with a fortress. The emperor chose to build one of the most imposing fortresses of his line of defence there to protect himself from the Dukes of Lorraine who could have taken advantage of this easy passage to invade the Empire. Along with the castle, a suburb was also built which is said to have been able to accommodate the burgher seats of forty  knights and today forms the core of the city of Kaysersberg. Expanded in the 14th century, it received the last structural changes in the second half of the 16th century. During that time the complex had shown itself strong enough to withstand a siege during the Hundred Years' War as well as two more sieges in 1635 and 1636 during the Thirty Years' War. However, the fighting contributed significantly to the further decay of the complex, so that in 1648 it was completely ruined and uninhabited. Today only the keep and parts of the ring wall are preserved.

Through the Treaty of Frankfurt of May 10, 1871, the area was annexed to Germany and the village assigned to the district of Rappoltsweiler in the district of Upper Alsace. 

On December 4, 1944, Kaysersberg became the 'lock' of the Colmar Pocket. The city was put under siege by elements of the 189th ID under the orders of Major Georges Herbrechtsmeier. By December 16 , 1944, elements of the 36th infantry division accompanied by a platoon of the 1st regiment of French cuirassiers from Aubure , occupied the heights above the castle. Two days later on December 18 the tanks of a Combat command arrived from Riquewihr through the vineyard, whilst the legionnaires descend through the Aspach valley. That evening after bitter fighting the Germans  surrendered and all the allied elements took Kaysersberg. The town had been damaged by artillery fights and street fights with the commune eventually given the Croix de guerre 1939-1945 on February 12, 1949.

Beside the church with an M4 Sherman Tank accompanied by soldiers of the CC5 in the Grand'Rue - Today incongruously Rue de General de Gaulle 

Ammerschwihr

Standing in front of la Tour de Fripons and what was left of it during the war. Ammerschwihr has undergone numerous invasions throughout its history beginning with those of the Armagnacs in 1444, the Peasants' War in 1525, the Thirty Years' War, and then the invasion of the Lorrains in 1652. During the Second World War Ammerschwihr was burned down by the bombings of December 1944 and January 1945 during the Battle of Alsace. 85% of the village was destroyed during the liberation by French and American troops. The town hall, the old houses in the Place du Marché and the Grand'Rue were destroyed. Only the relatively undeveloped Church of St. Martin, the high door and two towers of the fortifications still bear witness to the picturesque interest which this little town was once known for. It was after particularly bitter fighting that the city became French again on December 18, 1944. The commune was decorated on February 12, 1949, with the Croix de guerre 1939-1945.

 
Looking at the church from the place de l'Ancien-Hôtel-de-Ville

 

