Nazi Housing Estates in Munich

Nazi Housing Development

The government of Chancellor Brüning in 1931 established the small settlement programme in order "to promote the population becoming settled in the country to reduce unemployment and to facilitate sufficient living conditions for the unemployed." The future settlers were to be involved in the establishment of their own homes and gardens and small animal husbandry to improve their supply in the economic crisis. The Nazis took over the model because it fit into their anti-modern and anti-urban ideology. 

According to Geoff Walden of Third Reich in Ruins, this first building at Kurfürstenplatz "was likely part of a Third Reich neighbourhood housing development (Siedlung) built in 1938. The Siedlung included a savings bank and a police office, and this building may have been one of those." friend_of_Obersalzberg, who contributed the photo on the left, confirms that it was built in 1938 by architect and graduate engineer Hans Atzenbeck.

At that time it was necessary to build new healthy and cheap apartments in Munich. It has five entrances and thus five living units. In the first floor (Erdgeschoß) were stores. In the courtyard was a fountain with a sculpture of a drumming Hitlerjunge. The swastikas and the fountain were removed after war.

Google Street view  blocks the image of the entire building! Google isn't known for respecting privacy, so could this have been pushed by the authorities given the remaining Nazi-era reliefs?

The site on  February 26, 1938 when it was officially opened. 
It was reported at the time that

[t]he topping-out ceremony for the new residential buildings of the Städtische Sparkasse, which will also include new rooms for the Sparkasse branch and the northern police section, will take place on Kurfürstenplatz Mayor Fiehler then points out that a number of needs resulted in the need for the new building, such as the space requirements of the savings bank, the police, the creation of apartments and the necessary redesign of the square to create an appealing urban design.

Starting in 1938, the blocks of flats with 37 2½- to 3½-room flats, a savings bank branch, a police detachment with affiliated shops and a coffee house were built. After the war, house number 5 was the location of the Municipal Police Office North of the Munich City Police.

The coat of arms of Munich on the building with its form under the Nazis and today. On the right the Nazi version reappears on the clothing of a neo-Nazi in Munich.

Better photos of the building can be found on the the Munich thread at Axis History.

Was housing policy in Germany affected by the change of government in 1933?

These siedlung on Klugstrasse all have bizarre Third Reich, astrological, masonic, and other obscure symbols over every door frame leading inside. To me, it's incredible that they continue to survive and form the entrances to people's homes:

The swastika is still faintly visible...

...whilst this one, dated 1933, is obscured by the shaking hands

Here the hakenkreuz has been erased, but the Nazi salutes allowed to remain!

Another excised swastika that completed the DAF symbol

And yet a couple have had their bizarre symbols completely removed.

The left image shows swords and a steel helmet whilst the one on the right reminds me of the lesson from the Disney wartime cartoon Education for Death...

Mustersiedlung Ramersdorf

On April 20, 1934, the so-called “model settlement in Ramersdorf” celebrated its topping-out ceremony. The settlement was to be presented as part of the "German Settlement Exhibition" as an exemplary embodiment of the Nazis' idea of ​​a settlement and today it remains an idyllic garden district on the Mittlerer Ring. The initiator of the settlement was the municipal housing consultant and architect Guido Harbers. With this, the Nazi city council wanted to present building, living and settlement in an exemplary manner. Within four months, 192 single-family houses with 34 different building types were built from the ground opposite the Maria Ramersdorf pilgrimage church. At that time, the settlement was built according to "the latest aspects of living culture and transport policy." The  settlement wasn't intended to correspond to the typical Nazi small settlement, but to present suitable forms of housing for the middle class. The ensemble is self-contained and interspersed with numerous green spaces in accordance with the garden city idea. This council estate on Stephanskirchener Straße provided 192 homes with 34 different building types and planned as an alternative to the multi-storey urban houses. The ensemble is self-contained and, pursuant to the garden city idea numerous green spaces.  The executive architects responsible for the buildings included Friedrich Ferdinand Haindl, Sep Ruf, Franz Ruf, Lois Knidberger, Albert Heichlinger, Max Dellefant , Theo Pabst, Christoph Miller, Hanna Loev and Karl Delisle. However, the hoped-for propagandistic effect of the settlement didn't materialise, since, among other things, the living space of 56 to 129 m², which was generous by the standards of the time, and individual modernist building elements were criticised. After the exhibition, the settlement houses were sold as homes.

