Showing posts with label Unter Den Linden. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Unter Den Linden. Show all posts

Wilhelmstraße

Hitler's Bunker and Chancellery has its separate entry
Wilhelmstraße as depicted in the final days of the war in the film Der Untergang and during my Bavarian International School class trip in 2020
Wilhelmstraße as depicted in the final days of the war in the film Der Untergang and during my Bavarian International School class trip in 2020
Wilhelmstraße and the same spot during the Nazi era, with Hitler's Chancellery seen in the background.Walking down Wilhelmstraße and the same spot during the Nazi era, with Hitler's Chancellery seen in the background. Site of the Third Reich's most important ministries and embassies, until 1945, the rhetorical expression Wilhelmstraße was a metonym for the German Reich government, similar to Downing Street. Apart from the Air Ministry, all the major public buildings along Wilhelmstraße were destroyed by Allied bombing during 1944 and early 1945. 
Despite such severe destruction by the Anglo-American air raids and the Battle of Berlin, numerous historic buildings on Wilhelmstraße have been preserved; the Berlin monument list names nineteen sites worthy of protection. Wilhelmstraße as far south as Zimmerstrasse was in the Soviet Zone of occupation, and apart from clearing the rubble from the street little was done to reconstruct the area until the founding of the DDR in 1949 when a large part of the area was built over with prefabricated buildings. The East German regime regarded the former government precinct as a relic of Prussian and Nazi militarism and imperialism, and had all the ruins of the government buildings demolished in the early 1950s. In the late 1950s there were almost no buildings at all along the Wilhelmstraße from Unter den Linden to the Leipziger Strasse. In the 1980s, apartment blocks were built along this section of the street.
On the area of ​​the former Prinz-Albrecht-Palais is the new building of the Topographie des Terrors Foundation which opened in 2010 and tries to present the street with its historical references under the heading of the Wilhelmstraße History Mile. On the initiative of the Berlin House of Representatives, a permanent street exhibition with glass information boards has been erected to show the locations of earlier institutions since the early 1990s. Several new buildings are planned on Wilhelmstraße including the “Palais an den Ministergärten” along Cora-Berliner-Strasse, for which several temporary snack bars are being demolished. 

Wilhelmstraße 62: Reichskolonialamt
Wilhelmstraße 62: Reichskolonialamt
Site of the former headquarters of the Reich Colonial office, set up to reclaim the colonies lost through the treaty of Versailles. It was originally created by decree by Kaiser Wilhelm II on May 17, 1907 as a central authority in its own right, managed by a cabinet-level Secretary of State. It had then been physically relocated to this site near Wilhelmplatz, where the Colonial Department of the Foreign Office had resided since 1905. This legislation had represented a complete reorganisation and was a direct response to the nationwide so-called "Hottentot election", after allegations of colonial malfeasance, corruption and brutality as a result of the Herero and Namaqua Genocide in German South-West Africa surfaced in the German media and culminated in the dissolution of the Reichstag parliament. The shake-up subsequently involved extensive and wide-ranging personnel changes in civil service positions in the colonies. 
BIS Bavarian International School Heath's history class
Between 1893 and 1903, the Herero and Nama people's land and cattle were progressively being taken by German colonists. The Herero and Nama resisted expropriation over the years, but they were disorganised and easily defeated. In 1903, the Herero discovered that they were to be placed in reservations, leaving more room for colonists to own land and prosper. In 1904, the Herero and Nama began a great rebellion that lasted until 1907, ending with the near destruction of the Herero people. According to Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, "[t]he war against the Herero and Nama was the first in which German imperialism resorted to methods of genocide...." Roughly 80,000 Herero lived in German South West Africa at the beginning of Germany's colonial rule over the area, whilst after their revolt was defeated, they numbered approximately 15,000. According to the 1985 UN Whitaker Report on Genocide, within a period of four years, approximately 65,000 Herero people perished. This was to constitute the first genocide of the 20th century, waged by the Germans against the Ovaherero, the Nama, and the San in German South West Africa (now Namibia). The BBC documentary Namibia – Genocide & the Second Reich explores the Herero/Nama genocide and the circumstances surrounding it. A student examined this topic for his IBDP Extended Essay in History, receiving an 'A'.

The ministry itself was eventually dissolved after the Great War on February 20, 1919 and replaced by the Imperial Colonial Ministry (Reichskolonialministerium) of the Weimar Republic, dealing with settlements and closing-out of affairs of the occupied and lost colonies. The building itself had been demolished in 1938; students are shown on the right during my 2020 Bavarian International School class trip beside a sign at the site mentioning the Herero, but without a word about the genocide.
 
Unter Den Linden 72-73: Reichsinnenministerium
The Reich Ministry of the Interior (RMI) was the interior ministry of the German Empire during the Weimar Republic and the Nazi regime. On November 1, 1934 it was combined with the Prussian Ministry of the Interior to form the Reich and Prussian Ministry of the Interior. In particular, it was responsible for the entire police apparatus. It was the successor to the Federal Chancellery of the North German Confederation from 1867, called the Reich Chancellery since 1871 , and the Reich Office of the Interior from 1879 as well as the predecessor of the Federal Ministry of the Interior. From 1837 two buildings together housed the Prussian Interior Ministry, which Hermann Goering assumed control of in 1933. Through it he controlled the Prussian police force numbering 50,000 'auxiliary policemen', mostly recruited form the SA and ϟϟ and used to persecute opponents. On November 1, 1934 it was merged with the Reich Interior Ministry headed by Wilhelm Frick who was responsible for drafting many of the "Gleichschaltung" laws that consolidated the Nazi regime and was instrumental in passing laws against Jews such as the notorious Nuremberg Laws, in September 1935. He was succeeded in the post in 1943 by Himmler. Stephan Lehnstaedt's Das Reichsministerium des Innern unter Heinrich Himmler 1943–1945 can be found here.
The Federal Chancellery of the North German Confederation had been located at Wilhelmstrasse 74 since 1867. The Ministry, renamed the Reich Ministry of the Interior , moved in 1919 to Königsplatz in the Alsenviertel in the former General Staff Building (today Platz der Republik ). During the war the building was destroyed and eventually blown up in 1950 and 1951.
 Annex of the former Reich Ministry of the Interior at Dorotheenstraße 93, later used by the East German Ministry of Justice and now by the Bundestag. After reunification Dorotheenstraße, named after the Great Elector's wife, replaced the DDR's Clara-Zetkinstraße. Zetkin, who was Jewish, spent four decades as a Social Democrat and became an internationally recognised feminist, but after 1919 joined the Communist Party and denounced the Weimar Republic. The new authorities declared that the street leading from eastern Berlin to the Reichstag could not be named after an opponent of parliamentary democracy as leftists and feminists organised marches in protest. 
The threat to Zetkin and other idols of the left redounded to the benefit of the ex-Communist PDS, which emerged as eastern Berlin's strongest party in 1994 elections by appealing to the separate identity of misunderstood Ossis. To the frustration of some commission members, the government had restricted its purview to the former East Berlin, effectively limiting its purge to leftist opponents of Weimar democracy.
Ladd (211) Ghosts of Berlin
The building itself was constructed from 1935 to 1937 to a design by Konrad Nonn who had been a Nazi party member and activist of the Kampfbund Deutscher Architekten und Ingenieure. It was one of the first government buildings erected by the Nazis.

Architecture was not the only aspect of Nazi rule that survived. As Paul Meskil wrote in 1961 in his book Hitler's Heirs: Where Are They Now? (112):
[Chancellor Konrad] Adenauer's chief personal aide is Dr. Hans Globke, State Secretary of the Bonn Chancellery. Though not a member of the Nazi Party, he was a high official of the Nazi Interior Ministry and co-author of a legal interpretation of the 1935 Nuremberg racial laws. Those laws, defining a Jew as anyone with a Jewish grandparent, laid the legal basis for the persecution of all Jews in Germany.
Wilhelmstraße 64: Central Office of the Führer's Deputy
(Rudolf Hess's HQ)

Central Office of the Führer's Deputy (Rudolf Hess's HQ)
Wilhelmstraße 64 then and standing in front in 2020. Built by Carl Vohl in 1903, the building used to be the liaison office of the Prussian king and the kaiser to the government, housing the Privy Civil Cabinet of the Prussian king and German Emperor. During the Weimar Republic the building served as part of the Prussian Ministry of State. Between 1922 to 1932 Prussian Minister President Otto Braun of the Social Democrat Party lived and worked here. From 1932 to 1933 the president of the Prussian Council of State (and future West German chancellor) Konrad Adenauer, used this as his apartment whilst serving as a Centre Party politician and chief mayor of Cologne. Upon taking power, this is where Hitler put Ribbentrop's office and the Nazis' liaison office, both under the authority of deputy Fuhrer Rudolf Hess who was made responsible for ensuring that all laws, statutes, regulations, promotions and so forth conformed to National Socialist ideology. After 1936 the Nazi leadership moved in and the street facade was simplified, in that the neo-baroque architectural decorations were knocked off. After the war the building's damage was repaired and the building was used as a student residence.  During the DDR era, the "Hanns Eisler" music college used part of the building. Until 1970 the East German State Secretariat for Professional Schools was based here, followed by the East German state publishing house until the demise of the DDR in 1990. When office buildings were needed for the new federal government after the fall of the Wall, the house on Wilhelmstrasse 64 (now renumbered with no. 54) was rebuilt, with remnants of the imperial and Nazi era furnishingswere obtained. The post-war attic was reconstructed and modeled on the historical building. Since 2000 the building has been the Berlin office of today's Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture .

Wilhelmstraße 65: Reichsjustizministerium
Wilhelmstraße 65: Reichsjustizministerium
Under the Nazis the Prussian Ministry of Justice was merged with the Reich Ministry of Justice and headed by Franz Gürtner who was responsible for coordinating jurisprudence in the Third Reich. Objecting to the illegality of the Gestapo and SA in dealing with prisoners of war, he protested unsuccessfully to Hitler, nevertheless staying on in the cabinet, hoping to reform the establishment from within. Instead, he found himself providing official sanction and legal grounds for a series of criminal actions under the Hitler administration. His successor, Otto Thierack, forwent any pretence of legality and simply began handing undesirable groups over to the ϟϟ having come to an understanding with Himmler that certain categories of prisoners were to be, to use their words, "annihilated through work". Lengthy paperwork involved in clemency proceedings for those sentenced to death was greatly shortened and, at his personal instigation, the execution shed at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin was outfitted with eight iron hooks in December 1942 so that several people could be put to death at once by hanging. At the mass executions beginning on September7, 1943, it also happened that some prisoners were hanged "by mistake". Thierack simply covered up these mistakes and demanded that the hangings continue. During the war an air raid in December 1944 destroyed the main building except for the surrounding walls. The building was demolished in 1950 and the property was initially kept free for a passage from Französische Strasse to Wilhelmstrasse. Today the site serves as the embassy of Afghanistan. 

Wilhelmstraße 68: Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung
Wilhelmstraße 68: Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung
The Reich Ministry of Science and Public Education in July, 1943 and the site today. After the Nazis came to power Bernhard Rust, Gauleiter of South Hanover-Braunschweig, was appointed provisionally as Prussian Minister of Education. After responsibility for arts affairs had been transferred to the Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, the Rust was appointed Reich Minister for Science, Education and Public Education on May 1, 1934 and tried to bring the school system into line with Nazi ideology whilst discharging those regarded as politically or racially "undesirable" from scientific and research work. The Prussian Ministry of Culture served as the basis of the newly created Reich Ministry, whose officials also dealt with the affairs of the Reich. At the beginning of 1935, the name of the ministry was adapted accordingly and the authority now operated as the Reich and Prussian Ministry for Science, Education and National Education (Reich Ministry of Education or REM). On October 1, 1938, the reference to Prussia was deleted and the Ministry finally renamed the Reich Ministry for Science, Education and National Education. During the war the building complex was destroyed with the exception of the eastern courtyard wing and parts of the connecting passage to the extension. In August 1945, some of its rooms were set aside for the German Central Authority for Public Education. In October 1949 upon the official creation of the DDR, this became the East German Ministry of Public Education. From 1963 until 1989 the ministry was headed by the wife of East Germany's last Head of State, Margot Honecker. From 1970 until the dissolution of East Germany in 1990 it housed the East German Academy of Educational Science. Today it serves as offices for members of the Bundestag.

Wilhelmstraße 70:
Embassy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Wilhelmstraße 70: Embassy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The Palais Strousberg was designed by August Orth for the railway pioneer Bethel Henry Strousberg. Subsequently the building served as British embassy until its destruction in the Second World War. Today in the growing fears of NSA intrusion, it is the subject of German fears that it serves as Britain’s ‘secret listening post in the heart of Berlin.’ 
After the decision in 1991 to move the German seat of government from Bonn to Berlin , the British government decided to build a new embassy building at the historic location. An architecture competition was then announced which was won by Michael Wilford & Partners. The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 29, 1998. The only street side of the building was given a large opening over two floors, which is intended to provide a symbolic light. The turquoise green roof was constructed by Michael Wilford as a Potemkin construction with a sloping roof; the house actually only has a flat roof. The new embassy building was opened on July 18, 2000 by HM Queen Elizabeth II. With the increased terrorist threat after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the entire embassy area was temporarily closed to public access. Special security controls were later introduced for all visitors. In addition, since 2001, Wilhelmstrasse between Behrenstrasse and Unter den Linden has been completely cordoned off from vehicle traffic. The British embassy building is considered the first privately financed embassy both in Germany and around the world. A German company finances the legation for thirty years with the possibility for an extension. It was discovered in 2013 that a wiretapping system for cellphone, WiFi and other communication data has been operated on the roof since 2000 allowing us to eavesdrop on communications between the Chancellery and the Reichstag.
Wilhelmstraße 70: Embassy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland flag
The British Embassy remains at the same spot as it was during the years of crisis. Photos I took for the site British Imperial Flags. Dr. Lothrop Stoddard in his book Into The Darkness- Nazi Germany Today, published in 1940 during the war, remarked how
[t]he most interesting example of Berlin‟s impassive popular mood was the attitude toward the tightly closed British Embassy which is just around the corner from the Adlon. There it stands, with gilded lions and unicorns upon its portals. I had rather expected that this diplomatic seat of the arch-enemy would attract some attention, especially on a Sunday, when this part of town was thronged with outside visitors. Yet, though I watched closely for some time, I never saw a soul give the building more than a passing glance, much less point to it or demonstrate in any way.  
Between Behrenstrasse and Unter den Linden, Wilhelmstrasse has been closed to motorised through traffic since 2003 to protect the British embassy there , especially from car bombs .
 