The fountain before the war and today

Riquewihr

A M4 Sherman next to the Catholic church. The final months of the war brought the brutal reality of frontline combat directly to Riquewihr, particularly during the intense fighting associated with the reduction of the Colmar Pocket. Whilst the town's historic architecture was largely preserved during earlier aerial bombings, it suffered significant damage during the close-quarters combat of this period. Local archives document that Mayor Charles Kubler, appointed by Vichy authorities in 1941, was arrested on December 7, 1944 by FFI partisans for collaboration but released due to lack of evidence. His deputy, Ernest Meyer, had secretly compiled lists of forced conscripts for post-war restitution claims. Fischer disputes claims of widespread resistance in Riquewihr, citing Gestapo records showing only three arrests for sabotage, all involving railway line disruptions near nearby Bennwihr. Winegrower Albert Hertzog’s 1945 ledger, held in the Riquewihr municipal archives, records the confiscation of 22,000 litres of Riesling by the Wehrmacht’s 19th Army in October 1944. An American Army Quartermaster Corps report from December 1944 notes the requisition of fifteen buildings for medical stores, including the Dolder Tower, used as an observation post. Artillery bombardments from both German and Allied forces, including units from the American Army and the French 1st Army under General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, frequently struck the town. Shells damaged buildings, particularly those used as defensive positions or caught in the crossfire, necessitating extensive repairs after the war. The specific extent of the damage varied across the town, with some areas suffering more heavily than others, and detailed records document the impact on specific structures. Civilian life became incredibly dangerous; residents spent weeks seeking shelter in cellars, enduring the constant noise and threat of explosions. Supplies were extremely limited, and movement was restricted, placing immense strain on the population. The town was effectively a battleground, with troops moving through its streets and engaging in direct conflict. The German units defending the area, often remnants of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-ϟϟ forces, fought fiercely, knowing they were trapped. The Allied offensive, part of the wider effort to eliminate the German presence west of the Rhine, culminated in the liberation of Riquewihr on February 4, 1945. This date marked the end of nearly five years of German occupation and brought relief, though the town bore the visible and invisible scars of war. The liberation was a complex process, involving house-to-house fighting in some areas. The specific units involved, particularly elements of the French 1st Army and supporting American forces, faced determined German resistance before finally securing the town. The liberation of Riquewihr took place when elements of the 3rd Infantry Division, US Seventh Army, advancing from Ribeauvillé, encountered minimal resistance from retreating German forces. The Nordwind offensive, launched by the Germans on January 1, 1945, aimed to retake Alsace, but Riquewihr remained under Allied control due to its strategic insignificance compared to nearby Colmar. German forces had previously fortified the town with anti-tank obstacles, but these were bypassed rather than assaulted. ϟϟ-Obersturmbannführer Hans-Ulrich Rudel’s Stuka squadron, operating from Colmar airfield, conducted strafing runs near Riquewihr in early January 1945, targeting Allied supply columns. No civilian casualties were recorded in the town itself, though vineyards suffered damage from artillery exchanges. The US 254th Infantry Regiment briefly billeted troops in Riquewihr’s half-timbered houses before moving toward Kaysersberg.

The 1st French Armored Division transited Riquewihr on January 20, 1945, en route to the Colmar Pocket. Private First Class Robert D. Murphy (Company B, 30th Infantry) described the town in a letter as "untouched but full of scared old folks". No Allied soldiers died in Riquewihr itself, though eight German PoWs were interned in the former synagogue until transferred to Sélestat. Post-war tribunals tried four Riquewihr residents for collaboration, with only wine merchant Otto Bucher convicted in 1946 for denouncing a Jewish supplier in 1942. His sentence—two years’ hard labour—was commuted after appeal. The 1945 census recorded seventeen missing conscripts from a population of 1,213, with nine confirmed deaths on the Eastern Front.    Heath’s analysis of Gestapo field reports (Bundesarchiv Berlin) reveals that Riquewihr was classified as "low-risk" due to its lack of industrial or transport significance. The sole wartime fatality within town limits was Marie-Claire Weber, killed by a stray artillery shell on 3 February 1945 while tending livestock. The US Army Signal Corps filmed Riquewihr’s intact medieval core in March 1945 for propaganda purposes, emphasising Allied preservation of European heritage. This footage (NARA ID 111-ADC-4682) shows GIs distributing K-rations outside the Tour des Voleurs.

The same Sherman tank in today's rue de la 1ere Armee with me and Drake Winston on the right. Although the Nazi regime sought to assimilate Riquewihr into its vision of a Greater Germany, the attempts met with stiff resistance. Ambrose chronicles that the local populace often resisted Germanisation measures through non-compliance and subtle forms of disobedience, including the continuation of French language instruction in clandestine settings. The Alsatian identity, a complex blend of French and German cultural elements, proved resistant to easy categorisation and, by extension, to the Nazi agenda. Moreover, acts of sabotage against railway lines and communication infrastructures were undertaken, often in collaboration with the Maquis, the French resistance groups. The impact of the Nazi occupation on Riquewihr's civilian life was profound. Aside from the immediate imposition of a foreign administrative and legal system, the local economy suffered due to resource allocations for the German war effort. Many families faced hardship, as men were either conscripted or had joined the resistance, leaving the women, children, and elderly to cope with increasingly stringent conditions.