In 1935 a Protestant church building was opened with the Gustav Adolf Church in the settlement as shown in the then-and-now photos at its on September 1, 1935 surrounded by Nazi flags and today; given the subsequent build-up it's impossible to get the exact perspective to make a satisfactory GIF. Right from the start, Harbers intended to create a Protestant church at a location of significance in terms of urban development. The foundation stone was laid on November 18, 1934. Thanks to favourable financing arrangements, the church building was completed in 1935 and the parish hall in 1936. Harbers had envisaged a building measuring 13 × 23 m and an eaves height of 6.20 m for the church, as well as a pitched roof with a 46-degree pitch. The church tower as can be seen here is pushed into the building on the north-east corner. A slightly steeper gable roof rises in the same direction over a floor area of ​​6 × 6 m and an eaves height of 16 m. The echoes of the Romanesque architectural style through the small high-seated arched windows, the simple furnishings and the castle-like character correspond to the ideal of the "Germanic style" typical of the time. The interior is defined by the flat suspended wooden coffered ceiling and wooden gallery balustrade. The round glass window in the west front was designed by Harber's daughter. Hermann Kaspar, who was then a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, was commissioned for the altarpiece. The windowless sanctuary set off by steps in the east is decorated with Kaspar's fresco depicting the “Resurrection on the Last Day”. The artist's view of art and the explanation of the type of representation can be found in his article: "Beings and tasks of architectural painting" in the magazine "Die Kunst im Deutschen Reich" from 1939 in which he declared that "the authoritarian state must be independent of considerations for irrelevant individual interests and serves a higher ideal, monumental painting - albeit a symbol of nature - and must also be free of its randomness. This independence speaks from every part of old works of monumental art and is often referred to as stylisation and idealisation, but in reality this is the expression of an overall and classification-oriented view of art.” Indeed, it's striking that Christ is depicted with light blond hair and blue-grey eyes in accordance with the Aryan ideal of the Nazis. Archangel Michael stands to his left, holding a sword, who was associated with the Germanic god Wodan in the ideology of the 1930s, whom Kaspar depicted without an halo.

During the war, the church building itself suffered little damage. However, the vicarage which was a one-storey hipped roof building situated perpendicular to the street and connected to the church by a covered, open corridor was completely destroyed on July 31, 1944; it wasn't until 1951 that a new building was built on the old foundation walls according to the plans of the church building authority with a gabled roof and a higher knee wall.

Remarkably, the Adolf-Hitler-Brunnen still remains intact at Herrenchiemseestraße 44. On the base of the fountain a swastika with a lime leaf in raised relief was etched and at the back was the following inscription:

The blocks of stone with the swastika and lime leaf above the water spout were removed after 1945 as was Hitler's name. This fountain is one of the 75 drinking water wells in Munich.

Another water well at Törwanger Straße 2. In 1938 a small mosaic was set up as seen in the photo with a swastika by the painter Günther Grassmann. The mosaic has been coated with a thin layer of plaster and is left empty, the well no longer in operation. It's also seen on the left at the entrance to Herrenchiemseestraße. In fact, Grassmann in March 1931 had actually protested alongside Adolf Hartmann, Christian Hess and Wolf Panizza against a Nazi event in Munich featuring with Paul Schultze-Naumburg and Alfred Rosenberg. From 1933 until its forced dissolution in 1936, Graßmann was a member of the Deutscher Künstlerbund and the Munich Secession until it too was banned in 1938. Some of Graßmann's works did not correspond to the Nazi art canon, and in 1937 three were demonstrably confiscated from public collections in the "Degenerate Art" campaign. After that he shifted to work in barracks construction as well as working on the mosaics at the Munich Nordbad. Together with Alfons Epple, Edgar Ende and Wolf Panizza, Graßmann worked on around 38 commissions from the Nazi regime to paint Wehrmacht buildings. Graßmann employed several artists, mostly artists who were forbidden to paint with the construction management of the Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe as well as the Reichsautobahn offered certain freedoms in artistic work. From 1939 to 1940 Graßmann did military service again and on April 11, 1941, he applied for admission to the Nazi Party, being admitted on July 1 with membership number 8,799,631. From 1941 to 1945 he worked as a teacher at the Städelschule in Frankfurt am Main. In 1943 he took part with two works in the large exhibition Young Art in the German Reich in the Vienna Künstlerhaus, one of the few Nazi exhibitions that was closed prematurely because of "suspicion of degenerate art". Others works by Günther Graßmann can still be seen such as the one on the left at Schlechinger Weg 10. The pointer of the sundial is at the centre of a sun, with the dial in the form of an harp. As can be seen in the 1934 photo in the GIF, the bottom of the fresco depicts a sailing ship. 

Further down at Schlechinger Weg 8 is this image of a German African colonial soldier. The original owner had served in Deutsch-Südwestafrika and designed the crest himself before giving it to Graßmann to paint. 

Graßmann was involved in another sundial for the church of St. Raphael, München-Hartmannshofen; I think he was involved in its stained glass, as well: http://www.sankt-raphael-muenchen.de/sonstiges.html. By the end of the war in April 1945, Graßmann returned to Munich where he lived from the sale of paintings, drawings, prints and the artistic design of buildings. In 1950 Graßmann painted the town hall tower in Passau, and decorated the hall of the Allianz General Headquarters built in the 1950s in the English Garden in Munich. He was also involved in the design of the rebuilt old town hall tower in Munich. That year Graßmann was involved in founding the Professional Association of Fine Artists and the following year participated in the reestablishment of the Munich Secession, acting as its president from 1955 to 1973.

A number of other frescoes from 1934 remain, albeit barely. Above a door on Schlechinger Weg 4 is this coat of arms on the left; the former owner was Paerr and therefore he chose a play on words in the arms of a bear- Bärenwappen. Above one can still make out the inscription "G. P. 1934". St. Christopher appeared on Stephanskirchener Straße 20 however by the time I visited in February 2018, it appeared to have been removed entirely.