Wilhelmstraße 72: Reichsministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaf
Wilhelmstraße 72: Reichsministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaf
Originally this was the site of a palace built in 1735 and obtained by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia and had been the residence of the Hohenzollern princes until the revolution in 1918. The Reich Ministry for Food and Agriculture (RMEL) from 1919 to 1945. It had been bombed during the war, after which the office became the Federal Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forests under the communist authorities. It was finally demolished in 1962 and remained vacant until the mid 1980s when the East Germans began building high-rise apartment blocks.
The grounds of the former palace were chosen to become part of the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas)
Wilhelmstraße 74-76: The Foreign Office
Wilhelmstraße 74-76: The Foreign Office nazi
  The Foreign Office in 1935 and 1936. Through the Machtergreifung, the personnel policy of the German Foreign Office was subjected to Nazi policy, as was the case with all other Reich ministries. Nevertheless, resistance from the Foreign Service did admittedly emerge, for example Rudolf von Scheli, Ilse Stöbe, Adam von Trott to Solz and Ulrich von Hassell. Nevertheless, in its 2010 report Unabhängige Historikerkommission – Auswärtiges Amt, the "Independent Historical Committee - German Foreign Office" concluded that the Office's employees during the Nazi period were less victims but rather actors of national socialism:  
The Foreign Office was [...] not a hoard of resistance. It was also no retreat of old-ministerial bureaucrats, who, under a bad government, would not abandon their country and simply continue their ministry. There was also no targeted infiltration by national socialists, which was not necessary at all. What was more characteristic of AA was the "self-equalisation.  An antidemocratic and an anti-Semitic consensus prevailed among the officials in the Wilhelmstrasse and the Hitler government. The most aristocratic diplomats represented the traditional upper-class anti-Semitism, which was less radical than the genocidal anti-Semitism of the national socialists. But both wanted to overcome the "plague of peace" of Versailles and make Germany a great power again. There were only differences in the assessment of the risk of war.   
Wilhelmstraße 74-76: The Foreign OfficeNothing is left of it today, but the Reich Aviation Ministry can be seen in the background.
In 1939 the office issued a formal statement about the so-called Jewish question as a factor of foreign policy. Among other things,  "[t]he realisation that Judaism in the world will always be the implacable opponent of the Third Reich forces the decision to prevent any strengthening of the Jewish position. A Jewish state [ie: British Palestine] would, however, bring a legal system of international law to world Jewry. "  The research results published in October 2010 by the independent historian commission, convened by the then Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer in 2005, show that "after the attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Foreign Office took the initiative to solve the 'Jewish question' at European level. Eckart Conze (historian and spokesman of the commission) said in a 2010 interview that the Foreign Office "was actively involved in all measures of persecution, deprivation, expulsion and extermination of the Jews from the beginning... The target 'final solution' was already very early recognisable."  
After the end of the war, a number of leading members of the Office in the so-called Wilhelmstraßen process.

Wilhelmstraße 79-80/Voßstraße 96: Reich Ministry of Transport (Reichsverkehrsministerium)
Wilhelmstraße 79-80/Voßstraße 96: Reich Ministry of Transport (Reichsverkehrsministerium)
 Its Wilhelmstraße façade then and within the former yard today
Wilhelmstraße 79-80/Voßstraße 96: Reich Ministry of  Wilhelmstraße 79-80/Voßstraße 96: Reich Ministry of Transport (Reichsverkehrsministerium)Transport (Reichsverkehrsministerium)
Then and now as seen from Voßstraße. It had been built in 1884-86 by Boeckmann architects as a residential building. In 1925 the house was extended and fitted to the neighbouring German Railway Company. Today it is the only house of the old Voßstraße still existing. With the founding of the Ministry of Aviation on May 5, 1933, the Reichsverkehrsministerium lost the jurisdiction over the Department of Aviation. The Department of Motor Transport and Shipping was divided into two separate departments as Erich Klausener became head of the shipping division. After Klausener's assassination during the so-called Röhm-Putsch on June 30, 1934, the division received a new department head with Max Waldeck at the beginning of 1935. In the same year, the two railway divisions were merged after the head of the administrative department had retired. As of March 20, 1935, the Reichsverkehrsminister (Minister of Transport and Transport) was named Reich and Prussian Transport Minister after the corresponding tasks had been taken over from the Prussian Ministry of Transport. Added to this were other transport tasks from the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Agriculture.  The Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft was placed under the Act for the Reorganisation of the Reichsbank and the German Reichsbahn Act on January 30, 1937, and received the name "Deutsche Reichsbahn". The Reichsbahn committees were taken over to the ministry as department head in the rank of ministerial directors. Until the end of the Second World War the structure changed only insignificantly. In the operational and construction department E II was the unit 21 "mass transport", which from 1940 was responsible for the organisation and timetable of the special trains for the deportation of Jews from Germany ordered by the ϟϟ. This meant that the Reichsverkehrsministerium was responsible for a substantial part of the Holocaust.

Wilhelmplatz
western entrance to the subway station "Kaiserhof" at Berlin, Wilhelmplatz (today station "Mohrenstraße", line U2); built 1908 after a design by Alfred Grenander, destroyed in 1936.
At the western entrance to the subway station "Kaiserhof" at Berlin, Wilhelmplatz (today station "Mohrenstraße", line U2); built 1908 after a design by Alfred Grenander, destroyed in 1936.
For some years a regular daily meeting had taken place in the Propaganda Ministry on the Wilhelmplatz in Berlin, attended by Goebbels, senior officials of the RMVP and liaison and media staff from other ministries, the Party Chancellery and the Wehrmacht. These press conferences would normally begin at 11.am (although the time could vary from 10.00 am to noon) and lasted for half an hour to forty-five minutes. Goebbels dominated proceedings and the only other regular speaker was the OKW liaison officer who would give a brief account of developments at the front(s). The ministerial conference was very much a platform for Goebbels to perform. The Minister would use the 'conference’ to provide guidelines and detailed instructions for the implementation of German propaganda. It was not intended to offer a dialogue with journalists. As Goebbels widened the scope of his brief during the war the conference expanded from twenty in attendance gradually increasing after the invasion of Russia to fifty or sixty persons.

Wilhelmplatz
Wilhelmplatz was built over during the German Democratic Republic era. The Czech Embassy is visible in the foreground of the picture whilst the historic statues have since been reinstated.
Wilhelmplatz
A member of the Hitlerjugend on a street sign where Wilhelmstrasse intersects with Wilhelmplatz, and as it appeared after the war.
Hotel Kaiserhof in 1938 and the same site today with my students during our Bavarian International School class trip in 2020.  hitler nazi Taxis lined up in front of the legendary Hotel Kaiserhof in 1938 and the same site today with my students during our Bavarian International School class trip in 2020. On November 22, 1943 the hotel was badly damaged by the RAF during an air-raid on Berlin. The ruins ended up in East Berlin after the division of the city and were later completely torn down and in 1974 the North Korean embassy to East Germany was constructed on the site. When in 2001 its successor state, the Federal Republic of Germany, re-established diplomatic relations with North Korea, the latter's embassy returned to the building. Since 2004, the annex on the south half of the site has been leased to Cityhostel Berlin, which currently pays the North Korean regime an estimated €38,000 per month. It was here on February 26, 1932 in a ceremony that Hitler had himself appointed a Regierungsrat in Brunswick for the period of a week, thus acquiring German citizenship. Fest writes how this was "for years his Berlin headquarters;" Irving adds that "[t]his was where Hitler made his command post whenever he was in Berlin." After having lunch "Hitler read newspapers, brought by an aide each day from a kiosk at the nearby Kaiserhof Hotel. In earlier years he had taken tea in the Kaiserhof: as he entered, the little orchestra would strike up the ‘Donkey Serenade,’ his favourite Hollywood movie tune." On the day Hitler was appointed Chancellor 
at a window of the Kaiserhof, Rohm was keeping an anxious watch on the door from which Hitler must emerge. Shortly after noon a roar went up from the crowd: the Leader was coming. He ran down the steps to his car and in a couple of minutes was back in the Kaiserhof, As he entered the room his lieutenants crowded to greet him. The improbable had happened: Adolf Hitler, the petty official's son from Austria, the down-and-out of the Home for Men, the Meldeganger of the List Regiment, had become Chancellor of the German Reich.
Bullock (250).
bronze statue of Leopold I shown with my students during my 2016 Bavarian International School trip was moved in 2005 to its current location on WilhelmplatzA few months later Goebbels would give his speech on ‘The Tasks of the German Theatre’ at the Hotel Kaiserhof on May 8, 1933  during which he lectured the assembled theatre actors and managers on his concept of a militant Nazi culture. Irving records him as declaring that "I want to protest at the notion that the artist alone has the privilege of being unpolitical... The artist may not merely trail behind, he must seize the banner and march at the head." Turning to the Jewish question, he grimly affirmed that there was no need for special legislation to extrude the Jews from the world of German art. "I think the German people will themselves gradually eliminate them."
The bronze statue of Leopold I shown with my students during my 2016 Bavarian International School trip was moved in 2005 to its current location on Wilhelmplatz on the initative of the Berlin Schadow Society which planned to re-erect the statues of the Prussian military near their historical locations. The bronze copies of the Zieten and Anhalt-Dessau monuments were rebuilt in 2003 and 2005 on the subway island on the transverse axis of the former Wilhelmplatz. The remaining four bronze statues were moved to a new location on the neighboring Zietenplatz in September 2009 after its reconstruction, which began in 2005, was completed. Since 2011, the statues as a whole have been a listed building.
The NSDAP leader was often in Berlin, where since February 1931 he regularly stayed in a suite at the legendary Hotel Kaiserhof at 4 Wilhelmplatz (formerly Ziethenplatz), across the street from the Reich Chancellery. The hotel was the first luxury hotel in the city, opened in 1875 and three years later one of the showpieces of the 1878 Congress of Berlin, which took place under the leadership of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Since the early 1920s, the hotel management had sympathized with the right‑wing nationalist forces operating against the Weimar state, so it was no coincidence that the top floor of the hotel turned into the NSDAP’s provisional headquarters.  
 Directly across the street is this memorial to Georg Elser, who had concealed a time bomb in the Bürgerbräukeller, set to go off during Hitler's speech on 8 November. The bomb exploded, killing seven people and injuring sixty-three, but Hitler escaped unharmed; he had cut his speech short and left about half an hour early. Elser was arrested, imprisoned for 5 ½ years and executed shortly before the end of the war. On November 8, 2011, this seventeen metre-long memorial was inaugurated on the corner of An der Kolonnade street in his memory.

Wilhelmplatz 8-9:
Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda

A Berlin postcard actually promoting the site of Goebbels's Propaganda Ministry and my class of 2021. Shortly after the Reichstag election in March 1933, Hitler presented his cabinet on March 11 with a draft resolution for the establishment of the ministry. Despite the skepticism of some non-Nazi ministers, he prevailed. On March 13, 1933, the Reich President Hindenburg ordered the establishment of a Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. The term “propaganda” (from Latin propagare , “further spread”) was used in a value-neutral manner at the time of its founding. The meaning of the ministry name can be understood today in the sense of "for culture, media and public relations", whereby the boundary between advertising and public relations was already fluid which Goebbels tried to differentiate. The ministry moved here into the Prinz-Karl-Palais on Wilhelmplatz 8/9 in Berlin, which was already used by the now incorporated "United Press Department of the Reich Government". From the spring of 1933, the complex was expanded extensively. Due to the insufficient space there, architect Karl Reichle created spacious extensions between 1934 and 1938. The rear façade of the extant new wing on Mauerstrasse offers a good impression of Nazi state architecture: Conservative modernism and monumental austerity are reflected in the shell limestone façade with its uniform serial pattern. 
My 2021 cohort in front. The Ministry was created shortly after the Nazi "seizure of power"to serve as the central institution of propaganda through Goebbels, who exercised control over all German mass media and cultural workers through his department and the Reich Chamber of Culture established in autumn 1933. On March 25, 1933, Goebbels explained the future function of the Ministry of Propaganda to the directors and directors of the broadcasting companies by declaring that “[t]he ministry has the task of carrying out a spiritual mobilisation in Germany. So it is in the field of the spirit what the Ministry of Defence is in the field of the guard. [...] the spiritual mobilisation is just as necessary, perhaps even more necessary than the material mobilisation of the people."
From the spring of 1933, the complex was expanded extensively. The neighbouring American embassy in the Kleisthaus was built into the building. The tasks of the ministry are described in an ordinance by Hitler of June 30, 1933 as follows:"The Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda is responsible for all tasks of intellectual influence on the nation, advertising for the state, culture and economy, informing the domestic and foreign public about them and the administration of all institutions serving these purposes."
 Numerous tasks of the Propaganda Ministry overlapped with the areas of competence of other organisations, which were linked by a complex network of personnel and in some cases were also under the direction of Goebbels. As a professional organisation, the Reich Chamber of Culture controlled and monitored cultural workers in the theatre, radio, film and press, among other areas. At party level, there were also three Reichsleiter with media skills, whose areas of responsibility overlapped: the Reich Propaganda Head of the Nazi Party, Joseph Goebbels; the Reichsleiter for the Nazi Party press, Max Amann; and the Nazi Party Press Chief, Otto Dietrich who was the vice president of the Reich Press Chamber which in turn was subordinate to the President of the Reich Chamber of Culture- Joseph Goebbels. Power struggles, personal enmities and mutual dependencies sometimes led to contradicting instructions from the various agencies. At the 1936 Summer Olympics, direct responsibility lay with the Reich Ministry of the Interior , which was responsible for sport. But since Goebbels had already met with Theodor Lewald, the President of the Organising Committee, he was able to contribute accordingly at all levels. The success of the propaganda is still visible through Leni Riefenstahl's film Olympia. There were violent disputes over who was responsible for foreign propaganda, for which the Reich Foreign Ministry claimed general authority. For example, influencing internal reporting in Italy remained completely in the hands of the Foreign Office; diplomatic sensitivity was required when dealing with the Axis partner. Since regulations and prohibitions were inappropriate in relation to a sovereign state, the Office flooded the Italian Ministry of Propaganda with ready-made news from around the world instead - news that was more detailed and timely than the material of the Italian correspondents, and was therefore often used by newspapers and radio. Although Hitler's order of September 8, 1939 clearly defined the leadership role of the Foreign Office in foreign propaganda, Goebbels and his ministry continued to interfere in this area until the end of the war .
The Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda (Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda – RMVP), was established by a presidential decree, signed on 12 March 1933 and promulgated on the following day, which defined the task of the new ministry as the dissemination of ‘enlightenment and propaganda within the population concerning the policy of the Reich Government and the national reconstruction of the German Fatherland’. In June Hitler was to define the scope of the RMVP in even more general terms, making Goebbels responsible for the ‘spiritual direction of the nation’. Not only did this vague directive provide Goebbels with room to out-manoeuvre his critics within the Party; it also put the seal of legitimacy on what was soon to be the ministry’s wholesale control of the mass-media. Nevertheless, Goebbels was constantly involved in quarrels with ministerial colleagues who resented the encroachment of this new ministry on their old domain.
Standing in front of the site in 2007. Currently serving as the German Federal Ministry of Health and Social Security, this is where Goebbels was in charge of the Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (RMVP) was responsible for the content-related control of the press, literature, fine arts, film, theatre, music and broadcasting. After the first ministerial building here was destroyed in the war, a remnant marked by archways remained standing on Wilhelmstrasse.
The part of the building visible here behind my students is the Marschall House, converted by Karl Reichle in 1934 to serve as the entrance area to the Ministry of Propaganda. The walled up archways and windows of today were originally passageways to the main building of the Ministry of Propaganda. The ministry was re-established shortly after the "seizure of power" by the Nazis as the central institution of Nazi propaganda. It was in the Cabinet Hitler under the direction of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, who exerted control of all German mass media and cultural workers through his ministry and the Reich Chamber of Culture built in the fall of 1933.
No one who lived in Germany in the Thirties, and who cared about such matters, can ever forget the sickening decline of the cultural standards of a people who had had such high ones for so long a time. This was inevitable, of course, the moment the Nazi leaders decided that the arts, literature, the press, radio and the films must serve exclusively the propaganda purposes of the new regime and its outlandish philosophy.
Not a single living German writer of any importance, with the exception of Ernst Juenger and Ernst Wiechert in the earlier years, was published in Germany during the Nazi time. Almost all of them, led by Thomas Mann, emigrated; the few who remained were silent or were silenced. Every manuscript of a book or a play had to be submitted to the Propaganda Ministry before it could be approved for publication or production.
Shirer (214)
In the last weeks of the war, the historic palace was destroyed by an air mine. Its ruins were torn down in 1949 whilst the parts of the building that were built during the Nazi regime were damaged but reconstructed after the war. From 1947 the National Front of the German Democratic Republic, an association of parties and mass organisations of the DDR, moved into this building. With the move of the Ministry for Media Policy into the building of the former Propaganda Ministry, the East German government ensured continuity in the use of the building. Since 1999 the building has been the seat of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs.

Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)
Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)
As it appeared in the film
Valkyrie and during my 2021 school trip with my Bavarian International School history students. The building also provided the backdrop to the dire 2007 film Mein Führer - Die wirklich wahrste Wahrheit über Adolf Hitler (Mein Führer: The Truly Truest Truth About Adolf Hitler).In 1890 Das Preussische Kriegsministerium at Leipzigerstrasse 5 was enlarged by the construction of an huge extension in Wilhelmstrasse. During the Weimar Republic it contained the offices of the Reich Defence Ministry. In 1933 the newly-formed Reich Aviation Ministry headed by Goering moved into it, at which point he ordered the complex destroyed and a monumental new building designed by Ernst Sagebiel constructed on the site, housing 2000 rooms.
Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)During its construction in 1935, as shown in the 1936 series of Winterhilfswerk and from my 2020 school trip- Moderne Bauten stamps, and a guided tour of various sites, including the Reichsluftfahrtministerium.
Historians have devoted considerable attention to Hitler’s plans for the rebuilding of Berlin, but they have rarely acknowledged their effect on both the face of tourist Berlin and the meaning of a visit to the capital between 1933 and 1945. Yet it is impossible to overestimate the degree to which Berlin’s new buildings – among them, the Reich Chancellery, the Reich Sport Field, the Reich Ministry of Transportation and the Reich Aviation Ministry – became key sights for visitors to the city.
 
Model of the entire complex and site today.  
In May 1933, the newly founded Reich Aviation Ministry took over the entire building complex at the corner of Leipziger Strasse  Wilhelmstrasse, which had been the seat of the Prussian War Ministry until 1918 and, in the Weimar Republic, the seat of the Reichswehr Ministry and the Ministry of Labour. 
On February 2, 1933, the Ordinance on the Reichskommissar for Aviation was issued, ordering a Reichskommissar for the aviation ministry. This was a first step towards establishing an air force. In addition to the army and the navy, it would become a part of the Reichswehr. The Reichskommissar for aviation was responsible for the planning and development of aviation, directly subordinate to the Reichskanzler. To this end, he received from the Reich Ministry of Transportation and the Reich Ministry of the Interior power over all civilian aviation and air defence. To serve as Reichskommissar Hitler appointed the Jagdflieger of the First World War, Nazi politician and Prussian Minister of the Interior Hermann Goering. In January 1935, Goering laid the cornerstone of the new Air Ministry. It would occupy a four-hundred-thousand-square-foot site off the Leipziger Strasse. Hitler personally checked each façade in plaster miniature. Its central longitudinal block and side wings would house four thousand bureaucrats and officers in its twenty-eight hundred rooms. Throughout 1935 the country’s finest architects and sculptors chiselled at heroic reliefs with motifs like “Flag Company,” designed by Professor Arnold Waldschmidt of the Prussian Academy of Fine Arts. The Berliners made smug comments about this extravagance- “Pure and simple, and hang the expense!” was one; “Just humble gold” was another.
David Irving, Göring (216-7)
Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)
The Main Hall (Ehrensaal) inside then and now. Three days after Reichskristallnacht in November 1938, Goering held a conference here (now the Euro Hall) wherein it was resolved that a thousand million Reichsmarks would be demanded from German Jews to pay for the damage caused by the pogrom.
“The swine will think twice,” he said, “before they inflict a second murder on us.” But the unthinking and needlessly destructive mode of revenge that Goebbels had selected outraged him. As his limousine made its way through the shards in Berlin the next morning, November 10 he got fighting mad and called a terse meeting of the Nazi party leaders at the Air Ministry building. Walther Darré heard Göring call the pogrom “a bloody outrage.” The field marshal lectured them all on their “lack of discipline.” He reserved his most pained language for Dr. Joseph Goebbels. “I buy most of my works of art from Jewish dealers,” he cried. Goebbels rushed yelping to the Führer’s lunch table but found little sympathy. Hitler had spent the night in Munich issuing orders to stop the outrages and sending out his adjutants to protect Jewish businesses like Bernheimer’s, the antique dealers. Himmler was also furious with Goebbels for having made free with the local SS units to stage the pogrom. 
Irving (341)
Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)
The building from the Nazi-era in 2007. The Reich Aviation Ministry remains the only major surviving public building in the Wilhelmstrasse from the Nazi era at Wilhelmstraße 81-85, south of the Leipziger Strasse, a huge edifice built on the orders of Hermann Göring between 1933 and 1936 based on a design by Ernst Sagebiel, who shortly afterwards rebuilt Tempelhof Airport on a similarly gigantic scale. One writer has described it as "in the typical style of National Socialist intimidation architecture." It ran for more than 250 metres along Wilhelmstraße, partly on the site of the former Prussian War Ministry that had dated from 1819, and covered the full length of the block between Prinz-Albrecht-Straße and Leipziger Straße, even running along Leipziger Straße itself to join on to the Prussian Herrenhaus, the former Upper House of the Prussian Parliament. It comprised of a reinforced concrete skeleton with an exterior facing of limestone and travertine (a form of marble). In 1935 all the buildings in the area were demolished and the area expanded through acquisitions up to Prinz-Albrecht-Straße in the south. The gigantic new building with its usable area of ​​56,000 square metres and 2,100 interior rooms was completed at the end of 1936. A labyrinth of corridors with a total length of 6.8 kilometres established the connections in this gigantic ensemble.
Traces of Evil Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)
 The Reich Aviation Ministry was the first large new building of the new Nazi government. The architect in charge, Prof. Ernst Sagebiel, implemented what Göring demanded when, in his speech on October 12, 1935, Göring said on the inauguration of the new building, he declared that "[w]e are taking over a good piece of Prussian-German tradition from it."  Sagebiel had relief panels with German military leaders attached as facade decorations, but these took a back seat to the actual decoration with swastikas, military symbols such as the Iron Cross and the Pour le Mérite, the highest German order of merit. Göring, a fighter pilot in the First World War, had been the bearer of the Pour le Mérite. Here on the left I stand beside one of the entraces and as it appeared when the offfending symbols were removed after the war and subsequently replaced with cladding. 
Under the Versailles Treaty of June 28, 1919, Germany had been forbidden to rebuild its air forces and its civil aviation was severely hindered. The new regime quickly broke this treaty, first in secret, then publicly with the occupation of the Rhineland in March 1936 and the attack by the Condor Legion on the Basque city of Guernica in April 1937. 
With its seven storeys and total floor area of 112,000 square metres, 2,800 rooms, seven kilometres of corridors, over four thousand windows, seventeen stairways, and with the stone coming from no fewer than fifty quarries, the vast building served the growing bureaucracy of the Luftwaffe, plus Germany’s civil aviation authority which was also located there. Yet it took only eighteen months to build, the army of labourers working double shifts and Sundays. Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)The short construction period of the Reich Aviation Ministry was touted to the public as a "performance show" of the new system. The building complex, built partly as a reinforced concrete, partly as a steel frame structure in a functional aesthetic around several large inner courtyards, enjoyed homogeneous rows of narrow and sharp-edged windows in a strict style overlooking the smooth shell limestone facade. The first thousand rooms were handed over in October 1935 after just eight months' construction. When it had been finally completed, four thousand bureaucrats and their secretaries were employed within its walls. According to Elke Dietrich, “[t]he discipline of the national community is expressed in the discipline of architecture in this building.” In this way, Göring legitimised the New Objectivity style, the application of which until then was described by the Nazis as culturally Bolshevik and soulless; “un-German”.
The enormous building stretches south and west from the corner of Leipziger Strasse and Wilhelmstrasse, at the southern edge of the traditional government quarter. Several sprawling wings, ranging from four to seven stories high, contain two thousand rooms, among them grand halls in which Reich Marshal Göring received, entertained, and overawed visitors. Like Sagebiel's airport, its external appearance is modern in its stark and massive facades but traditional in its stone construction and monumental entrance courts. A Third Reich guidebook pronounced it a "document in stone displaying the reawakened military will and the reestablished military readiness of the new Germany." 
Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium) HitlerHitler at the site in 1935 at the main entrance of the Reich Aviation Ministry with its forecourt is on Leipziger Strasse and my 2018 cohort. The Ehrenhof faces Wilhelmstrasse as a parade area, the entrance to which was framed by two Nazi eagles, each holding a laurel wreath with a swastika in their claws . Two inner courtyards laid out with large-format granite slabs with framed lawns and two chestnuts each, a utility courtyard and two garden courtyards with sculptures on the lawns forming the exterior of the gigantic building complex. The lobby inside was adorned with a 25 metre-long stone relief by Arno Waldschmidt glorifying the Wehrmacht entitled “Fahnenkompanie.”  In June 1943 Waldschmidt received the Goethe Medal for Art and Science with express reference to this relief. Waldschmidt “was also the first to bring the Führer’s ideas into the arts”.
Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)
This time it's Göring shown during the Tag der Luftwaffe on March 1, 1938. April 21, the anniversary of the death of Manfred von Richthofen, the Red Baron, was officially designated "Day of the German Air Force" in 1936. On this occasion, sixteen streets were solemnly renamed by Nazi party officials with a lot of pomp in honour of aviator heroes of the First World War. The initiator of this renaming was Göring who had replaced the Red Baron as the head of the Baron's Flying Circus. The state commissioner for the capital, Julius Lippert, praised the "... courageous commitment and the deadly fulfillment of duty" of the honored "heroes" whilst the state secretary for aviation, General Milch thanked the surviving aviators of the Great War who helped build the new air force, implicitly referring to Göring, Udet, Loerzer and many others. He also thanked the Hitler who had "after the disgraceful years led Germany out and returned the Wehrmacht to the German people".
The Technical Office of the RLM, which had emerged from a flight technology department in the Heereswaffenamt that existed until 1935, was essentially responsible for the development of new aircraft types by the aviation industry and their production planning. In 1936 Göring appointed the later Colonel General Ernst Udet to head this office and entrusted him with the duties of State Secretary Erhard Milch, who until then had been the main planner and organizer of the armament of the Air Force. Udet was thus responsible for the development and provision of aircraft, weapons and equipment for all parts of the air force. Udet divided the office into thirteen departments, the overview of their responsibilities was lost. After Udet's suicide in November 1941, Erhard Milch took over his duties again.
Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)
Compared to similar offices at home and abroad, the RLM was probably no better or worse structured and organised. The excellent personal relationships between Göring and Hitler soon gave the RLM more influence and power than other ministries. Göring used his position at the head of the RLM to find posts for numerous friends or well-deserved Nazi leaders. They were less interested in working in the RLM than in continuing or expanding their political careers.The supply of materials to the Luftwaffe, including aircraft production, was initially organised by the RLM itself and was thus separate from the production of other armaments, for which the Reich Ministry for Armaments and Ammunition , created on March 17, 1940 and led by Fritz Todt, was responsible. After Todt's accidental death, it was managed by Albert Speer from March 1942 . In connection with the transfer of the air armament to Speer and his ministry in June 1944, the RLM was reorganised and tightly organised. This probably had an impact on the Luftwaffe and the rest of the war. 
Traces of Evil
The site immediately after the war with Nazi eagle still perched in place, and standing at the site in 2021. Despite its history, the Reich Aviation Ministry was not only a place where the inhuman orders of the Nazi regime were taken and implemented, but also recognised a place of resistance. Here Luftwaffe Lieutenant Harro Schulze-Boysen worked as an assistant officer in the Department “Foreign Air Powers,” evaluating foreign specialist literature. In 1935 he met the government councilor in the Reich Ministry of Economics, Arvid Harnack, who was a secret Communist Party member who had been recruited by the Soviet foreign intelligence service. From this point on, Schulze-Boysen's opposition circle of friends was formed, which from 1941 onwards became part of a leading German resistance fighter as a member of a Berlin anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra (Rote Kapelle) by the Abwehr.
Schulze-Boysen was eventually arrested and executed in 1942, as was Harnack and his American-born wife, Mildred Harnack. She had originally been sentenced to six years in prison, but Hitler swiftly cancelled the sentence and ordered a new trial which resulted in a death sentence. She was beheaded by guillotine, and her body was released to Hermann Stieve, anatomy professor at Humboldt University, to be dissected for research. 
Mr. Heath's Bavarian International School History students at Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)
As it appeared after the war and my 2021 Bavarian International School students
This building escaped major damage during the war and its large size and intact state in contrast to the rest of Wilhelmstrasse made the building attractive to the new East German government. A dozen ministries were given office space there, and it was renamed the "House of Ministries," which it remained until 1990. As one of the few intact government buildings in central Berlin, it ended up being occupied by the Council of Ministers of the new German Democratic Republic in 1949 which had been founded on October 7, 1949, in the great hall of the former Reich Aviation Ministry, and the building complex became the “House of Ministries”. On October 11th the People's Chamber, together with the Länderkammer, 'elected' Wilhelm Pieck as the first and only President of the DDR with Otto Grotewohl becoming Prime Minister. Here the specialist ministries of the various branches of industry are grouped together; In 1953 there are nine government offices and ministries; by 1989 there were sixteen. The East Germans didn't use the building complex without reflecting on its historical origin and declared its use as a symbol of a new beginning with old, negative history being overwritten by the new one that was now emerging here. According to Willi Stoph at the time, “[t]hrough the initiative of the Communist Party of Germany and in accordance with the decision of the Soviet Military Administration, this building was to be given a new purpose... From now on, people should work in the hundreds of workrooms who work for peaceful construction and for life and who do their part to overcome the serious consequences of the predatory Nazi war in our country."
Given its importance it was at the centre of the popular demonstrations during the workers' uprising of June 17, 1953. Nazi flags swastikas at  Wilhelmstraße 81-85: Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium)Proposals for a plaque remembering the terror bombing planned hereof Guernica, Warsaw, Rotterdam, and Coventry have come to nothing. During the early 1990s, the building served as the headquarters of the Treuhand, the special government agency charged with liquidating East Germany's state-owned economy. (In 1992 it was renamed Detlef-Rohwedder-Haus in honour of the head of the Treuhand who was assassinated by left-wing terrorists.) As the Treuhand's actions directly or indirectly eliminated hundreds of thousands of jobs, it became a hated institution in the eyes of many East Germans. Some of them chose to see the building as the fortresslike command center of an occupying power, the West German capitalists who had supplanted the Soviet Communists. Thus Göring's building, though denazified in the popular mind, remained a place of bureaucrats and autocrats issuing orders from behind their stone walls. For the private contractor hired to renovate the building for the Treuhand, in fact, its identity was uncomplicated. A temporary sign advertised "Berlin's largest office building." Third Reich ministries and agencies left behind many other buildings. Their construction reflected both the growth of central government authority and the desire of leading Nazis to display their power in the most visible and permanent way. After the war, hard-pressed national and municipal authorities on both sides of the Wall understandably chose to see intact buildings as office space rather than as Nazi statements in stone. 