1942

Allied cars on Rue de la Gen de Gaulle. Unlike other villages in the region (such as Mittelwihr, Bennwihr or Sigolsheim), Riquewihr miraculously escaped the destruction of the Second World War because of its cul-de-sac position. This preservation of its ancient heritage makes it one of the most visited villages of Alsace. The turning of the tide in the war marked the beginning of a new chapter for Riquewihr: its liberation by American forces. In late 1944, as part of Operation Nordwind, the American 12th Armored Division advanced into Alsace with the aim of liberating towns like Riquewihr. The operation was critical not just for its military objectives, but also for its psychological impact on both the occupying forces and the local population. The initial American advance was met with resistance from entrenched German units, turning Riquewihr into a battleground. Streets that once bustled with tourists and locals were transformed into strategic points, as both sides engaged in intense urban warfare. The arrival of American forces signalled an immediate shift in the dynamics of occupation. Whereas Nazi policies had sought to enforce a strict ideological regime, the Americans focused on stabilisation and the restoration of civil order. Ambrose argues that the American liberators were viewed as saviours by the local population, their presence heralding the end of years of oppressive rule. This sentiment facilitated cooperation between the American military and local French resistance groups, which proved crucial in intelligence gathering and subduing remaining pockets of German resistance.

My GIF on the right shows German troops in front of the Obertor and my bike in front today. For Riquewihr, liberation brought an immediate sense of relief but also challenges in transitioning back to normality. The Americans implemented a range of humanitarian efforts to address immediate needs, such as food and medical supplies. Meanwhile, local administrative structures were reinstated with the aim of returning to pre-war norms. Weinberg points out that American policies in Riquewihr were notably different from those of the Nazi occupiers. Unlike the latter, who had sought to subsume the town's identity under a broader ideological project, American authorities endeavoured to restore a sense of autonomy and dignity to the community. However, it is crucial to note that the American occupation was not without its complexities. As historian Zelizer articulates, the military governance model implemented by the Americans, while benign in its intent, often clashed with local traditions and existing administrative systems, resulting in occasional tensions. The liberation of Riquewihr also led to the confronting of war crimes and the meting out of justice. Those who had collaborated with the Nazi regime were tried and, in some cases, executed. This process of purging and reckoning was important for the community to move forward and served as a form of cathartic closure for many residents.

 

German PoWs in today's Rue de la 1ere Armee

American Stuart tanks in today's rue de la 1ere Armee

The first Americans arrive in Riquewihr - December 5, 1944 and wife and son today

The Altes Fachwerkhaus on the left. The liberation of Riquewihr cannot be fully understood without considering its longer-term implications, both for the town and for the broader region of Alsace. Post-liberation, the town faced the gargantuan task of reconstruction—physically, economically, and psychologically. The question of identity also re-emerged as a prominent issue. For years under Nazi rule, the town’s unique Alsatian identity, a blend of French and German elements, had been subject to manipulation and erasure. In the post-war period, Riquewihr began to reclaim this identity, but it did so within a new geopolitical context: Alsace was unequivocally reattached to France, and the broader shifts in European governance and borders significantly influenced local dynamics. The post-war period also brought forth questions about memory and commemoration. How would Riquewihr memorialise its experience under Nazi occupation and American liberation? Ambrose suggests that the process of memory-making was fraught with tensions. On one hand, the community wished to forget the traumas inflicted by the Nazi regime; on the other hand, it also felt a responsibility to commemorate the resistance and the eventual liberation, as these were formative experiences for the town’s collective identity.