 

Siedlung Am Hart

The Am Hart settlement goes back to the Reichskleinsiedlungsprogramm, which Reichskanzler Heinrich Brüning had initiated on October 6, 1931 by emergency order. The Reichsginsiedlungsprogramm was mainly for the unemployed and provided for the erection of simply equipped housing estates. All settlements were equipped with large gardening grounds for the cultivation of fruits and vegetables and for keeping small animals in order to allow for extensive self-sufficiency. After the end of the Weimar Republic the Nazis continued the program, but put it into the service their ideology. After two years of construction, the Reichskleinsiedlung Am Hart, which was adorned with swastikas, was officially handed over by Lord Mayor Karl Fiehler on September 8, 1935. Almost 340 almost identical single-family houses for workers were built around the area on Ingolstädter Straße. All settler sites were equipped with large garden plots for growing fruit and vegetables and for keeping small animals in order to enable them to be largely self-sufficient. After the war, the "Reichskleinsiedlung" was removed from the name. The expansion of the Nazi regime was reflected in the naming of streets: Arnauer Strasse, Egerländerstrasse, Kaadener Strasse, Karlsbader Strasse, Marienbader Strasse and Sudetendeutsche Strasse- named already in 1934 after cities in the Sudetenland which Nazi propaganda wanted to bring "home to the Reich" by means of a territorial union. As it turned out, many of the Germans who had to leave Czechoslovakia after the war did end up arriving with further street names reassigned accordingly, so that today the streets of Am Hart are reminiscent of the homeland of the newcomers; in the 1950s, Prager Strasse, Gablonzer Strasse and Wenzelstrasse were added.

The Volksschule at Rothpletzstraße 40 originally bore the inscription: "This school building was built between 1938 and 1939 at the time of the return of the Sudetenland to the German Reich." It remains unchanged apart from the Nazi eagle which has been removed.

Siedlung Neuherberge

 With the ϟϟ-Deutschland-Kaserne in the background seen December 1938.

In August 1936, west of Ingolstädter Strasse, the Neuherberge settlement consisting of 169 small houses was completed. Those chosen to live here were selected according to criteria of the Nazi ideology. The settlements enjoyed a large portion of the garden for self-sufficiency and were intended primarily for poor families with many aryan families. Many of the settled settlers were employed as civilian workers in the neighbouring barracks or in the armaments industry. The central square of the settlement, the Spengelplatz, was originally named after a young Hitler Youth member; after the war it was rededicated to the landscape painter Johann Ferdinand Spengel.  On June 13, 1944, the settlement was the target of incendiary bombs intended for the barracks in the north, which the Americans dropped destroying four houses with many others partially destroyed or damaged. To the west of the settlement, the Schollerweg, named in 1965, commemorates Otto Scholler, the former manager of the municipal transport company, who was dismissed by the Nazis in 1934 and was imprisoned several times by the regime.

Siedlung Kaltherberge

   

In 1936-1937, east of Ingolstädter Strasse, the Kleinsiedlung Kaltherberge, whose only direct access had ever been via Gundelkoferstraße, was founded as a self-employed settlement for needy workers' families. 

The Mettenleiterplatz seen on the left with my bike beside the memorial stone commemorating the loss of property and life during the war is the centre of the settlement, which originally consisted of 221 settlements. The Nazi planners had originally named the square after one of the killed participants of the Beer Hall Putsch whom Nazi propaganda worshipped as one of the "blood martyrs of the movement." During the war only a few properties remained undamaged; twelve houses were destroyed and fourteen killed. After the war the place was renamed after Johann Michael Mettenleiter, a copper cutter and lithographer. On December 4, 1945, the American Army confiscated all houses of the settlement, including the facility, to accommodate about 2,000 Displaced Persons under the care of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRR). Among those were numerous Jews from Eastern Europe who wanted to leave Munich to the United States or to British Palestine. The previous residents of the settlement had to leave their houses and were temporarily accommodated by the Munich housing office; by 1949 most were able to return to their homes.

Siedlung on Erich Kästner str.

This example of a siedlung consists of an huge building and on all four corners there are Third Reich reliefs.

The swastikas have been wiped out from the bottom of each relief

 

Similar decorative façade at the corner of Karl - Theodor and Mannheimer streets:

93 Winzererstr.

Another surviving building from the Nazi era with its iconography intact (with the colour still maintained) complete with reichsadler dating from 1936 found by odeon at Axis History Forum.

The Diana fountain on Kufsteiner Platz at the entrance to the Herzog Park in Bogenhausen, dating from 1908. The Dianahaus in the background was destroyed during the war. The hunting falcon, Horus, sitting to Diana's right is currently clinging to the end joints of the right thumb of Diana, who is portrayed in an unprofessional way given that, as a falconer, she would have to carry her hunting companion on her fist, protected by a falconer's glove and slightly turned outwards above the base of the thumb. Her falconry hand also relies on the 'extension of the back' of the stag, which she uses as her 'hide to continue the hunt'. The fountain was intended to serve as a reminder that the area was formerly an almost impenetrable hunting area in Altwasssümpümpen within a meadow landscape with large deer. Thomas Mann recorded in his 1918 novella Herr und Hund his daily walks with his dog Bauschan in the immediate vicinity of his villa here.