Bavarian International School
  After the war and today. Ironically, this was the one building in Berlin not bombed from the air. After the war, the building housed the Soviet Military Administration, followed in turn by the National Economic Commission. After the war the building, which was hardly destroyed, was used by the East German Ministry of Finance as the 'House of Ministries'. The building, which has now been completely renovated and modernised and renamed the ' Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus ', has been the seat of the government since the government moved to BerlinFederal Ministry of Finance. Several designs by Arno Breker for a monumental sculpture on the forecourt to the main entrance of the planned new building complex on Leipziger Strasse have come down to us including a six feet high figure carrying a torch; earlier drafts clearly show that the sculpture with its free arm guides a model-like missile similar to a javelin thrower. On October 7, 1949, the German Democratic Republic was founded in the Great Hall. Up until 1989 the building served as the East German House of the Ministries, with the complex bordering the Berlin Wall (see below). From 1991 to 1995 the building was used by Treuhand Anstalt, the trustee organisation for the privatisation of former East German state enterprises. Since 1999 it has housed the German Ministry of Finance.
founding of East Germany on October 7, 1949  Bavarian International School
The site during the founding of East Germany on October 7, 1949 as delegates of a people’s council gathered in the grand hall. Although badly damaged, the Ministry building was quickly identified by occupying Soviet forces as an essential resource in their postwar administrative infrastructure. By August 1945 sixty-seven offices in the building were already in use, and in the same month an order was issued to ensure that five hundred offices were made ready in the next three months. Half a million reichsmarks was earmarked for that purpose by the municipal authorities, and about eighteen hundred construction workers were employed on the site. The pragmatic adoption of the building by the Soviet authorities was accompanied by the complete erasure of the overt Nazi iconography, as bare stone replaced the nationalist and militaristic reliefs. According to atleast one prominent eyewitness, Willi Stoph, the future East German head of state, thebuilding's new administrative purpose under the German Communist Partywould in itself be sufficient to counteract its history. As he put it: "From now on the hundreds of offices will be occupied by people who are working forpeaceful reconstruction and who will be making their contribution to overcoming the grave consequences for our country of Nazi war and aggression." Identified in June 1947 as the home for the Deutsche Wirtschaftskommission, effectively the central Soviet administration for East Germany, the former Aviation Ministry and its surrounding complex of buildings emerged as the natural governmental centre for the newly formed DDR after October 1949. Responsibility for the building, now known as the House of Ministries, was passed in June 1950 to the Ministry for Reconstruction, and it was at this time that the first plans were drawn up for a more overt ideological statement to be written onto the site.

A mural along the building's north loggia commemorates the ceremony that took place within in 1949 which officially established the German Democratic Republic. The building's importance as a centre of government also made it a centre of attention during the East German uprising in 1953; striking workers marched to the House of Ministries to present their demands for economic and political reforms. Not surprisingly, the DDR chose to leave no trace of that day. On the uprising's fortieth anniversary, therefore, the building's new masters dedicated a commemorative plaque. The plaque was mounted on a pillar directly in front of the DDR's mural. The building is thus marked by competing memorials of the DDR rather than any reference to its original use. 
Max Lingner's three- metre by 24-metre long mural "Aufbau der Republik" (Building the Republic) is allowed to remain in situ. (Photos from my 2012 Bavarian International School class trip on the anniversary of the uprising).
The central Monument in memory of the 1953 Uprising in the East German Democratic Republic is represented by a groundfloor relief, surrounded by a low barrier, created by Wolfgang Rüppel on Leipziger Straße at the corner of Wilhelmstraße in front of the Federal Ministry of Finance and an older wall-mounted plaque on the façade itself. Remarkably, Max Lingner's three- metre by 24-metre long mural "Aufbau der Republik" (Building the Republic) is allowed to remain in situ. (Photos from my 2012 Bavarian International School class trip on the anniversary of the uprising). Between the years 1950 and 1953 the monumental painting portrait and landscape painter Lingner in the northeastern pillar precinct replaced Waldschmidt's previous large-format stone relief of marching soldiers of the Wehrmacht with the weaving swastikas incorporating tiles from Meissner porcelain were created. 
Painter, graphic artist and resistance fighter against the Nazis, Linger painted the design in 1950, offering a vision of optimism in the young state as a family idyll, based "Il quarto stato” by Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpredo from the turn of the century. The unity of workers, peasants and intelligentsia, based on a young family, without particular emphasis on uniforms, political symbols and banners with slogans. But politicians and officials of the culture were dissatisfied with the execution and demanded improvements and the version shows, the faces as rigid, the smiles mask-like, and many of the women depicted dressed in FDJ shirts, the children with pioneer scarves, the workers firmly at work. Tiles made of Meißner porcelain - supplied by VEB Max Diestel, Meißen - which were also used on the residential building facades on Stalinallee in the 1950s, refer to the inclusion of local raw materials and traditions and are considered "Heimatkunst" in the German Democratic Republic's art policy. All these measures sought to show the DDR's desire to transform building complexes into ensembles that have a cultural and aesthetic peculiarity.
Max Lingner's three- metre by 24-metre long mural "Aufbau der Republik" (Building the Republic) is allowed to remain in situ. (Photos from my 2012 Bavarian International School class trip on the anniversary of the uprising). The image of a restrained new beginning after the war originally conceived by the artist was revised several times at the request of the President of the Council of States, Walter Ulbricht and the Prime Minister, Otto Grotewohl, in order to present an euphoric departure of the working class. Lingner had had to revise it no fewer than five times, so that it ultimately bore little resemblance to the first draft. Originally based on family scenes, the final version has a more sinister look about it, a series of jovial set-pieces with an almost military undertone, people in marching poise and with fixed, uniform smiles on their faces. Lingner hated it (as well as Grotewohl's interference) and refused to look at it when going past. With a degree of irony, the building became the focal point a year later of the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany when, on June 17, 1953 a demonstration took place in front of the building. Today, the "monument to the events of the seventeenth of June nineteen hundred fifty-three", designed by Wolfgang Rüppel serves to commemorate the first demonstration against Soviet rule in the Eastern bloc. It was on June 17, 1953 that a protest march of 2,000 construction workers marched towards the government district to the “House of Ministries” chating Horst Schlafke's slogan “Berliners get in line, we want to be a free people!” Eventually the numbers would swell to 10,000. By the time they arrived those intended to hear their protest were not even there as Grotewohl and high-ranking state officials of the SED moved into the converted former old town house shortly beforehand. The protest turned into an uprising spreading throughout the entire republic only to be bloodily suppressed with the military aid of the Soviet occupation. In West Germany this day was commemorated as the “Day of German Unity” until reunification. 
Ten years later a spectacular escape to the West from the roof by the Holzapfel family succeeded. From a height of 23 metres, they slid down an hundred metre long rope over the wasteland between the east and west of Berlin - under the watchful eyes of Soviet soldiers who actually believed that the State Security was smuggling an agent into West Berlin.

Haus der Flieger ('House of the Aviators')
Haus der Flieger ('House of the Aviators')
The Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin is the state parliament for the German state of Berlin according to the state's constitution. The parliament is based at this building on Niederkirchnerstraße, which until 1934 was the seat of the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Representatives), the second chamber of the Preußischer Landtag. Goering used it as an officers' club connected to the Air Force on the same block as his own Ministry.
On the evening of March 11, 1938 Göring held a banquet at the Haus der Flieger. He took advantage of the intermissions between the artists’ performances to brief the British Ambassador Henderson and the Czechoslovakian Envoy Mastny on the events in Austria. He did not refrain from giving his word of honour that no like measures were being planned for Czechoslovakia. After midnight in the Chancellery, Hitler accepted the first congratulatory notes on bringing about a turn in the Austrian situation.
Max Domarus (1045) The Complete Hitler
On an empty field between Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse (now renamed Niederkirchnerstrasse), Wilhelmstrasse and Anhalter Strasse is the site where the Gestapo set up its offices its house gaol on Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 8. In November 1934 the 'Security Service of the Reich ϟϟ Leader' (SD) under Heydrich moved his office here where the central institutions of Nazi persecution and terror – the Secret State Police Office with its own “house prison,” the leadership of the ϟϟ and, during the Second World War, the Reich Security Main Office – were located. Here Himmler, Heydrich, Kaltenbrunner and their assistants had their desks and decided "on the persecution of political opponents, the Germanisation of occupied territories in Poland and the Soviet Union, the murder of Soviet prisoners of war and the genocide of the European Jews." This is where the Einsatzgruppen had been assembled and where the Wannsee Conference was prepared. "There is no other site where terror and murder were planned and organised on the same scale."
After the ruins were demolished in the 1950s, the site was used as a driving practice area and as a dump for the Kreuzberg area renovation. The first exhibition on the topography of terror was created for the 750th anniversary of Berlin in 1987 but the plans to erect a memorial on the site of the former headquarters of the Gestapo went back to 1978. The Berlin architecture critic Dieter Hoffmann-Axthelm was one of the first to point out the importance of the former Gestapo site in essays and reports that year. The Topography of Terror is a project in Berlin that has existed since 1987 to document and come to terms with the terror caused by the Nazis, especially from 1933 to 1945. It includes a permanent exhibition in the new building and an open-air exhibition on the site of the former Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8 (today Niederkirchnerstraße 8 ) in the Kreuzberg district. This was the site of the headquarters of the Secret State Police (Gestapo) in the former arts and crafts school. The Prinz-Albrecht-Palais was in the immediate vicinity of Wilhelmstrasse 102 which had been the headquarters of the ϟϟ Security Service (SD) from 1934 and of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) from 1939. The documentation centre at Niederkirchnerstrasse 8 is one of the state museums in Berlin. The long-standing director of the foundation was the historian Andreas Nachama who retired at the end of November 2019 and was replaced by Andrea Riedle who was previously the deputy head of the memorial at the Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial.
Prinz-Albrecht-Palais Bavarian International School
The new exhibition and documentation centre with the redesigned historic grounds were opened to the public on May 7, 2010 according to a prize-winning design by the architect Ursula Wilms (Heinle, Wischer und Partner, Berlin) and the landscape architect Heinz W. Hallmann (Aachen) on the site of the GESTAPO headquarters on Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse. The Reich’s Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt- RSHA) – Nazi Germany’s central authority, established on September 27, 1939, with the aim of coordinating the Nazi terror system during the war. It consisted of the former Main Security Police Office (Hauptamt der Sicherheitspolizei) and the Main SD Office (SD-Hauptamt). It brought together and controlled all the SD’s and state’s repressive bodies. Headed by Heydrich, the RSHA answered to Himmler. Following the former's death, the RSHA was run by Himmler personally until 1943 when it was taken over by E. Kaltenbrunner. The RSHA comprised seven departments: personnel, organisation and administration, security services (SD), internal and external affairs, the Gestapo, criminal police, and others. In February 1944 one of the SD departments was put in charge of Abwehr (counter-intelligence). 
Stairway and main hall within the Gestapo HQ showing on the right busts of Goering and Hitler.
With the establishment of the Reich Security Main Office, Heinrich Himmler's advancement of the Nazi apparatus of violence since 1933 reached its climax. The competencies of state organs and branches of the Nazi Party were mixed more and more. Head of the RSHA, which in turn formed an ϟϟ main office, was the head of the Security Police and the SD in the rank of ϟϟ-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich . After his death on June 4, 1942 in Prague as a result of an assassination attempt , Heinrich Himmler initially acted as "Reichsführer ϟϟ and Chief of the German Police" until Ernst Kaltenbrunner became the new head of the RSHA on January 30, 1943 . A close colleague of Heydrich, Walter Schellenberg , had tried in vain to become his successor. After the war, Kaltenbrunner was sentenced to death and executed in the first Nuremberg trial of the main war criminals for his crimes in this capacity. 
The area of ​​responsibility of the RSHA encompassed all "security policy and intelligence matters". This also included the arrests of “politically unreliable” people. The ϟϟ task forces subordinate to the RSHA undertook to fight “all elements hostile to the Reich and German” in the occupied territories. Above all in Poland and later in the Soviet Union, this meant planned massacres of state and cultural representatives of these countries, in particular of Catholic priests and communist functionaries, as well as of Roma and especially of Jews. Hate propaganda was also targeted against the Jewish populationPogroms started . In the Soviet Union, the RSHA directed the so-called "purges" against Soviet communists and Jews. Over 500,000 people fell victim to these actions. In Section IV B 4 of the RSHA, ϟϟ-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann organized the bureaucratic part of the “ final solution to the Jewish question ” as the personification of the desk offender . The RSHA also had extensive powers domestically and used above all “ protective custody ”, which was not subject to judicial control, to combat political and “racial” opponents (Jews, “Gypsies”). The "Meldungen aus dem Reich" provided detailed reports on the mood of the intensely spied on population.
The buildings that housed the Gestapo and ϟϟ headquarters were largely destroyed by Allied bombing during early 1945 and the ruins demolished after the war. The wall itself was never removed from the site as seen on the left, and the section adjacent to the Topography of Terror site is the second-longest segment still in place (after the East Side Gallery in Friedrichshain). It is here after the July Plot of 1944 according to Shirer (966) that,
under hideous torture in the Gestapo dungeon in the Prinz Albrechtstrasse in Berlin Colonel von Hofacker broke down and told of Rommel’s part in the conspiracy. "Tell the people in Berlin they can count on me,” Hofacker quoted the Field Marshal as assuring him. It was a phrase that stuck in Hitler’s mind when he heard of it and which led him to decide that his favourite general, whom he knew to be the most popular one in Germany, must die.
Berlin Wall ran along the south side of the street, renamed Niederkirchnerstrasse, from 1961 to 1989 shown here in 1990 and today in 2018 with my students from Bavarian International School. To their right is the Martin Gropius Bau which was a museum in 1945 and which suffered extensive damage
The boundary between the American and Soviet zones of occupation in Berlin ran along the Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse, so the street soon became a fortified boundary. The Berlin Wall ran along the south side of the street, renamed Niederkirchnerstrasse, from 1961 to 1989 shown here in 1990 and today in 2018 with my students from Bavarian International School. To their right is the Martin Gropius Bau which was a museum in 1945 and which suffered extensive damage during the battle, mainly due to its close proximity to the Gestapo building, which had a large courtyard that opened onto the side of the Bau. At dawn on April 29th 1945, Colonel Antonov’s 301st Soviet Rifle Division assaulted the Gestapo Headquarters and managed to capture it after heavy fighting, pouring thousands of rounds from the windows of the museum into the courtyard. The return fire from the ϟϟ defenders is clearly visible on the side wall and plasterwork of the Bau. An ϟϟ counter attack forced the Soviet troops to withdraw, leaving seven inmates who had survived a massacre of prisoners on April 23 still confined to their cells. The last two photos show the Bau as it was at the end of the war with the Gestapo building visible on the left and a comparison shot from 2019. The Topography of Terror exhibition now occupies the site of the Gestapo HQ.
Bavarian International School gAG Berlin Wall
Above ran the Berlin wall and on top was the Airforce HQ and later the Federal Ministry of Finance. On August 13, 1961 the construction of the wall began, which would eventually consist of a barrier system over 150 kilometres in length, built to stop the flood of refugees from East to West shown during its construction and during my 2011 class tour of Berlin. A mere two months earlier at an international press conference held on June 15 at the House of Ministries across the road, today serving as the Federal Ministry of Finance, Walter Ulbricht famously declared, “No one has any intention of building a wall!” By the fall of 1961, over 2.6 million people had managed to escape across the border between the two sectors. The 200 metre long remnant of the wall here at Niederkirchnerstrasse marked the border between the districts of Mitte (East) and Kreuzberg (West), separating the two sides of Niederkirchnerstrasse and Zimmerstrasse from one another along their entire length. The border strip here was only a few metres wide, and buildings like the one that now houses the Berlin House of Representatives and today’s Federal Ministry of Finance were integrated into the inner wall.
The building then and what's left the site today. The buildings on the Prinz-Albrecht site were partly destroyed during the war or demolished after the war. In the 1970s, among other things, a building rubble company and an autodrome for driving license-free driving used the area.
At the beginning of the 1980s, several initiatives were launched to build a memorial on the site. In 1987, the Museum Project Topography of Terror was created. On the premises of the former Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8, now Niederkirchnerstraße 8, the museum strives to document the Nazi terrorist apparatus. The Prinz-Albrecht-Palais was located in the immediate vicinity of Wilhelmstrasse 102, which became the headquarters of the security service (SD) of the ϟϟ from 1934 onwards, and from 1939 onwards also the Reichsicherheitshauptamt (RSHA). The former Hotel Prinz-Albrecht on Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 9 was, from 1934 the seat of the "Reichsführung ϟϟ". This building ensemble is today called "Prinz-Albrecht-Gelände" and the documentation centre on Niederkirchnerstraße 8 is one of the state museums in Berlin. Remains of the house prison in the cellar of the secret state police have been preserved and are now under monument protection. They are publicly accessible as part of the exhibition topography of the terror. Between 1933 and 1945, about 15,000 political prisoners were imprisoned and interrogated in prison cells. The prison was infamous for its torture methods and for many detainees through the station to the concentration camps.
The bombed out shell of the Gestapo-ϟϟ headquarters in 1945 which had been defended by Henri Fenet, the surviving 'Charlemagne' battalion commander. On the right one can see the prison cell windows of the Gestapo gaol in the south wing of the building facing the inner courtyard on Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 8, in 1945, temporarily walled up after damage caused by bombs. 
Colonel Antonov's 301st Rifle Division began its assault in earnest at dawn on 29 April, not long after the newly married couple in the Fuhrer bunker had retired. Two of his rifle regiments attacked Gestapo headquarters on the Prinz-Albrechtstrasse, a building which had been heavily damaged in the 3 February air raid. In the now standard tactic, a03mm heavy howitzers were brought forward to blast open a breach at close range. Two battalions stormed in and hoisted a red banner, but the Soviet accounts fail to reveal the fact that after fierce fighting and heavy casualties they were forced to withdraw that evening by a ferocious Waffen SS counter-attack. The Russians had no idea whether any prisoners of the Gestapo remained alive inside. In fact, there were seven left who had been specially spared from the horrendous massacre which had taken place on the night of 23 April. 
Beevor (351)
 