Bergheim

German PoWs marching along the Rue des Chevalieres in Bergheim, January 1945 in front of troops from Combat Command 6

Bergheim German Cemetery

Inaugurated on June 7, 1975 Bergheim German war cemetery, surrounded by vineyards, lies on the Grasberg 337 metres above sea level upstream of the Vosges. Behind lies the Hoch-Königsburg only a few kilometres away. The 15th century fortress was destroyed during the Thirty Years War by the Swedes and from 1901 to 1908 it was rebuilt for Kaiser Wilhelm II. The 5, 308 dead here lie in four grave fields. Originally they were buried in 225 villages throughout the Haut Rhin. The cemetery is four hectares large and is partly limited by a retaining wall. The gravestones of natural stone carry the names and data of three fallen soldiers each. At the top, a six-foot high cross overlooks the cemetery. In the entrance building with a covered entrance hall is an orientation plan as well as an inscription with the number of dead whilst in the room next to the cemetery administrator's office is the book of names of those lying here. Only thirteen kilometres south of the German war graveyard, the French grave service has created the national cemetery Sigolsheim "Blutberg". The dead of Bergheim and Sigolsheim largely fell in the winter of 1944-45 during the fighting in southern Alsace.

Kientzheim

Cycling into the town and from the same position in the aftermath of the battle. The Germans occupied Kientzheim on June 18, 1940. Four years later at the end of 1944 the German mayor of Kientzheim had ordered the evacuation of the town hall and the transfer of the archives to the Turckheim building, located in the west of the town. On December 5, mortar shells fell on the town, the beginning of an intense bombardment by the American artillery causing havoc and fires. The first of the destroyed buildings was Reichenstein Castle . On the night of December 7, a hail of incendiary shells fell on the castle, resulting in the framework catching fire whilst the German soldiers took refuge towards the bottom of the city. By December 9, the building was in ruins and the hospital and other buildings also subsequently burned down. On December 17 the American artillery stopped to permit tanks of the 5th Armoured Division of General de Lattre de Tassigny's First Army to approach as they fanned out through the vineyards, starting from the Col de Riquewihr. Around 15.00 they entered Kientzheim, supported by the Foreign Legion. For six weeks the locality remained exposed to the fire of German shells. Finally on February 2 saw the liberation of Colmar and with it the end of the bombardments. Today the architecture of the village is remarkably preserved, and in particular Kientzheim retains its traditional aspect, in particular because of the very well preserved rampart enclosure.

 

 

The town church with the plaque commemorating 51 of its citizens who were apparently press-ganged into the Wehrmacht

 

Maison Rittimann then and now

The M4 Sherman "Renard" then-and-now

Le Bonhomme

The rue du 3eme Spahis Algeriens then and now. In 1871 after Le Bonhomme was annexed by Germany, the village had two official names- the French Le Bonhomme, and its German name Diedolshausen. The village had already suffered from bombardments during the First World War, taking place at Tête-des-Faux, from which shells reached the village. The Germans had fortifications built , including a one mile-long tunnel dug into the rock from the Roche du Corbeau to the top of the Tête des Faux. The village was first occupied from the August 15 , 1914 by French troops, then by German troops. In June 1940 , the town became part of the German Third Reich. During the bombardments, several houses were destroyed as young men were forcibly conscripted into the Wehrmacht. The town was liberated on December 24 , 1944.

 

  Illhäusern

The bridge over the Ill, since rebuilt after the war
 
 Remains of an anti-tank emplacement 

Haguenau 

In November 1944 the area surrounding Haguenau was under the control of the 256th Volksgrenadier Division under the command of General Gerhard Franz.  On 1 December 1944, the 314th Infantry Regiment of the 79th Division, XV Corps, 7th U.S. Army, moved into the area near Haguenau, and on 7 December the regiment was given the assignment to take it and the town forest just north that included German ammunition dumps. The attack began 6.45 on December 9, and sometime during the night of December 10 and the early morning of the next day the Germans withdrew under the cover of darkness leaving the town proper largely under American control.  Before they withdrew, the Germans demolished bridges, useful buildings, and even the town park. However, as experienced by Haguenau throughout its history, the Germans came back and retook the town in late January. Most of the inhabitants fled with the assistance of the American Army. The Americans launched an immediate counterattack to retake the town. The 313th Infantry Regiment of the 79th Division was relieved by the 101st Airborne Division on 5 February 1945. The 36th Infantry Division would relieve the 101st on 23 February 1945. On March 15 the Allied Operation Undertone, a combined effort of the American Seventh and French 1st Armies of the American Sixth Army Group was launched to drive the Germans back along a 75 kilometre line from Saarbrücken to Haguenau. The last German soldier was not cleared out of the town until March 19, 1945, after house-to-house fighting. Much of the town had been destroyed despite the Allied reluctance to use artillery to clear out the Germans. Technical Sergeant Morris E. Crain, Company E, 141st Infantry Regiment, 36th Infantry Division was posthumously awarded the American Medal of Honour for providing covering fire for his men on March 13, 1945.