 

From 1933 to 1937 the Nazis set up Reichskleinsiedlung here at Am Hart, Neuherberg and Kaltherberg after which time the housing policy increasingly turned back to the multi-storey, which could be accomplished more efficiently and cheaper.

 Canisiusschule in Hadern in 1934 with schoolchildren and a Nazi-eagle atop the maypole. In the Third Reich, the school forecourt was designed as a "Thingplatz", which is clearly shown in this picture. In 1937 ten teachers taught 480 pupils. which was too small and an extension building as part of its southern wing was opened in 1938. In 1943 the school building was damaged by an air bomb. From mid-1944 to autumn 1945 no classes could take place. After the war, over a thousand pupils were forced into the school, due to the influx of exiled and displaced persons. It wasn't until the 1960s with the construction of numerous school buildings in neighbouring districts that relief could be provided.

On the right is the Advent Church in Aubing (a locality of Munich), owned and used by a congregation within the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria. The foundation stone for the church was laid on the 1st Advent, 1938 shown here and from thus the church took its name. The building, planned by architect Horst Schwabe, was consecrated on September 29, 1940 by Oberkirchenrat Oskar Daumiller. Nearby at the intersection of Hohensteinstrasse and Hoheneckstrasse was a forced labour camp owned by the Dornier company which was built in 1941 and consisted of nine barracks. A total of 833 people, including 144 women, are said to have lived there, including Russians, Ukrainians, French and Italians. It was destroyed in a bombing raid on July 21, 1944; the number of victims is unknown. The reconstructed barracks were occupied with German-born refugees after the war. In the 1980s, a modern housing estate was built on the site of the former camp.

This building at Mariahilfplatz 4, shown in 1934 and today where it now serves as an hotel, was originally used as an Hitlerjugend-Heim.

Pullach

From the time the "Reichssiedlung Rudolf Hess" was built nearly eighty years ago south of Munich over 68 hectares in size, the area above the Isar in the district of Pullach has been shrouded in mystery. A lifestyle and everyday life that was completely permeated by the Nazi ideology was to be realised here. "Sonnenwinkel" was the domicile of influential and high-ranking Nazis, above all Hitler's secretary and head of the Nazi party chancellery, Martin Bormann. Bormann noted Hitler's first appointment in Pullach in his pocket calendar on September 14, 1938: "Visit of the Führer in the Sonnenwinkel (long discussions with Ribbentropp in the Bormann house). Then drive to Obersalzberg." There, on September 15, Hitler received Neville Chamberlain; and also before the next meeting with the British Prime Minister, a week later, on his way to Bad Godesberg, Hitler scheduled another preliminary discussion on the Munich Agreement in the Sonnenwinkel House. These dates marked a new function of Bormann's staff leader villa: as a place of important political negotiations - admittedly without publicity and representative accessories. After the Munich Agreement, Bormann was able to make the facility, attractive to Hitler as a place for confidential meetings and discussions. However, the majority of the convivial receptions that Bormann gave for film stars and entertainers such as Marika Rökk or Hilde Krahl took place without any staged public attention - especially when Bormann entertained his lover, the film actress Manja Behrens.

Various Nazi locations around the Reichssiedlung Rudolf Hess (aka "Sonnenwinkel"), built from 1936 by Roderich Fick (and later Hermann Giesler). The inhabitants of the compound were mostly high-ranking members of the Stab Hess and Parteikanzlei, among them Gerhard Klopfer, Gottfried Neesse, Helmut Friedrichs, Herbert Reischauer, Edinger Ancker and others. But there were some other Party officials living there as well for instance Walter "Bubi" Schultze. Martin Bormann's house was later the living place of Reinhard Gehlen. From 1943 to 1944 on the property east of Heilmannstraße the Siegfried headquarters was built as one of the Todt organisation's sixteen headquarters. The Führer headquarters consisted of a central bunker, defence tower, administrative and crew buildings, and was connected by its own rail connection from the Isar Valley Railway. It was never used as a headquarters.