Excavated cells from the basement of the Gestapo headquarters in 1948 and today showing images of political prisoners from the Gestapo archives. This served as an expansion of the Gestapo "house prison" in the basement of the south wing of Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8, which was established in 1933 with twenty cells and expanded in 1936 by seventeen single cells and a community cell. Somewhat later, the prisoners' residence and waiting room located between the cells was upgraded to an air-raid-proof shelter. Speer had rejected this new development of the site, wanting instead to design the north-south axis not only as a street of ministries and administrative buildings, but to be used for private and commercial buildings. The Nazis' persecution and extermination policy was not only controlled bureaucratically from this area, but the Einsatztruppen were selected for subsequent mass murders of Jews and political opponents - here at this site interrogations and torture took place. Since the in-house prison was designed for only about fifty prisoners, the length of stay of the prisoners was limited- either they died as a result of torture and detention, or they were sent to other prisons and concentration camps.
Reichsluftfahrtministerium Topography of Terror
The excavated cells behind the museum with the Reichsluftfahrtministerium in the background. 
To the rear, the cellars of the Gestapo headquarters in the former (and now destroyed) Prinz- Albrecht-Palais have been unearthed in the last 20 years. The provisional - still! - archaeological site 'houses' the permanent and changing exhibitions of the 'Topography of Terror'. This is a fine exhibition; you do not find crowds here, but always a number of interested people, groups and individuals, who read and study the documents about the Nazi dictatorship in Germany and Europe. Very quiet, very serious. And immediately above the excavations we can see a long stretch of the Berlin Wall, the symbol of the communist dictatorship in Germany and Europe. Today the Wall is very thin because so many people have tried to take home a piece of it; some of the poor remnants have to be protected.
Joachim Schlör (428) Memory in Berlin: a short walk