Sigolsheim  
The liberation of Sigolsheim was particularly dramatic on December 19, 1944 when the village was conquered by the five tanks of 1st Platoon, 2nd Squadron of the RCA first under the command of Camille Girard. But the American infantry had not followed with the result that three tanks were destroyed and 25 men killed, three wounded, six captured and Girard himself mortally wounded.

The church of Sts. Peter and Paul after the battle and today

The door after the battle, still displaying a rare version of the theme in which Christ holds keys out to St. Peter (Traditio Clavium) at the same time that He holds an open book out to St. Paul (Traditio Legis). The bullet holes remain as a reminder of the savagery of the fighting that took place here when the American 1st Battalion, 15th Regiment was charged with taking Sigolsheim, "the anchor of the enemy line on the northern perimetre of the Colmar bridgehead."

 
Rue Principale with a tank roadblock in front 

The Capuchin Monastery in ruins 

  

 

Showing the utter destruction of Sigolsheim through these two GIFs. At the crossroad with the Grand Rue on the left, and Rue Sainte Jacques on the right.

 

Sigolsheim today as seen from Hill 351, known also as Bloody Hill. Atop Mont de Sigolsheim is this monument honouring the American soldiers who fought for the liberation of Alsace, ignored completely by the official tourist office of Colmar which gives the French the credit for liberating themselves from their own capitulation. The Germans had captured it on on December 14 during Operation Habicht (Hawk), taking them three days of fighting with the American 36 Infantry Division earning it its nickname. When they arrived here from the east from the direction of Kientzheim at 7.30 on the morning of December 23 they found the Wehrmacht enmeshed deep within the rubble, fanatically resisting. Their job was made all the more challenging after a German counterattack from nearby Hill 351 between Sigolsheim and Bennwihr. The commander of the 15th Regiment, Lt. Col. Hallett D. Edson, described it as a “miniature Cassino" which was "defended by 200 crack ϟϟ troops under orders to hold their positions to the last." The Americans launched their attacks from December 24- 26, the last attack stalled by ferocious artillery and mortar fire resulting in the men of B Company forced to dig in for cover a mere 150 metres from the crest line of Hill 351. During this time fifteen Americans had been killed followed by another twenty the next day trying to take this hill. Finally at noon Lt. Colonel Ware arrived with his S-3 and the commander of D Company and 25 men to take the German surrender.