At the site today, allowing one to see, as far as the barbed wire-covered wall allows, the architect’s design concept providing for spacious grounds in a symmetrical layout that were to be conducive to producing a community spirit. The one- and two-family homes that were situated around a rectangular green,were lined up to face the central staff building and were made accessible from today’s Heilmannstrasse via a loop called Sonnenweg. There was a large gardener’s shop with greenhouses, a car yard with workshops and garages and various houses for drivers and domestics. Despite the fact that the estate, which had been completed in 1938 and had been in use since was openly accessible to everyone, the individual houses were shielded from the public roads by head-high walls so that the privacy desired was maintained. Irrespective of the different sizes of the building types, there were recurring design elements in all the houses. They were simple, well-proportioned structures with steep roofs, strictly sectionalised facades with lattice windows that were let in flush with the external rendering and had folding shutters inside. It was characteristic that a uniform selection of simple materials was joined with a high quality of craftsmanship in the buildings of the estate. In their architectural type, they referred to a well-known antecedent from 18th-century architecture, namely to Goethe’s Gartenhaus in Weimar. The Stabsleiterhaus (Residence of the Head of Staff) lay at the centre of the estate. It was a representative villa which, on the ground floor, sported conference rooms as well as a music room, a dining room and a library, whilst the living quarters of the Stabsleiter Martin Bormann and his family was on the first floor. Bronze statues of the artists Josef Thorak and Fritz Klimsch, whom the Nazi regime patronised, were set up in the garden parterre which adjoined the south of the house and could be accessed through the large fireplace hall. The wing that had been added to the main building served as a maintenance building. The design of the garden had come from the landscape architect Alwin Seifert, who was responsible for planning all the open spaces and gardens of the estate. In 1939, the newly appointed Generalbaurat (General Building Surveyor), Hermann Giesler, took over the responsibilities of the architect Roderich Fick who had been appointed Professor of Design at Munich Technical University in 1936 and who was to become Reichsbaurat (Building Surveyor for the Reich) for the city of Linz later on. In 1943, he built the nursery school on the northern side of the communal green to form a counterpart to the Stabsleiterhaus. It was a building that was bound to the “Heimatschutzstil“ (“Style of Homeland Protection“, an architectural style favoured by the Nazis) in its architectural characteristics. The basement of the building was already converted into a shelter for the families living on the estate.

The Sonnenwinkel settlement was spared the direct effects of war for a long time. To protect against possible bomb attacks, the houses were given a dark camouflage. Until May 1943, the dictator was here for several days at least once a year. The area in an arch of the Isar was the perfect stop between Hitler's private apartment on Munich's Prinzregentenplatz and the Berghof above Berchtesgaden. However, the air raid shelter in the basement of the old building erected in 1914 on the lively Prinzregentenplatz could only be insufficiently converted into a driver's bunker. Therefore, since the beginning of air raids on Germany's cities, it made sense for Hitler to spend the night in the Sonnenwinkel when he was in Munich. Bormann had set up a bunker there. Albert Speer noted in 1944 that the system in Pullach, called "Siegfried" or "Hagen", cost 13 million Reichsmarks which was more than a third of the Wolfsschanze and almost ten times the size of the new Führerbunker in the garden of the Reich Chancellery in Berlin. Whilst it hasd been assumed that Bormann had this facility built without Hitler's knowledge, in May 1943, during the last documented visit by Hitler, the 70.5 by 20 metre open-plan bunker must have been visible. The facility was generously equipped, especially if one compares it with the Berlin bunker. The more than thirty rooms were partly wood-paneled. The installations ran under the floor and met the most modern requirements - in Berlin, on the other hand, there were only earthenware tiles on the solid concrete of the floor slab. The usable area in Hagen was more than 700 square metres; in Berlin it was only a third. The ceiling was three meters thick, reinforced by a layer of 24 centimetre thick steel girders - only here was the Führerbunker in the imperial capital a little better equipped: with a total of four meters thick ceiling. A branch from the Munich-Wolfratshausen line to the restricted area was specially made to make the guide's journey more convenient. Two special trains could be parked side by side.

Although Hitler never visited the Pullach Führerbunker, the facility was used: Field Marshal Erwin Rommel prepared here in the summer of 1943 for the German invasion of the renegade ally Italy. Despite the fact that the Führerhauptquartier had never been used as intended, it nevertheless remained “in operation“ until the end of the war. The communications centre in the bunker was operated by signal soldiers and operators delegated from the Reichspost.

At the end of March 1945, the families of the party leaders left the estate. The next month most of the inhabitants fled to South Tyrolia whilst the locals plundered the vacant houses. At the end of April, American soldiers occupied the area. The total damage caused to the compound by aerial warfare was limited. Thus, the bunker compound did not sustain any damage from the war, were however ravaged by looters. A fact-finding commission of the American Army that was there in May of 1945 rated the compound “modern and first class." At first, the undestroyed buildings were used as accommodations for troops passing through and as a prison camp, and for a short while also served for sheltering “displaced persons”. In the autumn of 1945, the Civil Censor Division was established, an institution for censoring letters. The division existed until 1947 and then made room for the “Organisation Gehlen“ in December. Because of the Control Council Directive No. 50 of April 29, 1947, the freehold property was retroactively transferred to the Free State of Bavaria in 1949, which in turn sold the entire property to the Federation in 1962. In December 1947 the Organisation Gehlen moved in.  Eventually the location of the Führer Headquarters became the headquarters of the intelligence agency of the German government, the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), shown on the right from this time in 1979 before the agency moved to Berlin in 2014. This made Pullach a metonym for the BND just as Langley is for the CIA. Some of the buildings in the Reichssiedlung can be seen from the Heilmannstraße via the BND wall although the site even today is not accessible to the general public and photography is prohibited in the area of the BND.

Heinrich Himmler's daughter Gudrun arranged Anton Malloth's stay at this nursing home in Pullach, a supervisor of Theresienstadt from 1988 to 2001, until he was sentenced to life in prison.