 TOPOGRAPHIE DES TERRORS www.topographie.de  Errata ws Seiten/Pages 35, 55 65: Bildunterschrift/Caption Hermann Goring: Richtig: beging er Selbstmord Falsch: und hingerichtet to he killed himself Change and executed Geschichtsmeile WilhelmstraBe / Historic WilhelmstraBe Eine Begleitbroschire zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung Published in conjunction with the exhibition “Historic WilhelmstraBe” Herausgeber StiftungTopographiedesTerrors Published by vertretendurch Prof.Dr.AndreasNachama Managing Editors Prof. Dr. Peter Steinbach Neukonzeption und Dr. Claudia Steur wissenschaftliche Bearbeitung Revised version conceived, written and researched by Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeit Wolfram Schroff Academic assistant WissenschaftlicheBeratung Prof.Dr.LaurenzDemps Academic consultant Lektorat IrmelaRoschmann-Steltenkamp Text editor EnglischeUbersetzung KarenMargolis English translation EntwurfundGestaltung HelgaLieser Design and layout Titelfoto WilhelmstraBe, 1925, Bundesarchiv Koblenz Cover Druck DMP Digital- &Offsetdruck GmbH Printed by © 2006 Stiftung Topographie des Terrors und die Urheberrechts- inhaber. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Stiftung Topographie des Terrors and the copyright holders. All rights reserved, ISBN 978-3-9807205-9-5 Geférdertdurch denBeauftragtenderBundesregierungfirKulturundMedien(BKM), Funded by die Senatsverwaltung fiirWissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur des Landes Berlin und die Senatsverwaltung fiirStadtentwicklung. FurdiefreundlicheUnterstiitzung BritischeBotschaftBerlin,BayerischeStaatsbibliothekMiinchen, danken wir Bildarchiv Preufischer Kulturbesitz Berlin, Bundesarchive Berlin und Withthankstotheseorganizations Koblenz,BundesbeauftragtefiirdieUnterlagendesStaatssicherheits- dienstes (BStU), Imperial War Museum London, Landesarchiv Berlin, Stiddeutscher Bilderdienst Miinchen und Ullstein Bilderdienst Berlin.  Gru8wort A Word of Greeting Vorwort Foreword Geschichtsmeile Wilhelmstrafe* Historic Wilhelmstrafe* Gesamtansicht / Overview Wilhelmstrabe 70 Britische Botschaft / British Embassy WilhelmstraBe 72 Reichsministerium fir Ernahrung und Landwirtschaft / Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture 18 WilhelmstraBe 73 Reichsprdsidentenpalais / Reich President's Palace 20 Wilhelmstrabe 74 Auswartiges Amt / Foreign Ministry 22 Wilhelmstrabe 75 Auswartiges Amt / Foreign Ministry 24 Wilhelmstrabe 76 Auswartiges Amt / Foreign Ministry 26 Wilhelmstrabe 77 Reichskanzlei / Reich Chancellery 28 Wilhelmstrabe 78 Erweiterungsbau der Reichskanzlei / Reich Chancellery extension 30 VoBstraBe 1-19 Neue Reichskanzlei /New Reich Chancellery 32 Wilhelmstrabe 79/80 Reichsverkehrsministerium / Reich Ministry of Transport 34 WilhelmstraBe 81 -85 Reichsluftfahrtministerium / Reich Aviation Ministry 36 NiederkirchnerstraBe / Ecke WilhelmstraBe Berliner Mauer / Berlin Wall * Die ausgewahlten Standorte sind mit den historischen Hausnummern versehen. The sites in the exhibition are marked with their historic addresses.  Prinz-Albrecht-StraRe 8/9 / WilhelmstraBe 98 - 106 Prinz-Albrecht-Gelande / Prinz Albrecht Site 40 Prinz-Albrecht-StraBe 8 Geheimes Staatspolizeiamt, Reichssicherheitshauptamt / Secret State Police Office (Gestapa), Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) 42 Prinz-Albrecht-StraBe 9 »S$S-Haus« / “SS House” 44 WilhelmstraBe 102 Sicherheitsdienst (SD) / Security Service (SD) 46 WilhelmstraBe 106 »Angriff-Haus« / “Angriff House” 48 WilhelmstraBe 61 Finanzministerium / Ministry of Finance 50 Wilhelmplatz Wilhelmplatz / Wilhelmplatz 52 Wilhelmplatz 8/9 Reichsministerium firVolksaufklarung und Propaganda / Reich Ministry for People’s Education and Propaganda 54 WilhelmstraBe 63 Preufisches Staatsministerium / Prussian Ministry of State 56 Wilhelmstrabe 64 Stab Stellvertreter des Filhrers / Staff of the “Fihrer’s Deputy” 58 WilhelmstraBe 65 Justizministerium / Ministry of Justice 60 Wilhelmstrafe 68 Reichsministerium fr Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung / Reich Ministry of Science and Public Education 62 Unter den Linden 7 Sowjetische Botschaft / Soviet Embassy 64 Unter den Linden 72/73 Ministerium des Innern / Ministry of the Interior 66 Pariser Platz 5 Franzdsische Botschaft / French Embassy 68 Ausgewahlte Literatur Selected Bibliography 38  Berlin gilt als eine Stadt der politischen und geschichtlichen Briche. Sie ist von der Geschichte auf einzigartige Weise gekennzeichnet. Berlin war das Zentrum Preuf sens, des Reiches und der Weimarer Republik. Berlin war aber auch die Stadt, in der der Naziterror organisiert, aber auch dessen Nieder- lage besiegelt wurde, es war bis zur Wiedervereinigung beider deutscher Staaten eine geteilte Stadt und die »Hauptstadt der DDR«. Die Geschichte der Stadt, also ihr kulturelles Erbe, gehort zu den unverwechselbaren Merk- malen Berlins und zieht die Menschen, die hierher kommen, in den Bann. Anliegen der Stadtentwicklung im wiedervereinigten Berlin war und ist es, den historischen Wurzeln der Stadt Rechnung zu tragen und das Gedachtnis der Stadt zu bewahren. Dies giltinganz besonderer Weise firdie Wilhelm- straBe und ihre nahere Umgebung. Die Strafse, schon im 19. Jahrhundert ein Machizentrum, im 20. Jahrhundert Synonym fir das Regierungsviertel, hatte gegen Ende der DDR ihre Bedeutung verloren. Nach der Wiedervereinigung beider deutscher Staaten dominierten in der WilhelmstrafBe Wohnhauser, Schulgebdude und Laden. Die verbliebenen Botschaften und Ministerien wurden von der ,normalen’ StadtstraBe optisch nahezu verdrangt. Der Wille zur ErschlieBSung der historischen Spuren in der ehemaligen Reichshauptstadt gab 1994 den ersten AnstoB zur Erarbeitung der Strafsen- ausstellung »Geschichtsmeile WilhelmstraBe«. Zwei Jahre spater konnte die lediglich fireinige Monate geplante, von der Stiftung Topographie des Terrors erarbeitete und von der Senatsverwaltung fir Bau- und Wohnungswesen finanzierte Ausstellung erdffnet werden. Sie sollte weite Bevdélkerungskreise fir die Geschichte des ehemaligen Regierungsviertels sensibilisieren und den Dialog tiber den kiinftigen Umgang mit dem Viertel anregen. Daf aus dieser tempordren Ausstellung ein mehr als 10 Jahre wahrendes Erfolgsmodell werden sollte, ahnte damals niemand. Seither wurde gema® dem stadtebaulichen Leitbild der »kritischen Rekonstruk- tion« versucht, die historisch gewachsenen urbanen Bezugssysteme in der Wilhelmstrafe und ihrer Umgebung teilweise wiederherzustellen. Die Bot schaften Grofbritanniens, Frankreichs und der USA kehrten an ihre ange- stammten Standorte zuriick. Mehrere Bundesministerien haben ihren Berliner Dienstsitz in und an der WilhelmstraBe, und in den ehemaligen Ministergarten haben sich einige Landesvertretungen angesiedelt. Der neugeschaffene Ziethenplatz erinnert wenigstens zu einem kleinen Teil an den historischen Wilhelmplatz, der heute nahezu vollstandig bebaut ist. Gleichzeitig entstanden und entstehen im ehemaligen Regierungsviertel bedeutende Statten der Erinnerungskultur. In den Ministergarten wurde das Denkmal fiirdie ermordeten Juden Europas errichtet, die Uberreste der jahr- zehntelang durch die Berliner Maver geteilten Wilhelmstrafse werden in das Konzept firdie Erinnerung an die Mauer einbezogen. Innerhalb der nachsten Jahre wird die »Topographie des Terrors« fertiggestellt. GruBwort HiAWordofGreeting  Die »Geschichtsmeile WilhelmstraBe« ist integraler Bestandteil dieses Kon- zeptes. Sie istein Beispiel firden Beitrag, den Projekte der Stadterneverung zur Bewahrung geschichtlich und politisch bedeutsamer Orte leisten konnen. Sie istheute aus dem StraBenbild nicht mehr wegzudenken und tragt in ihrer neven, Uberarbeiteten, zweisprachigen Form dem Informationsbedirtnis nicht nur der Berliner, sondern auch der in- und auslandischen Touristen Rechnung. Ich wiinsche dieser Ausstellung noch lange den ihr gebuhrenden Erfolg. Ingeborg Junge-Reyer Senatorin firStadtentwicklung Berlin isa citycharacterized by sharp political and historical breaks. History has left its mark here in a unique way. Berlin was the center of Prussia, the German Reich and the Weimar Republic. But Berlin was also the center of the Nazi terror organizations, and then the city where the defeat of the Nazi regime was sealed. Later itbecame a divided city and was claimed by the communist German Democratic Republic as its capital until the reunification of East and West Germany. Berlin's history, which means its cultural heritage, is one of the city’s distinctive features, and makes itfascinating for the people who come here. The aim of urban development in Berlin since the city was reunited has been — and remains — totake account ofitsroots and preserve itsmemory. This applies to WilhelmstraBe and its immediate locality in a very particular way. WilhelmstraBe was already a center of power in the 19th century. In the 20th century itwas almost a byword for the government quarter, but had practically lost its importance by the end of the communist era in East Germany. After German reunification, residential blocks, schools and shops dominated the picture inWilhelmstraBe. The surviving embassies and ministries looked almost insignificant in this “normal” city street. The determination to explore and document the historical traces in Berlin, the former capital city of the Reich, originally provided the inspiration in 1994 for creating the street exhibition, “Historic WilhelmstraBe”. Itopened two years later. Developed by the Topography of Terror Foundation and funded by the Senate Department for Building and Housing, itwas initially planned to last just a few months. The idea was to make the wider public aware of the history of the former government quarter and to inspire the discussion about the future approach to this area. At that time nobody imagined that this temporary exhibition would prove an enduring success for ten years.  Since then the urban planning approach of “critical reconstruction” has guided the efforts to partially reconstruct the historically developed urban context in Wilhelmstrafse and the nearby area. The embassies of Great Britain, France and the USA have returned to their traditional sites. Several German ministries are based in and around Wilhelmstrafe and some of the Federal German States have established their Berlin diplomatic missions in the old Ministerial Gardens. The newly constructed square, Ziethenplatz, offers at least a slight reminiscence of historic Wilhelmplatz, which isalmost completely built up today. At the same time, important sites of remembrance have been established or are under development in the former government quarter. The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe was built on the site of the old Ministerial Gardens. The remains of the old street WilhelmstraBe, which was once divided by the Berlin Wall, have been incorporated into the concept for commemoration of the Wall. The Topography of Terror will be completed in the coming years. “Historic WilhelmstraBe” is an integral part of this overall concept. Itis an example of the contribution that can be made by urban renewal projects for preserving sites of historical and political importance. Today itisimpossible to imagine the street without this exhibition. The new, revised, bilingual version isdesigned to provide information both for Berlin residents and tourists from Germany and abroad. |hope this exhibition continues to enjoy the success itdeserves. Ingeborg Junge-Reyer Senator for Urban Development  Vorwort Ml Foreword Wer heute die WilhelmstraBe entlanggeht, konnte den Eindruck gewinnen, durch irgendeine der unzahligen Wohnquartier-StraBen Berlins zu gehen. Dabei befand sich hier lange Zeit das Zentrum preuBischer und deutscher Politik. »Was sagt die WilhelmstraBe2« war eine oft gestellte Frage der euro- pdischen Diplomatie, denn die WilhelmstraBe war jahrzehntelang im Sprach- gebrauch als Synonym fir die deutsche Regierung so fest verankert wie heute noch in Gro®britannien und Frankreich die Bezeichnungen »Downing Street« oder »Quai d’Orsay«. In dem heute von Unter den Linden und Leipziger Strafe begrenzten Teilab- schnitt der WilhelmstraBe waren von der Reichsgrindung 1871 bis zum Ende des NS-Regimes 1945 wichtigste Ministerien, aber auch Botschaften auswartiger Staaten ansdssig. Auch in der DDR behielt die Wilhelmstrafe trotz ihrer Nahe zur Sektorengrenze zundachst ihre politische Bedeutung. Erst nachdem der Volksaufstand vom 17. Juni 1953 die Nachteile dieser Randlage des Regierungsviertels offenbart hatte, begann die Verlagerung entscheidender Ministerien in die Mitte Ostberlins. Die WilhelmstraBe verlor an Bedeutung und nach ihrerUmbenennung inOtto-Grotewohl-Strafe imJahr 1964 gerieten ihr urspringlicher Name und ihre Vergangenheit in Vergessenheit. Erst mit der Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands riickte die WilhelmstraBe wieder ins Zentrum Gesamtberlins. 1993 erhielt sie ihren alten Namen zuriick. In der Zwischenzeit istsie auch wieder eine politische Adresse geworden. Mehrere Bundesministerien haben hier ihren Sitz, beispielsweise das Finanz- ministerium und das Ministerium fir Ernahrung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucher- schutz. Die Britische Botschaft ist an ihren ehemaligen Standort zuriickge- kehrt und in den ehemaligen Ministergarten haben sich Landesvertretungen angesiedelt. Auch das Haus der Abgeordneten des Deutschen Bundestages und die Parteizentrale der SPD befinden sich hier. Die StraBenausstellung »Geschichtsmeile Wilhelmstrafse« versucht die bewegte Geschichte dieser Strafbe und ihrer Gebdude anhand ausgewahlter Beispiele ins Bewuftsein der Offentlichkeit zuriickzuholen. Die Urspriinge der »Geschichtsmeile« reichen insJahr 1994 zuriick. Im Kontext der ErschlieBung der historischen Spuren der Reichshauptstadt bat das Berliner Abgeordneten- haus den Senat, gemeinsam mit der Stiftung Topographie des Terrors und der Historischen Kommission zu Berlin die politische und historische Bedeutung und die Zukunft des WilhelmstraBenbereichs aufzuzeigen und der Offent. lichkeit zu vermitteln. Die Finanzierung des gesamten Projektes ibernahm die Senatsverwaltung fir Bau- und Wohnungswesen. Geplant war, in einer tempordren Ausstellung zentrale historische Orte zu markieren und ihre Geschichte darzustellen. 1996 konnte diese Ausstellung erdffnet werden. Sie bestand aus 24 Glastafeln, auf denen die Geschichte einzelner zentraler Gebdude bis 1945 dargestellt wurde. Fiirdie Erstellung der Texte istdie Stiftung Topographie des Terrors Professor Hans Wilderotter zu Dank verpflichtet.  Die urspriinglich fir drei Monate angesetzte Ausstellung erfreute sich von Beginn an solch grofer Beliebtheit, da® sie unbefristet verlangert wurde. Im nunmehr zehnten Jahr des Bestehens der »Geschichtsmeile« hat sich die Stiftung Topographie des Terrors nun zu einer Neukonzeption der urspriinglichen Ausstellung entschlossen. Ausschlaggebend hierfir waren der witterungs- bedingt schlechte Zustand der StraBentafeln und das Bediirfnis nach inhaltlicher Neuausrichtung. Texte und Fotos wurden vollstandig tberarbeitet. Die neve »Geschichtsmeile« schreibt die Geschichte der StraBe und ihrer Bauten nun bis in die Gegenwart fort. Sie wurde um vier Tafeln erweitert und soll in ihrer neuen, deutsch-englischen Fassung nun auch fir Berlin-Besucher aus aller Welt ein attraktives Ausstellungsangebot sein. Die Stiftung Topographie des Terrors dankt der Senatsverwaltung fiirStadtent- wicklung Berlin und ihrer Senatorin Ingeborg JungeReyer fiirdie grobziigige finanzielle Unterstiitzung, ohne die die Realisierung der neuen »Geschichts- meile WilhelmstraBe« nicht mdglich gewesen ware, und hofft, dafs auch diese Neuauflage der Ausstellung erfolgreich sein wird. Prof. Dr. Andreas Nachama Geschdftsfiihrender Direktor der Stiftung Topographie des Terrors  Walking down WilhelmstraBe today, you might get the impression that you're in one of Berlin’s countless residential areas. Yet for a long time this street was the political hub of Prussia and Germany. “What does WilhelmstraBe say?” was once a frequently asked question in the European diplomatic scene. The street had become a popular synonym for the German government, just as we now speak of Downing Street in Britain or the Quai d’Orsay in France. From the founding of the German Reich in 1871 until the end of the Nazi regime in 1945, the major ministries and several foreign embassies were located on thesection ofWilhelmstraBe thatnow liesbetween Unter den Linden and Leipziger StraBe. In the early days of communist East Germany, WilhelmstraBe remained politically significant despite its proximity to the border between Berlin’s eastern and western sectors. However, the popular uprising of June 17, 1953 in East Berlin clearly showed the drawbacks of this border area as a government quarter. Key ministries were moved to the center of East Berlin and Wilhelmstrafe lost its importance. In 1964 itwas renamed Otto-Grotewohl-Strafe and the original name and history of the street were gradually forgotten. Itwas only after the reunification of Germany in 1990 that WilhelmstraBe regained its place in the center of reunited Berlin. The original street name was restored in 1993. Since then WilhelmstraBe has become a political address once again. Several ministries are now based here, including the Finance Ministry and the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. The British Embassy has a new building at its old location and some Federal German States have established their Berlin missions on the former site of the Ministerial Gardens. Other important buildings here include offices for members of the German Bundestag and the Social Democratic Party headquarters. Historic WilhelmstraBe isan on-site exhibition that marks out significant places to revive public awareness of the eventful history of the street and its build- ings. The original idea for the exhibition dates back to 1994. As part of the investigation of the historic traces of Berlin as the capital city of the Reich, the Berlin House of Representatives requested the Senate in conjunction with the Topography of Terror Foundation and the Berlin Historic District Com- mission to highlight the political and historical significance of the Wilhelm- strase area and present itpublicly. The Senate Department of Building and Housing took on the funding of the project. The intention was to create a temporary exhibition identifying key historical places and showing their history. The exhibition, which opened in 1996, consisted of 24 glass panels presenting the history of selected key buildings until 1945. The Topography ofTerror Foundation isgrateful toProfessor Hans Wilderotter forproducing the original panel texts.  