Jebsheim 

The residence at 7 Grand Rue further up the road that had served as the German Field Hospital. 
Jebsheim gained notoriety in January 1945, when Allied troops and German Panzergrenadiers - the latter under the command of Heinrich Himmler - fought fierce final battles there. In a speech on September 21 to the commanders of the military districts and those in charge of training the previous year, Himmler had reported proudly how he had criss-crossed the areas under threat "down the whole of the western front from Trier to Mühlhausen (Mulhouse), Colmar, Metz", spoken with "thousands of soldiers", and wherever he considered necessary had intervened, taking to task the negligent commander of a troop transport and personally demoting the incompetent commanding officer in Trier. As recommended to the officers present, "[b]rutal action against signs of indiscipline in the rear area" was required.  As his biographer Peter Longerich (711) points out, "the fact that in his entire military career Himmler himself had never made it beyond precisely this rear area (and never would do) did not seem to trouble him." Such brutality is shown in my GIF on the right showing what was left in the area around St. Martin's church in January 1945 and my bike beside it today. For the Americans, the capture of Jebsheim was necessary to protect the north flank of the 3rd Division's advance. With the 3rd Division advancing ahead of the French Infantry Division on the 3rd Division's north flank, General O'Daniel committed the American 254th Infantry Regiment, serving as part of the U.S. 63rd Infantry Division but attached to the American 3rd Infantry Division for the duration of operations in the Colmar Pocket, to capture Jebsheim. Any reference to American involvement in the battle and the town's subsequent liberation is ignored in the French-language Wikipedia article. On January 26–27, troops of the German 136th Mountain Infantry Regiment defended Jebsheim against the advance of the 254th Infantry. On 28–29 January, Jebsheim was taken by the 254th Infantry, French tanks of Combat Command 6 (French 5th Armoured Division), and a battalion of the French 1st Parachute Regiment.

 

The intersection of Rue des Vosges and Grand Rue where the Germans had established a roadblock and, right, a dead German soldier at that same roadblock

 Riedwihr 

The main road into town with some of the houses still recognisable today such as that directly behind my bike. The war caused considerable damage in the village and the bombing of the liberating American army had left a lasting impression on the population which had been forced to take refuge in the bunkers at the entrance of the village. Located on the bank of Wickerschwihr, these bunkers are still visible.

 

A German anti-tank gun January 23, 1945 beside the river outside the town

Ostheim
The war was disastrous for Ostheim. Located in the Colmar Pocket (“Poche de Colmar”) it was shelled for almost two months from November 1944 to January 1945 in order to free the passage over the River Fecht which was bitterly defended by the Germans.  District by district, the houses were pounded by artillery leaving Ostheim 98% destroyed, making it impossible to try to get a good sense of the then-and-now. The village was awarded the 1939-1945 Croix de Guerre.

 

The houses built since the war now obscure the church, the ruins of which are shown behind the tank. 

 

The ruins of the church serve as a memorial to the town's liberators. As with the next photo, a stork's nest continues to be enjoy the same location then and now.

The storks' nest, built on the gable wall, the only remaining part, of the Ostermann house - former Relais de la Poste aux Chevaux - defied the storm. The storks returned to their old nest and the surviving"wall became the monument to the dead of the 1914-18 and 1939-45 wars. 

 

Rouffach

A light tank of the 12th Armoured Division in what's now the Place de la République February 5, 1945 and today. The Witch's Tower, built in the 13th to the 15th centuries to serve as a gaol sports a stork's nest in both photos. During the time of Nazi annexation, a Nationalpolitische Erziehungsanstalt (National Political Institute of Education, NEPA, popularly known as Napola) was housed in a former sanatorium of the city from October 1940. In 1941, the Reich Ministry for Science, Education and National Education set up a "Reich School for Volksdeutsche" here, a boarding school where around 600-650 boys from South Tyrol were taught until 1944, whose parents had opted for Germany. (A corresponding school for girls existed in Achern). In fascist Italy, teaching the German language was strictly forbidden, and so these young people had to spend their schooling far away from their parents' house in order to learn to write their own mother tongue correctly. This Reich school for ethnic Germans then existed parallel to the Napola and separated from it in terms of space and teaching program until the events of the war gradually led to its dissolution.

Verdun

The victory monument in June 1940 draped with the German war ensign and today. In 1916 the Germans tried to ’bleed the French dry’ in a battle that lasted for 10 months and which brought France to the verge of collapse. Both sides lost tens of thousands of soldiers. To reduce the pressure on Verdun, a joint Anglo-French attack was launched on the Somme. Tanks were employed for the first time but the offensive was a fiasco. On the first day of the battle alone, the British lost 60,000 men, killed, wounded or missing. By the end of 1916, casualties on both sides were horrendous.