Just outside Pullach is the former railway station located at Bahnhofsplatz 2 in the Großhesselohe district of Pullach which, as with Füssen and Markt Schwaben, provided scenes for The Great Escape, shown here as Gestapo and SD arrive to search for the missing prisoners.with the site today. It had been part of the Munich–Holzkirchen railway line, about an hundred metres west of the Großhesseloher bridge. About 400 metres west of the station there is still the old railway bridge, on which the Isar Valley Railway used to cross the tracks leading to the Großhesseloher Bridge. The station was built during the construction of the Bavarian Maximiliansbahn. The Munich – Großhesselohe section was put into operation in 1854. Since the continuation of the route was delayed by the necessary construction of the 300 metre long Großhesseloher bridge over the Isar, Großhesselohe was the end of the route for about 3 years. The next section, Großhesselohe – Rosenheim, was not opened until 1857, and Großhesselohe station became a through station. With the completion of the Braunau railway bridge in 1871, the Großhesselohe station lost its importance for long-distance traffic, as a large part of the long-distance connections were made over the shorter new route. It was here in 1962 that the train station was used as a backdrop for the film The Great Escape. For this purpose, the station building and the platform roof were provided with a sign "Neustadt." Here Flight Lieutenant Robert Hendley (James Garner) helping the almost blind Flight Lieutenant Colin Blythe (Donald Pleasence) onto the platform. Pleasence had actually been an RAF pilot who had been shot down, held prisoner and tortured by the Germans during the war. After offering advice to the film's director John Sturges, he was politely told to mind his own business. Later, when another star informed Sturges that Pleasence had actually been a RAF Officer in a Stalag camp, Sturges requested his technical advice and input on historical accuracy from that point forward. A number of individual incidents shown in the film were mostly based on fact, but rearranged both chronologically and regarding the people involved as noted at the start of the film. In reality, of the 76 who escaped, three had managed to succeed whilst fifty were murdered in reprisal, but in small groups and not all at once.  

After the escape and now masquerading as French businessmen, Flight Lieutenant Sandy MacDonald (Gordon Jackson) and Squadron Leader Roger Bartlett (Richard Attenborough) climb the stairs onto the platform at Neustadt station, now completely gone at the now closed Großhesselohe Staatsbahnhof. Whilst waiting to pass through a Gestapo checkpoint at a railway station, Bartlett is recognized by Kuhn, a Gestapo agent; Ashley-Pitt sacrifices himself by killing Kuhn, and is shot and killed. Bartlett and MacDonald slip away, but MacDonald blunders by replying in English to a suspicious Gestapo officer. MacDonald is quickly apprehended, and Bartlett is recognised and recaptured by Untersturmführer Steinach, an ϟϟ agent.

Based loosely on a true story based on Paul Brickhill's 1950 book about the real-life mass escape by British Commonwealth PoWs from Stalag Luft III in Sagan (now Żagań, Poland), the first part of the film focuses on the escape efforts within the camp and the process of secretly digging an escape tunnel. The second half of the film deals with the massive effort by the German Gestapo to track down the over seventy escaped prisoners individually attempting to make their way to England. As one sadly expects from American films, the nationality of most of the prisoners were changed to emphasise the role of Americans at the expense of British Imperial heroes.

Indeed, the real escape was by British and other allied personnel, none by Americans. Coburn actually plays an Australian. Whilst Americans in the PoW camp did initially help to build the tunnels and work on the early escape plans, they were moved to their own compound seven months before the tunnels were completed. A large part had been played by Canadians, especially in the construction of the tunnels and in the escape itself. Of the 1,800 or so PoWs in the compound of whom six hundred were involved in preparations for the escape, 150 of these were from the Dominion of Canada; Wally Floody, an RCAF pilot and mining engineer who was the real-life “tunnel king”, was engaged as a technical advisor for the film. Fourteen Germans were executed after the war for their roles, which ended up being among the charges at the Nuremberg War Crimes trial.

 

The station in the summer of 1976. After the introduction of the S-Bahn to Wolfratshausen and the conversion of the Isartalbahnhof Großhesselohe into an S-Bahn station, the Großhesselohe station was shut down five years later. The buildings that have been preserved date from around 1870. These are the two main buildings of the station; the platform hall originally located in between has no longer been preserved. Both buildings are two-story brick buildings, one in a T-shape, the other in an L-shape. Parts of the upper floor are clad in wood. The buildings have flat gable roofs. Near the train station at Bahnhofsplatz 4 and 5 there are two similar two-story brick residential buildings with a gable roof which originally belonged to the train station and are now also listed buildings.