The Wilhelmstrafe exhibition was initially scheduled to last three months, but became so popular that itwas extended indefinitely. Now, ten years since it was first mounted, the Topography of Terror Foundation has developed a new concept for the exhibition. This became necessary because the original panels were weather-damaged and their content had to be reworked. The texts and illustrations have now been completely revised and four new panels have been added. The new Historic WilhelmstraBe exhibition brings the history of the street and its buildings right up to the present. The bilingual presentation in German and English is designed to make the exhibition accessible to visitors from all over the world. The Topography of Terror Foundation would like to thank the Senate Department ofUrban Development and itssenator, Ingeborg Junge-Reyer, forthegenerous financial support without which the new Historic WilhelmstraBe exhibition could not have been realized. We hope that the new version will make the exhibition an even greater success. Prof. Dr. Andreas Nachama Managing director of the Topography of Terror Foundation 11  Geschichtsmeile WilhelmstraBe Mi Historic WilhelmstrafBe WILHELMSTRASSE WilhelmstraBe 70 BritischeBotschaft 1884-1939 British Embassy 1884-1939 WilhelmstraBe 72 Reichsministerium furErn@hrung und Landwirtschaft 1919-1945 Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture 1919-1945 WilhelmstraBe 73 Reichsprasidentenpalais 1919-1934 Reich President's Palace 1919-1934 WilhelmstraBe 74 Auswartiges Amt 1919-1945 Foreign Ministry 1919-1945 WilhelmstraBe 75 Auswartiges Amt 1882-1945 Foreign Ministry 1882-1945 WilhelmstraBe 76 Auswartiges Amt 1870-1945 Foreign Ministry 1870-1945 WilhelmstraBe 77 Reichskanzlei 1878-1945 Reich Chancellery 1878-1945 WilhelmstraBe 78 Erweiterungsbau der Reichskanzlei 1930-1945 Reich Chancellery extension 1930-1945 VoBstraBe 1-19 Neue Reichskanzlei 1939-1945 New Reich Chancellery 1939-1945 WilhelmstraBe 79/80 Reichsverkehrsministerium 1920-1945 Reich Ministry ofTransport 1920-1945 WilhelmstraBe 81-85 Reichsluffahrtministerium 1933-1945 Reich Aviation Ministry 1933-1945 NiederkirchnerstraBe / Ecke WilhelmstraBe Berliner Mauer 1961-1989 Berlin Wall 1961-1989 Prinz-Albrecht-StraBe 8/9 / WilhelmstraBe 98-106 Prinz-Albrecht-Gelande 1933-1945 Prinz Albrecht Site 1933-1945 Prinz-Albrecht-StraBe 8 Geheimes Staatspolizeiamt 1933-1945 Reichssicherheitshauptamt 1939-1945 Secret State Police Office 1933-1945 Reich Security Main Office 1939-1945 Prinz-Albrecht-StraBe 9 »SS-Haus« 1934-1945 “SS House” 1934-1945 WilhelmstraBe 102 Sicherheitsdienst 1934-1945 Security Service 1934-1945 WilhelmstraBe 106 »Angriff-Haus« 1932-1934 “Angriff House” 1932-1934 Die Wilhelmstrafe am Todestag von Reichsprasident Friedrich Ebert, links das Reichsprasidentenpalais, 1925 WilhelmstraBe in 1925 on the day Reich President Friedrich Ebert died; left, the Reich president's palace Bundesarchiv Koblenz 12  Plaartizser sJeoB)inquepunig LeipzigerStraBe Anho Unter den Linden |65} a 63 WilhelmstraBe 61 Finanzministerium 1919-1945 Ministry of Finance 1919-1945 Wilhelmplatz Wilhelmplatz 18.-20. Jahrhundert Wilhelmplatz 18th-20th century Wilhelmplatz 8/9 Reichsministerium furVolksaufklarung und Propaganda 1933-1945 Reich Ministry for People’s Education and Propaganda 1933-1945 WilhelmstraBe 63 Preufsisches Staatsministerium 1903-1934 Prussian Ministry of State 1903-1934 WilhelmstraBe 64 Stab Stellvertreter des Fulhrers 1933-1945 Staff of the “Fihrer’s Deputy” 1933-1945 WilhelmstraBe 65 Justizministerium 1846-1945 Ministry ofJustice 1846-1945 WilhelmstraBe 68 Reichsministerium firWissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung 1933-1945 Reich Ministry of Science and Public Education 1933-1945 Unter den Linden 7 SowjetischeBotschaft 1918-1942 Soviet Embassy 1918-1942 Unter den Linden 72/73 Ministerium des Innern 1837-1945 Ministry of the Interior 1837-1945 Pariser Platz 5 Franzésische Botschaft 1860-1939 French Embassy 1860-1939 Zimmerstrake KochstraBe OM BerlinerMaverGPrinz-Albrecht-GelandeWWilhelmplatz 13  Britische Botschaft fl British Embassy WILHELMSTRASSE 70 Neuer Besitzer des Palais wurde Fiirst Hugo zu Hohenlohe von Ujest. 1884 richtete das Kénigreich Grofsbritannien 1867/68 lieB der Industrielle Bethel Henry Strousberg hier ein prachtiges Palais errichten. Der »Eisenbahn- kénig« erwarb durch den Bau von Eisenbahnlinien ein Vermégen. Das von Zeitgenossen als luxurids be- schriebene Gebdude »mit noch ungekannt komfor- tablen Einrichtungen« dokumentierte eindrucksvoll seine gesellschaftliche Stellung. Millionare, AngehGrige des Hochadels, Kiinstler und Wissenschaftler waren Strousbergs Gdste und nutzten seine Verbindungen. 1873 verlorerbeim Eisenbahnbau inRumanien groBe Teile seines Vermégens, zwei Jahre spdter mufte er Konkurs anmelden. se — |_| hier seine Botschaft ein. Auf dem riick- se wartigenGrundstiickwurdewenigspGter das Hotel Adlon errichtet, in dessen Schatten die Britische Botschaft fortan stand. Das Gebdude, das Botschafter Sir Neville Henderson als eng, dunkel und muffig beschrieb, war bis zum Abbruch der diplomatischen Beziehungen im Sep- tember 1939 Sitz des Botschafters und seiner Kanzlei. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde das denkmal- Das Palais Strousberg, seit 1884 Sitz der Britischen Botschaft 5 ~ sf Strousberg’smansion,seatoftheBritishEmbassysince1884 geschiitzte Gebaude schwer beschadigt BiiEesceny MenGG= nel 1250) abgerissen. In der DDR blieb das Gelande unbebaut. Es gehérte zum grenznahen Gebiet. Nach dem Fall der Mauer 1989 entschied die britische Regierung, ihre Botschaft wieder am historischen Standort zu errichten. Der Neubau des Londoner Architekten Michael Wilford wurde im Juli 2000 durch Kénigin Elisabeth I.eingeweiht. Das einzige erhaltene Zeugnis des friheren Botschafts- gebdudes, ein schmiedeeisernes, mit dem britischen Wappen versehenes Eingangstor, hat in der Botschaft einen Ehrenplatz erhalten. eipzigel 14 Palraitszer  len Linden ape In 1867/68 the industrialist Bethel Henry Strousberg erected a splendid town mansion here. Strousberg, who earned a fortune from railroad construction, was known as the “railroad king’. Contemporaries described the mansion as luxurious, “with comfortable furnishings of a totally new kind”. Itwas an impressive display of Strousberg’s social status. He played host to Bethel Henry Strousberg (1823-1884) Bethel Henry Strousberg (1823-1884) Bildarchiv PreuBischer Kulturbesitz ee Zimmerstrafe Kochstrabe Blick auf das ins Treppenhaus der Botschaft eingelassene schmiedeeiserne Tor The old wrought-iron gate built into the stairwell of the new embassy Britische Botschaft Berlin millionaires, members of the higher nobility, artists and scholars who made use ofhisconnections. After losing much of his fortune in 1873 building railroads in Romania, he went bankrupt two years later. The next owner of the palace was Prince Hugo zu Hohenlohe von Ujest. In 1884 the British Embassy moved into the building. Not long after, Hotel Adlon was built at the back of the site, looming over the British Embassy. The Embassy building, described by Ambas- sador Sir Neville Henderson in the 1930s as musty, cramped and dark, was the Ambassador's residence and office until Britain broke off diplomatic relations with Germany inSeptember 1939. The embassy, a designated historic monument, was badly damaged in the Second World War and demol- ished in 1950. The site was part of the border area between East and West Berlin and remained vacant during the communist era. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in1989 theBritishgovernment decided torebuild its embassy on the old historic site. In July 2000, Queen Elizabeth Iofficially opened the new building designed by the London architect Michael Wilford. Today the only surviving part of the old embassy is a wrought-iron entrance gate decorated with the British coat-of-arms, which has a place of honor in the new embassy. Sir Neville Henderson (1882-1942), 1937-1939 britischer Botschafter in Berlin Sir Neville Henderson (1882-1942), British ambassador in Berlin 1937-1939 Bundesarchiv Koblenz 15 Einweihung des Botschaftsgebaudes durch Kénigin Elisabeth Il., 18. Juli 2000 Queen Elizabeth IIofficially opening the embassy building, July 18, 2000 Mike Minehan, Berlin  Reichsministerium fur Ernahrung una Lanawiriscna =< D s Fan yy~- ables ~< OyfA FnNood und Agriculture WILHELMSTRASSE 72 Darré das Ministerium. Er leitete auch das SS-Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt und galt als Theoretiker der national- sozialistischen Agrarpolitik. Erpragte das Schlagwort »Blut und Boden« und sah im Bavernstand den Kern einer neven »Herrenrasse«, den es zu starken galt. Diesen Zweck verfolgte das 1933 verab- schiedete Reichserbhofgesetz, das die Erbteilung landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe und den Verkauf von Erbhéfen verbot. Im selben Jahr wurden alle Landwirte und landwirtschaftlichen Verbande im soge- nannten »Reichsndhrstand« zusammen- gefaft, einer von Darré geleiteten Organisation, durch die er die Kontrolle ber den Agrarsektor gewinnen wollte. Das Reichsministerium ftirErnahrung und Landwirtschaft The Reich Ministry ofFood and Agriculture landesarchiv Berlin Das 1735 errichtete Palais wurde 1816 vom preufi- schen Kénig Friedrich Wilhelm Il.erworben. Bis 1918 war es Wohnsitz von Hohenzollern-Prinzen. Anschlies- send bezog das Reichsministerium fur Erndhrung und Landwirtschaft das Gebaude. Es tbernahm auch die im Garten stehende, von den kéniglich preuBischen Hof- marschdllen genutzte Villa. Sie war bis 1933 Dienst- wohnung der Reichsernahrungsminister. AnschlieSsend wurde sie von Reichspropagandaminister Joseph Goebbels genutzt. Dieser lie das Haus 1937 abreifsen und durch einen Neubau ersetzen. Im Juni 1933 ibernahm Reichsbauerntihrer Walther Darré verlor nach Kriegsbeginn erheblich an Einflufs. 1942 wurde er durch Staatssekretaér Herbert Backe abgelést. Das Ministerium wurde gegen Kriegsende zerstért und bis 1962 abgerissen. Das in Mavernahe liegende Grundstiick blieb unbebaut. Mitte der 198Qer Jahre begann die DDR an der Wilhelmstrafe mit der Errich- tung hochwertiger Plattenbauten. Der ehemalige Garten istheuteTeildesDenkmals firdieermordeten Juden Europas. Plaartizser  In1816 King Friedrich Wilhelm IlofPrussia purchased the palace originally built here in 1735. Itwas the re- sidence of the Hohenzollern princes until 1918, after which the Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture moved in. The ministry also took over the villa in the garden that had housed the royal Prussian lord cham- berlains. Itwas used as the government apartment of the Reich Minister for Food until 1933, and then by the Reich propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels. In 1937 he had the villa demolished to make way for a new building. In June 1933 the Reich Farmers’ Leader, Walther Darré, took over the Ministry. Darré also headed the SS Office for Race and Settlement and was regarded as a theorist of Nazi agricultural policy. He coined the slogan “Blut und Boden” (“blood and soil”) and saw the peasantry as the core of a new “master race” that should be strengthened. To promote this the Reich Hereditary Farm Law was passed in 1933, prohibiting hereditary farms from being sold or split up through inheritance. That same year Darré took charge of all the farmers and farming federations, incorporating them into the “Reichsnahrstand”, acentralauthorityhesetuptotake control oftheagricultural sector. After the Second World War began, Darré lost much of his influence; in 1942 he was replaced by under- secretary Herbert Backe. The ministry was bombed towards the end of the war and demolished by 1962. The site,which was near the Berlin Wall, remained vacant until the mid-1980s, when the East Germans started building quality prefab high-rise blocks in Wilhelmstrae. Today the grounds of the old palace garden have become part of the Memorial totheMurdered Jews ofEurope. Richard Walther Darré (1895-1953), 1933-1942 Reichsminister fur Ernahrung und Landwirtschaft, 1949 zu sieben Jahren Haft verurteilt, entlassen 1950 Richard Walther Darré (1895-1953), Reich minister of food and agriculture 1933-1942; sentenced to 7 years’ imprisonment in 1949 but released in 1950 landesarchiv Berlin ir Titelblatt des Buches »Neuadel aus Blut und Boden«, Miinchen 1920 Title page of the book “New Nobility of Blood and Soil”, Munich 1920 Privatbesitz 17 Reichsernahrungsminister Herbert Backe empfangt wahrend des Erntedankfestes Mitgliecler des Bundes Deutscher Madel und der Hitlerjugend, 1944 Reich minister of food and agriculture, Herbert Backe, receiving members of the Nazi League of German Girls and the Hitler Youth during a harvest festival celebration in 1944 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Miinchen Ruine des Reichsministeriums firErnahrung und Landwirtschaft, 1949. Im Vordergrund die Schienen der sogenannten »Triimmerlok« The ruins of the Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture, 1949; in the foreground, the tracks of the “rubble train” landesarchiv Berlin  Reichsprdasidentenpalais ME Reich President's Palace WILHELMSTRASSE 73 Reichskanzler ernennen und entlassen sowie den Reichstag auflésen. Nach Artikel 48 der Weimarer Verfassung konnte er im Fall einer Gefahrdung der dffentlichen Sicherheit und Ordnung sogenannte Notverordnungen erlassen und wesentliche Grundrechte aufser Kraft setzen. Von diesem Recht machte Hinden- burg seit 1930 zunehmend Gebrauch und trug so zum Sturz der Weimarer Republik und zum Aufstieg Adolf Hitlers bei. Nach Hindenburgs Tod im August 1934 vereinigte Hitler das Amt des Reichsprasi- denten mit dem des Reichskanzlers in 1737 errichteten die Grafen von Schwerin hier ein Palais. 1858 erwarb Kénig Friedrich Wilhelm IV. den Besitz. Spdtestens seit 1861 war hier der Wohn- und: Amtssitz des Ministers des Kéniglichen Hauses, dem die Verwaltung des kéniglichen Privatvermégens oblag. Nach dem Fall der Monarchie wurde das Palais 1919 SitzderReichsprésidenten derWeimarer Republik. Friedrich Ebert residierte hier bis 1925, sein Nach- folger Paul von Hindenburg bis 1934. Der Reichsprésident war das Staatsoberhaupt der Republik. Er fihrte den Oberbefehl iber die Streit- krafte, konnte Gesetze ausfertigen und verkiinden, den Das Reichsprasidentenpalais, um 1924 s - TheReichPresident'sPalaceca.1924 ~seiner Person. Fortan diente das Palais Sifung, Topegraplite das Terors : : ihungTopegraphiedesTero"s AY Moch reprdsentativen Zwecken. Seit 1939 nutzte Reichsauenminister Joachim von Ribbentrop das Haus als Dienstwohnung. Die DDR erklarte das am Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs stark zerstorte Palais zum Kulturerbe und erwog seinen Ausbau zum Gastehaus des Magistrats. 1960 erfolgte der AbriB. Ende der 1980er Jahre lie die DDR hier Plattenbauten errichten. Das ehemalige Gartengrund- stiick des Palais ist heute Teil des Denkmals fir die ermordeten Juden Europas. 18 Plaartizser  Hi Jen Linden cafe In 1737 the Earls of Schwerin built a palace here. King Friedrich Wilhelm IV bought the property in 1858. By 1861 the building had become the residence and offices of the Minister of the Royal House, who admin- istered the royal family’s private property. Atterthefallofthemonarchy thepalacewas theofficial residenceoftheReichPresidentoftheWeimar Republic. Friedrich Ebert resided here until 1925, and hissuccessor Paul von Hindenburg until 1934. The Reich President was the head of state of the Republic. He was supreme commander of the armed forces and had the power to sign and promulgate laws, appoint and dismiss the Reich Chancellor and dissolve the Reichstag. Paragraph 48 of the Weimar Constitution enabled him to issue emergency regulations in case of danger to public security and order, and to repeal important basic laws. From 1930 Hindenburg made increasing use of these powers, which contributed to the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the rise of Adolf Hitler. AfterHindenburg’s death inAugust 1934, Hitleramal- gamated the offices of the Reich President and Reich Chancellor and took on the post himself. From then on the palace was only used for state occasions. From 1939 Reich Foreign Minster Joachim von Ribbentrop used the building as his government apartment. The palace was badly damaged in the Second World War. After the war the East German state gave itcultural heritage status and considered rebuilding itas a guest- house for Berlin City Council; but itwas eventually demolished in 1960. At the end of the 1980s the East Germans built prefab high-rise blocks here. Today the site of the old palace gardens has become part of the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. Der Festsaal im Reichsprasidentenpalais, um1919 The banqueting hall in the Reich President's Palace, io hikehde) Bundesarchiv Koblenz Zimmerstrafe Kochstrabe Das zerstérte Reichsprasidentenpalais, um 1950 The war-damaged Reich President's Palace, ca. 1950 Bildarchiv PreuBischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin Letzter Besuch von Kaiser Wilhelm Il. im Reichs- prdsidentenpalais, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm Il’s last visit to the Reich President's Palace, 1918 Uhu, Heft 12, September 1931, S.9 Hitler verlaBt nach seiner Ernennung zum Reichskanzler das Reichsprasidentenpalais, 30. Januar 1933 Hitler leaving the Reich President's Palace after being appointed Chancellor, January 30, 1933 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munchen  Auswartiges Amt i Foreign Ministry WILHELMSTRASSE 74 das Staatsministerium aus dem Gebdude. Von 1872 bis 1874 wurde das Palais um- gebaut. Es erhielt ein zusdtzliches Stock- werk und einen eigenen Sitzungssaal fir den Bundesrat. Bis 1919 war das Gebéude Sitz des 1879 aus dem Kanzleramt hervorgegangenen Reichsamts des Innern. Die ehemalige Ministerwohnung wurde 1919 kurze Zeit von Reichsprasident Friedrich Ebert ge- nutzt. Im selben Jahr ibernahm das bereits inden Nachbargebéuden Wilhelmstrafse 75 und 76 residierende Auswartige Amt das Gebdude. Im ehemaligen Bundesrats- Reichskanzleramt, 1919-1945 Dienstgebaude des AuswarligenAmtes,1898 SAQlfandenvonnunanPressekonferen- Reich Chancelery, Foreign Ministry building 1919-1945, 189 ee ae ee eee = landesarchiv Berlin _18°8 zen statt. 