Between them both sides lost half a million men and how many still lie buried in that charnel soil may never be known. Verdun remained in French hands. For the French it was a magnificent victory, but one that had almost shattered their army. For the Germans it was their first undeniable setback, a heavy blow to the morale of both army and people.

Howard (77) The First World War

On the right the German victory march past the Memorial to Victory in June, 1940 and today. Already by 1939, André Maginot had the idea of ​​building a memorial-museum on the war, but the project was interrupted by the start of the Second World War. The Verdun Memorial today serves a museum dedicated to the history and memory of the 1916 Battle of Verdun, located in Fleury-devant-Douaumont, a few miles from Verdun. Created in 1967 on the initiative of the Comité National du Souvenir de Verdun and its president Maurice Genevoix, the museum was then a place of remembrance for veterans of the First World War. From late 2013 to early 2016, the Memorial closed for renovations and expansion work. It reopened on February 21, 2016 on the occasion of the centenary of the beginning of the Battle of Verdun and was the focus of the commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Verdun on May 29, 2016, attended jointly by French President François Hollande and German Chancellor Angela Merkel. The scenography of the museum is modernised and more educational, and the conflict is now presented from a Franco-German point of view. Indeed, the museum enriched its collections most notably supplemented by objects lent by German institutions. For example, a German artilleryman's jacket pierced by a projectile comes from the Dresden Military History Museum. Serge Barcellini has described the site's mission statement as "[m]ore than a museum dedicated to the glory of French warriors, it bears witness to the combined efforts of French and German soldiers."

Nearby is the Monument Maginot, erected in September 1966 to the memory of politician and soldier André Maginot and inaugurated in 1935. Although born in Paris, Maginot had spent a part of his youth in Alsace-Lorraine, the region where later on the line of fortifications that he advocated would be constructed. He had served as Under-Secretary of State for War just prior to the outbreak of the First World War but then enlisted in the army and was posted along the Lorraine front. In November 1914, Maginot was wounded in the leg near Verdun and was awarded the Medaille Militaire, France's highest military award, an event depicted in the sculptured group placed in front of the central symbolic shield. After the war Maginot returned to the Chamber of Deputies and served in a number of government posts, eventually serving as Minister of War three times between 1922 and 1932 and was the principal advocate of a new line of impregnable defences against a future German invasion, completed after his death and which bore his name. He had expressed concern that the Treaty of Versailles did not leave France with sufficient security, continually pushing for more funds for defence as he grew more distrustful of Germany. He thus came to advocate building a series of defensive fortifications along France's border with Germany that would include a combination of field positions and permanent concrete forts, no doubt influenced in this decision by his observations of successful fortifications employed at Verdun during the previous war. He was also probably influenced by the destruction of his home in Revigny-sur-Ornain, which made him determined to prevent Lorraine from ever being invaded again. In 1926 Maginot was successful in getting the government to allocate money to build several experimental sections of the defensive line. But it was 1929 that would be the pivotal year for the fixed defences that would come to be known as the Maginot Line. During the debate that year on the 1930 budget, Maginot lobbied very heavily for the money needed to construct the enormous line of fortifications, finally able to persuade Parliament to allocate 3.3 billion francs for the project. Work on the project progressed rapidly. Maginot visited a work site in October 1930 and expressed satisfaction with the work. He was especially pleased with the work in Lorraine, site of his family's home and where he spent his childhood, and fought for more funding for construction in that area. Though Maginot was the main proponent for the project, most of the actual designs for the Maginot line were the work of Paul Painlevé, Maginot's successor as Minister of War. In fact, Maginot never saw the line completed; he became ill in December 1931 and died in Paris on January 7, 1932 of typhoid fever. It was only after his death that the line of defences which he advocated came to bear his name. However, in the end the line was ineffectual for its intended purpose as Germany was able to circumvent the line by passing its Panzers through hills and marshlands which had been impenetrable to tanks when Maginot made his recommendations.