 

 Closing off these pages dedicated to remaining Nazi-era sites in Munich:

On Fürstenrieder Strasse 46 was a located small grocery store run during the Nazi period by Margot and Ludwig Linsert. They belonged to the "Internationale Sozialistische Kampfbund" (ISK), a group of the workers' movement, which had to go underground in 1933. Their grocery store in the Laim district of Munich served as a meeting point and basis for the resistance work (including leaflet campaigns, attaching slogans to house walls, et cet.) of the Munich ISK group, in which, in addition to the Linserts, had as its leaders Ludwig Koch and Hans Lehnert. The Linserts themselves opted for active resistance and distributed anti-Nazi leaflets and set up a series of codewords - if someone asked for a hatter for example, it referred to a member of the resistance. After the wave of arrests against ISK groups that started in 1937, the Munich ISK group was smashed by the Gestapo in late summer 1938. Linsert was sentenced to two years in prison for preparing for treason. After his release from custody, he was employed in Division 999 on the Eastern Front from 1943, where he was captured by the Soviet Union in 1944, from which he returned in 1947. When the South German branch of the ISK flew up in the summer of 1938, Margot Linsert was able to present herself before the Gestapo as a seemingly ignorant young mother. Her husband also survived his term of imprisonment and later became Bavarian President of the DGB. From 1979 until his death, he served as federal chairman of the Association of Formerly Persecuted Social Democrats (AvS).

The former site of the Palaeontological Museum at Neuhauser Straße 51 after being completely destroyed during the April 24th 1944 bombing; 80% of all its fossils were destroyed as well. Ernst Stromer, the German paleontologist who first described Spinosaurus aegyptiacus through its only remains which were mounted here in the Bavarian State Collection of Paleontology in Munich, which included the lower jaw and parts of the spine. In April 1944, the Royal Air Force dropped a bomb on the museum, and Spinosaurus — and every Egyptian dinosaur fossil known at the time — was destroyed. This included everything brought from Egypt by Stromer in 1901. Typical of the Nazis, these remains were primarily lost because they were too big to secretly protect; according to this site, "museum workers had secretly taken smaller specimens home for safe-keeping, but the museum’s fiercely national socialist director forbade the removal of exhibits because in his eyes it reeked of defeatism." After the war the museum was relocated here at Richard-Wagner-Straße 10. On the right is the interior of the Paläontologische Museum in 1949, after the interior was severely damaged from an high-explosive bomb and Drake Winston today.

 Drake in front of a display featuring works by Austrian paleontologist and evolutionary biologist Othenio Abel at the Paleoart: Vom Jugendstil bis in die Moderne exhibition held at the Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie during Munich's Long Night of the Museums. Abel was the founder of "paleobiology" and studied the life and environment of fossilised organisms; it was he who, in 1914, had proposed that fossil dwarf elephants had inspired the myth of the Cyclopes, because the central nasal opening was thought to be a cyclopic eye socket. Abel was an accomplished artist and had dedicated various texts to the history and art of reconstruction, most importantly an extensive manual from 1925. As the notice beside the exhibit made sure to state to visitors, Abel's past is problematic. Abel had taken part in anti-semitic riots whilst a student at the University of Vienna, during the so-called Badeni-crisis of 1897. After the Great War when a professor, he warned of a coup by "Communists, Social Democrats and Jews and more Jews tied to both" and had been responsible for the founding of a secret group of eighteen professors that sought to frustrate the research and careers of left-wing and Jewish scientists. 

Nazi student groups attacking Jewish students in 1934 were met with sympathy by Abel although when such attacks began to be directed at Catholic and international students as well, Abel, by then the university rector, was forced into early retirement by the Austrofascist board leading him to emigrate to Germany and accept the post in Göttingen.  He visited Vienna again in 1939, after the Anschluss, and described seeing the Nazi flag flying atop the university building as the "happiest moment of his life". The Nazis honoured him with the newly created post of "Honorary Senator" of the University - an honour that was rescinded after the Second World War, in 1945. A letter of recommendation for the Goethe Prize points out how Abel had always "fought in the first line" against the "Judaification" of the University. After the war, he was once again forced into retirement along with other prominent Nazi professors and spent his last days in Mondsee, then described as a "Nazi colony".
The area around the museum has other sites relating to the Nazi era. For example, Josef Schülein lived in at Richard-Wagner-Straße 7; as mentioned above, he had expanded

the joint stock company Unionsbrauerei Schülein & Cie. into one of the largest breweries in Munich. Schülein retired to Gut Kaltenberg, dying there in September 1938. In 1940 the Nazi horse racing organisation "Kuratorium für die Braun Band deutscher Deutschland" moved into Schülein's Haus. At number 11 there was a so-called "Jewish house;" after the death of the Jewish owners, Jews were forcibly housed here. Up until 1941 22 people displaced from their homes due to the April 30, 1939 “Law on Jewish Tenancy” lived here before being deported to the Jewish old people's home or the collective camp on Knorrstrasse and then deported to concentration camps. 
The Jewish surgeon Alfred Haas ran a successful private clinic at Richard-Wagner-Strasse 17 and 19. After his license to practice medicine was withdrawn in October 1938, he emigrated to the United States with his family. The clinic's rooms were used as a maternity hospital and operated by Franciscans after the war. Finally, Fritz Gerlich, the anti-Nazi editor of the newspaper “Der gerade Weg”, and protagonist of the laughable American TV programme Hitler: Rise of Evil lived at number 21; he was arrested and murdered in the Dachau concentration camp in 1934 during the Night of Long Knives.

 The Alpine Museum was burnt out after a bomb attack on July 13, 1944. Later the ruin was completely destroyed by fire bombs. The Nazis saw mountaineering as a good means of “training the youth” for use as mountain troops. After the annexation of Austria in 1938, the Alpine Club was an integral part of the Nazi state where youth groups took part in Hitler Youth travel groups within the DAV, the German Alpine Club which  alone was entitled to issue alpine suitability certificates for the Wehrmacht. The Nazis would use the mountains for their ideology;  the tragic expedition to Nanga Parbat in 1934 turned the mountain in the Karakorum into the “ mountain of fate of the Germans”. Nazi propaganda announced that the dead had died for the German Reich. The Alpine Club paid tribute to the climbers who had been injured in storms and avalanches with a “consecration site” with pictures encircled by oak leaves. In 1938 Hitler received the first climbers on the north face of the Eiger. The Wehrmacht used the ascent of Elbrus in the Caucasus by members of the 1st Mountain Division during the Second World for further propaganda purposes. Throughout the Nazi era, mountaineers were made into heroes who consciously and gladly took excessive risks. Indeed, extreme mountain tours were fatal to one third of the participants during the interwar period and the victims were acclaimed as daredevils.  

In his latest book The World Beneath Their Feet: Mountaineering, Madness, and the Deadly Race to Summit the Himalayas, Scott Ellsworth describes a saga of survival, technological innovation, and breathtaking human physical achievement, all set against the backdrop of a world headed toward war, that became one of the most compelling international dramas of the 20th century. As tension steadily rose between European powers in the 1930s, a different kind of battle was already raging across the Himalayas. Teams of mountaineers from Great Britain, Nazi Germany, and the United States were all competing to be the first to climb the world's highest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2. Unlike climbers today, they had few photographs or maps, no properly working oxygen systems, and they wore leather boots and cotton parkas. Amazingly, and against all odds, they soon went farther and higher than anyone could have imagined. Described as "a gripping history" by The Economist, yours truly gets two shout outs on pages 315 and 345.

 
  Auferstanden aus Ruinen

Hackerbrücke after the war and today. The name derives from the mediaeval execution site,which was abandoned at the beginning of the 19th century. By that time the brewery Hacker-Pschorr was sited here, as the surroundings of the Hackerbrücke were influenced by the Bierstadt Munich, which used the terrace level of the Ur-Isar to build beer cellars. In the 19th century, the breweries moved out of the narrower city centre, including the only remaining Augustiner brewery on Landsberger Strasse 31-35. Here, since the 1890s, the iron arches of the Hackerbrücke arch over the rails, was the first train station in Munich. The "shack" on the Campus Martius burnt down in 1847 and was replaced by the Bürklein new building further east. Since the 1870s, Munich had begun to remove railroad level crossings and build bridges. With its iron arch construction, the Hackerbrücke in Munich is symbolic of the emergence of modern engineering architecture, eventually to be best known worldwide through the Eiffel Tower.

The site of the Hochbunker Hotterstraße 10. What had been an air protection shelter on Hotterstraße was converted in 1947 to an hotel in the town centre. It had originally been built in 1941 according to plans by Karl Meitinger von Liebergesellschaft. It was a four-storey, rectangular building with a wall thickness of 2.2 metres that could support roughly 750 people. On the night of October 2 and 3, 1943, several people died in an air raid that hit the bunker. Bomb explosions next to the building blew up the gas screens as pressure waves broke through the gas-tight doors of the locks. It was used as accommodation for refugees after the end of the war and is still owned by the federal government although is currently for sale. The main stumbling block seems to be the fact that it has no window but rather just a massive steel back door, although it has since seen all its electricity restored, had new toilets installed, and had each steel door widened by 20 centimetres for fire protection reasons.

Completed in 1932 according to plans by Robert Vorhoelzer, Walther Schmidt and Franz Holzhammer in the style of the New Objectivity, the post office and residential building on Goetheplatz shiwn here after the war and today. It was hailed as an example of 'Bavarian Modernism' in architecture. One of the entrances and exits to the Goetheplatz underground station is in front of the building.

The underground line beneath Goetheplatz was begun on May 22, 1938 when Hitler himself broke the ground for the line in Lindwurmstrasse, heralding the beginning of the end of the tram. The construction work was part of the conversion of Munich into the "capital of the movement", which would have included moving the main train station to the west and the establishment of numerous new boulevards.

The shell of the "Lindwurm tunnel" was completed by 1941 and would be used as an air-raid shelter during the war, as can still be seen from the inscriptions on the tunnel walls to this day. After the war the tunnel was initially forgotten as parts had to be filled in after bombings and mushroom farming was carried out in the other parts of the building that had already been completed, as the moist climate and constant temperatures were ideal for this. 

Only when the plans for the construction of a subway on this route became current was the site reconsidered for rebuilding. The first sightseeing tours of the subway had to be carried out in an inflatable boat because the tunnel was full of water.

 

The gaol at Corneliusstraße no longer exists postwar whilst the façade at Löwengrube 20 is still recognisable to how it appeared in 1940.