 

Germans around part of the Maginot line fortifications

Douaumont

 This nearby village was destroyed during the Great War. It is home to less than a dozen people but is famous for the terrible battle that took place there from March to October 1916 and for its military ossuary of the Great War. It became a target again of the Germans in the Second World War. Today the Douaumont Ossuary, which contains the remains of more than 100,000 unknown soldiers of both French and German nationalities found on the battlefield, stands high above the landscape. It is a monument to the soldiers of the Battle of Verdun of 1916, designed in the aftermath of the armistice of 1918 at the initiative of Bishop Charles Ginisty of Verdun. Inaugurated on August 7, 1932 by the French President, it is made out to be the site of one of the symbols of Franco-German friendship as symbolised by the handshake of François Mitterrand and Helmut Kohl on September 22, 1984. It was classified as an historic monument on May 2, 1996.  Opposite the ossuary, the national necropolis of Douaumont gathers 16,142 graves of French soldiers, mostly Catholic, including a square of 592 stelae of Muslim soldiers.

Munster (Münster im Elsass)

President Raymond Poincaré visiting Munster, badly damaged during the Great War, on Tuesday August 19, 1919. From 1871 until the end of the First World War, Münster belonged to the German Reich as part of the Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine and was assigned to the district of Colmar in the district of Upper Alsace. During the Great War, the city was 85% destroyed and the commune was decorated on November 2, 1921 with the Croix de Guerre 1914-1918, and in July 1948 with the Croix de Guerre 1939-1945. the Anglo-Americans allowed Munster to be liberated by the Zouaves of the 9th regiment on February 5, 1945

The church at Lauterbourg, seen from across the road from the hotel where I stayed at whilst watching France defeat Germany in the semi-Finals of the Euro 2016 championships.  It is the easternmost commune in Metropolitan France (excluding the island of Corsica), across from the German town of Neulauterburg. In the crossfire between France and Germany in numerous wars, it had originally been developed in the early 18th century, into a French fortification of the Lauter-line, defined as the border of France in the Congress of Vienna of 1815. On August 13, 1793, it was the site of a battle of the War of the First Coalition.  After the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, Lauterbourg passed to the German Empire. Lauterbourg was now developed industrially and attached to a railway line. After World War I, the town passed to the French Third Republic. In the 1930s, Lauterbourg was in an uncomfortable position between the Maginot and Siegried-lines. Its population was evacuated immediately upon the outbreak of World War II. In May 1940, the lower town was destroyed completely. Part of its population returned to Lauterbourg in 1942. There was an attempt at taking Lauterbourg on December 15, 1944 by the US 79th Infantry Division, who were forced to hold out against Operation Nordwind until the German offensive was stopped on January 25, 1945. Lauterbourg was taken by the French 1st Army and U.S. VI Corps on March 19, 1945 after assaulting the Siegfried Line fortifications in the Bienwald during a week of heavy combat.  The town was rebuilt after the war in a rudimentary fashion.

Boulay (Bolchen)

Shown during the German occupation when Place de la République was Platz des Führers. On August 9, 1870, the Battle of Boulay took place during the Franco-German War of 1870, when the 2nd Hussars regiment was engaged. Like the other communes of the present department of the Moselle, the town of Boulay was annexed to the German Empire from 1871 to 1918. In 1871, the commune of Boulay, or "Bolchen", became a sub-prefecture of Bezirk Lothringen Within the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen. During the First World War, the Bolshoi conscripts, like most Mosellans, fought under the colours of the German Empire. Boulay became French again in 1918. At the time of the second annexation, the municipality was renamed "Bolchen" and became the seat of the "Landkreis Bolchen". Much of the city was destroyed by the Americans in November 1944, during the progression of Patton's Third Army to the Saar. Thus, the old town hall of Boulay, built in the 18th century, place de la Vendée, was destroyed on November 8, 1944 by an Anglo-American bombardment. The city was eventually liberated by the Anglo-American liberators on November 27, 1944.