1939 verlegte Aufenminister Joachim von Ribbentrop sein Biro aus der WilhelmstraBe 76 hierher. 1799 richtete Grokanzler Heinrich Julius von Goldbeck indem 1736 firden Geheimen Kriegs- und DomGnenrat Wilhelm Friedrich von Kellner erbauten Palais seinen Wohn- und Amtssitz ein. Den Titel »Gro®kanzler« trug seit 1747 der leitende preufische Justizminister. Bis 1848 war das Haus Sitz der Justizminister. AnschlieSend nutzte das Preufdische Staatsministerium das Gebaude. Indie leerstehende Ministerwohnung im Obergeschof3 zog 1867 das Kanzleramt des Norddeutschen Bundes. Dieses Amt, das neben den Geschaften des Kanzlers auch die Geschaftsfihrung des Bundesrates erledigte, litunter standiger Raumnot und verdrangte allmahlich Im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde das Gebdude erheblich beschaédigt. 1951 erfolgte der Abrif$. Das in Mauer- nadhe liegende Grundstiick blieb zundchst unbebaut. Mitte der 1980er Jahre begann die DDR mit der Errich- tung von hochwertigen Plattenbauten. 20 Plaartiser Vok  len Linden ae In 1736 the Privy Councilor for War and Government Estates, Wilhelm Friedrich von Kellner, built a palace here. In 1799 the Lord High Chancellor, Heinrich Julius von Goldbeck, established his residence and offices in the palace. Chief ministers of justice in Prussia had held thetitleofLord High Chancellor since 1747. The building was the seat of the justice minister until 1848 and was then used by the Prussian Ministry of State. In 1867 the Chancellery of the North German Federation moved into the vacant minister's apartment on the upper floor. The Chancellery handled the chancellor's affairs and the business affairs of the Bundesrat, the upper house ofParliament. Always shortofspace, the Chancellery’s continual expansion gradually edged the Ministry of State out of the building. The palace was remodeled in 1872-74. Anew storey was added and a separate assembly hall was constructed for the Bundesrat. In 1879 the Chancellery became the Reich Office of the Interior, which was based in the building until 1919. Reich President Friedrich Ebert used the old minister's apartment briefly in 1919. That same year the Foreign Ministry, which was based next door atWilhelmstraBe 75 and 76, took over the building. The former Bundesrat assembly hall became the setting for press conferences. In 1939 Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop moved his office here from Wilhelmstrafe 76. The building was severely damaged in the Second World War and demolished in 1951. The site, close to the Berlin Wall, remained vacant until the mid-1980s when the East German government started constructing quality prefab high-rise blocks here. Sitzungssaal des Bundesrats im Reichskanzleramt, vor 1877 Bundesrat assembly hall in the Reich Chancellery, before 1877 landesarchiv Berlin ZimmerstraBe Kochstrafe Pressekonferenz im ehemaligen Bundesratssaal, 22. Juni 1941. AuBenminister Ribbentrop (stehend) gibt den Angriff auf die Sowjetunion bekannt Press conference in the old Bundesrat assembly hall June 22, 1941; Foreign Minister Ribbentrop (stan- ding) isannouncing the attack on the Soviet Union Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Miinchen AuBenminister Ribbentrop (rechts) in seinem Biro in der WilhelmstraBe 74 im Gesprach mit dem rumdnischen Staatschef lon Antonescu, November 1940 Foreign Minister Ribbentrop (right) in his office at WilhelmstraBe 74, talking to the Romanian head of state, lon Antonescu, November 1940 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munchen 1 al Sar EStaaned Ruinen des Auswartigen Amtes, rechts das Haus Nr. 74, 1949 The ruins of the Foreign Ministry; right, WilhelmstraBe 74, 1949 landesarchiv Berlin 21  oar rN ERemtmin,NATISERY’ Auswartiges Ami Foreign Ministry 1738 bezog Ober-Bau-Direktor Johann Carl Stolze hier sein neues, zweigeschossiges Palais. Dieses wurde 1795 an den Kéniglichen Hofbuchdrucker Georg Jakob Decker verkauft, der dort bereits seit langerem eine Druckerei betrieb. Im Garten errichtete Deckers Sohn eine Villa, die der Familie als Wohnhaus diente. 1866 mietete das benachbarte Auswartige Amt auf- grund seines stdndig wachsenden Platzbedarfs in der oberen Etage des Vorderhauses Birordume an. Elf Jahre spater erwarb der Staat das Gebaude, das von 1882 an vollstaindig vom Auswartigen Amt genutzt wurde. Seither wurden Pferdewagen fir den Akten- Plaartizser WILHELMSTRASSE 75 transport zwischen beiden Gebduden eingesetzt. Die von Decker im Garten errichtete Villa diente ab 1878 zundchst dem ersten Leiter der Reichskanzlei, Christoph von Tiede- mann, als Dienstwohnung. Nach 1881 war das Haus Wohnsitz des jeweiligen Staatssekretars des Auswartigen Amtes, seit 1919 der jeweiligen Aufenminister. Als letzter nutzte Konstantin von Neurath die Villa, die 1938 im Zuge der Bav- arbeiten firdie Neve Reichskanzlei ab- gerissen wurde. Wahrend des Zweiten Weltkrieges wurde = ey das Gebdude schwer beschadigt und 1950 komplett abgerissen. Das inMaver- nahe liegende Grundstiick blieb zunachst DienstgebGude des Auswartigen Amtes in der Wilhelmstrabe 75, 1910 The Foreign Ministry building atWilhelmstraBe 75, 1910 landesarchiv Berlin unbebaut. In den 1980er Jahren errichtete die DDR hochwertige Plattenbauten. 22  len Linden afe In 1738, Chief Building Director Johann Carl Stolze moved into his new two-storey mansion here. In 1795 itwas sold to the royal court book printer, Georg Jakob Ss m“a Decker,whohadoperatedaprintingpressherefor DerAktenwagendesAuswartigenAmtes, vor 1926 some time. Decker’s son built a villa in the garden for The Foreign Ministry cart for carrying files, before 1926 the family to live in. In 1866 the Foreign Ministry next Stiddeutscher Verlag Miinchen door, which constantly needed more space, rented ZimmerstraBe Kochstrabe Konstantin von Neurath (1873-1956), 1933-1938 ReichsauBenminister. 1946 zu 15 Jahren Haft verurteilt, entlassen 1954 Konstantin von Neurath (1873-1956), Reich foreign minister 1933-1938; sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment in 1946 but released in 1954 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munchen Die zerstérte WilhelmstraBe. Links die Ruinen des Auswartigen Amtes, rechts das ehemalige PreuBische Staatsministerium, 1946 WilhelmstraBe after the wartime destruction. Left, the ruins of the Foreign Ministry; right, the old Prussian Ministry of State, 1946 landesarchiv Berlin offices on the upper floor of the front building. The state purchased the building eleven years later and the Foreign Ministry took itover entirely in 1882. Horse-drawn carts were used to carry files between the two adjacent ministry buildings. The villa that Decker built in the garden was used as a government apartment from 1878 bythefirsthead of the Reich Chancellery, Christoph von Tiedemann. After 1881 itwas the official residence of the secretary of state at the Foreign Ministry, who held the title of foreign secretary after 1919. The villa’s last resident was Kon- stantin von Neurath. Itwas demolished in 1938 during the construction of the New Reich Chancellery. Briefumschlag aus dem Jahr 1923 Foreign Ministry envelope from the year 1923 Stiftung Topographie des Terrors The mansion was badly damaged during the Second World War and completely demolished in 1950. Close to the Berlin Wall, the site remained vacant until the 1980s, when the East Germans built quality prefab high-rise blocks here. 23  Auswartiges Amt Il Foreign Ministry WILHELMSTRASSE 76 1870 wurde das Preufische Ministerium firdieAuswartigen Angelegenheiten in »Auswartiges Amt« umbenannt. Die direkt dem Reichskanzler unterstehende, von einem Staatssekretar geleitete Reichs- behdrde erlangte durch Bismarcks Biindnis- politikgrofe internationale Bedeutung. Aufgrund der standig wachsenden Mit- arbeiterzahl ibernahm das Amt im Laufe der Jahre auch die beiden Nachbar- hauser Wilhelmstrafse 74 und 75. In der Weimarer Republik wurde das Auswartige Amt ein eigenstandiges Ministerium. Die Politik des Amtes zielte . e , auf die Revision des Versailler Vertrages. Nach 1933 wurde diese Revisionspolitik zunehmend aggressiver betrieben. Das Das 1737 firOberst Wolff Adolph von Pannewitz errichtete Palais wurde 1804 Amts- und Wohnsitz des russischen Staatsministers und Gesandten am Kéniglich Preufsischen Hofe, Maximilian von Alopaeus. 1819 erwarb der preuBische Staat das Gebaude fir den neven Auenminister Graf von Bernstorff und seine Behdrde. Die Biroraéume lagen im Erdgeschof3, die Ministerwohnung im Obergescho. Von 1862 bis zu seinem Umzug ins Reichskanzlerpalais 1878 nutzte der PreuBische Ministerprasident, Minister des Auswar- tigen und spatere Reichskanzler Otto von Bismarck diese Wohnung. #Das Auswartige Amt ihe EorsignaNaleing landesarchiv Berlin Ministerium wirkte spdter auch an den Kriegsvorberei- tungen und der Durchfihrung der Ermordung der europdischen Juden inden besetzten und verbiindeten Landern aktiv mit. 1950 wurde der im Zweiten Weltkrieg schwer beschddigte Gebdudekomplex abgerdumt. Mitte der 1980er Jahre errichtete die DDR hochwertige Platten- bauten. 24 Plaartizser  Pe Jen Linden cafe In 1737 Colonel Wolff Adolph von Pannewitz built a palace here. In 1804 it became the office and residence of the Russian minister of state and envoy to theRoyalPrussianCourt,MaximilianvonAlopaeus.Inee 1819 thePrussian stateboughtthebuildingforthenew __tigenAngelegenheiten foreignminister,GrafvonBernstorff,andhisministerial eepeea ehcnata offices.Theofficeswereatgroundlevel,theminister’s 2" MouhscherKultbeste apartment on the top floor. From 1862 the Prussian minister-president and minister for foreign affairs, Otto von Bismarck, used this apartment until he became chancellor and moved into the Reich Chancellor's Palace. In 1870 the Prussian Ministry for Foreign Affairs was renamed the Foreign Ministry. Directly responsible to the Reich Chancellor and headed by a secretary of state,itgainedgreatinternationalimportancethrough eee atreas Bismarck’s alliance politics. Intime the Foreign Ministry OM venBismorck’soficeofheForeignMinisry = wo also took over the two next-door buildings, Wilhelm- straBe 74 and 75, to house itsexpanding staf. In the Weimar Republic the Foreign Ministry became an independent ministry and aimed its politics toward revising the Versailles Treaty. After 1933 theNazi government pursued thisrevisionist policy more and more aggressively. The Foreign Ministry was laterinvolved inthepreparations fortheSecond World War and inorganizing themurder oftheEuro- pean Jews in the German-occupied territories and ntries allied to Germany. 1923-1929 AuBenminister eu: y Dr. Gustav Stresemann (1878-1929), The building was badly damaged in the war and the foreignminister 19231929 sitewasfinallyclearedin1950.Inthemid-1980sthe ae ae ea East Germans built quality prefab high-rise blocks ; here. Zimmerstrabe Kochsircate aii Joachim von Ribbentrop (1893-1946), 1938-1945 Reichsaubenminister, um 1938 1946 zum Tode verurteilt und hingerichtet Joachim von Ribbentrop (1893-1946), Reich foreign minister, ca. 1938; sentenced to death and executed in 1946 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munchen 25 5. Gysjay stesemann (1878-1929),  Reichskanzlei Ml Reich Chancellery WILHELMSTRASSE 77 1918 die Abdankung Kaiser Wilhelm I. bekannt und ibertrug die Geschafte des Reichskanzlers auf den Sozialdemokraten Friedrich Ebert. Am selben Tag sprach Philipp Scheidemann (SPD) zunachst von einem Fenster der Reichskanzlei zu der in der WilhelmstraBe versammelten Menge und riefwenig spater vor dem Reichstag die Republik aus. Von 1933 bis 1945 diente das Palais Adolf Hitler als Wohnsitz. Dieser lief 1935 unter dem Gartensaal-Anbau der Reichskanzlei einen Luftschutzbunker Das 1736 firden Generalmajor Adolf Friedrich Graf von der Schulenburg erbaute Palais wurde 1875 vom Deutschen Reich erworben und 1878 Reichskanzler Otto von Bismarck alsWohn- und Amtssitz Ubergeben. Dieser lud im selben Jahr die europdischen Staatsmanner in den Festsaal seines Hauses zum sogenannten »Berliner KongreB« ein und versuchte, zwischen den sich auf dem Balkan feindlich gegeniiberstehenden europdischen Grofsmachten zu vermitteln. Nach Bis- marcks Entlassung 1890 blieb das Palais Sitz der Reichskanzler. Dort gab Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges Reichskanzler Prinz Max von Baden am 9. November Die Reichskanzlei, um 1900 TheReichChancelevy,co.1900 ~—«-erichten.ImGartenentstandvon1943 Stiftung Topogra;phiedesFeros’ an der sogenannte »Fihrerbunker«, in dem Hitler 1945 Selbstmord beging. Die im Zweiten Weltkrieg beschadigte Reichskanzlei wurde 1949 abgerissen. Das an die Berliner Mauer grenzende Geldnde blieb unbebaut. Die DDR lie Ende der 1980er Jahre Plattenbauten errichten. Auf einem Teil des ehemaligen Gartengrundstiicks wurden nach der Wiedervereinigung die. Landesver- tretungen von Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Niedersachsen und des Saarlandes errichtet. 26 Plaartizser  en Linden ate This site once contained a mansion built in 1736 for Major-General Adolf Friedrich Graf von der Schulen- burg. The German state bought it in 1875, and it became the residence and offices of Reich Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1878. That same year, Bismarck invited the statesmen of Europe to the Berlin Conference in the great hall of the palace in an attempt to mediate between the hostile European powers in the Balkan conflict. After Bismarck’s dismissal in 1890 the palace remained the official residence of the Reich Chancellor. In a speech here at the end of the First World War, on November 9, 1918, Reich Chancellor Prince Max von Baden announced the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm I and handed over the Reich Chancellor's affairs to the social democratic leader, Friedrich Ebert. That same day Philipp Scheidemann of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) made a speech to the crowds gathered on Wilhelmstrafe from a window of the Reich Chan- cellery. Shortly afterwards he proclaimed the German Republic from a Reichstag balcony. Adolf Hitler used the palace as his residence from 1933 to 1945. In 1935 he had an air raid shelter built under the Reich Chancellery’s garden annex. In 1943 he had the “Fihrer’s bunker” built in the gardens, where he killed himself in 1945. TheReichChancellerywas badlydamaged intheSecond World War and demolished in 1949. Close to the Berlin Wall on the eastern side, the site remained vacant. Inthelate1980s theEastGermans builtprefab high-rise blocks here. AfterGerman reunificationtheFederalStatesofHesse, Rhineland-Palatinate, Lower Saxony and Saarland built their Berlin diplomatic missions on part of the grounds of the old palace gardens. »Der Berliner KongreB«, Olgemalde von Anton von Werner, 1878-1881 “The Berlin Conference”, oil painting by Anton von Werner, 1878-1881] Bildarchiv PreuBischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin ‘oan! = Z4immerstrahe Kochstrabe 27 a Philipp Scheidemaiin an einem Fenster der Reichskanzlei, 9. November 1918 Philipp Scheidemann at a Reich Chancellery window on November 9, 1918 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munchen Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), 1933-1945 Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), Reich chancellor 1933-1945 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munchen Die zerstérte Reichskanzlei, 1945 The bombed-out Reich Chancellery, 1945 Bildarchiv PreuBischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin  + on . D ° a ae3 a = ames merce y E Erweiterungsbau aer Reic! Reichskanzlei Ml Reich Chancellery extension Von 1873 bis 1875 lief der schlesische »Kohlebaron« First Hans Heinrich XI. von Plef hier ein Palais in franzdsischem Stil errichten. Es vertiigte uber eine groe Zahl Kamine, was ihm den Spitznamen »Schornsteinfegerakademie« eintrug. 1913 erwarb die benachbarte Reichskanzlei das Grundstiick. Sie lieB das Palais abreifsen und plante die Errichtung eines Erweiterungsbaus. Der Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges verhinderte die Realisierung des Projektes. 1928 wurde das Vorhaben erneut aufgegriffen. Bis 1930 errichteten die Architekten Eduard Jobst Siedler und Robert Kisch einen Biroanbau fir die Plaartizser WILHELMSTRASSE 78 Reichskanzlei. Die niichterne Gebaude- front, die nicht in die Wilhelmstrafse mit ihren Fassaden aus dem 18. und 19. Jahrhundert zu passen schien, wurde damals scharf kritisiert. Adolf Hitler lief} sich nach seiner Ernen- nung zum Reichskanzler in einem zur Gartenseite gelegenen Festsaal ein Arbeitszimmer einrichten. Eswar doppelt so groB wie das bisherige Kanzlerbiiro in der alten Reichskanzlei. 1935 beauftragte er den Architekten Albert Speer, an der zum Wilhelmplatz zeigenden Gebaude- fassade einen Balkon anzubauen. Dort Der Erweiterungsbau der Reichskanzlei, um 1933 a é The Reich Chancellery extension, ca. 1933 nahm Hitler seitdem Paraden ab und Stiftung Topographie des Terrors zeigte sich den jubelnden Massen. 1939 wurde das Gebdudeinnere Bestandteil der Neuen Reichskanzlei. Die Fassade blieb im Wesentlichen unverdndert. Sie erhielt lediglich eine Einfahrt, die zum sogenannten »Ehrenhof« der Neven Reichskanzlei fiuhrte. Das Gebdude wurde im Krieg schwer beschadigt und bis 1950 abgerissen. In der DDR blieb das an die Berliner Maver grenzende Gelande zunéchst unbe- baut. Im Zuge des Wohnungsbaus inder DDR wurden hier in den 1980er Jahren hochwertige Plattenbauten errichtet. 28  en Linden afse The Silesian coal baron Prince Hans Heinrich XI von Plef built a French-style palace here from 1873 to 1875. Itwas nicknamed “the chimney sweeps acade- my” because ithad so many fireplaces. In 1913 the Reich Chancellery next door purchased the site, had thepalace demolished and planned an extension tothe Chancellery building here. The outbreak of the First World War put a stop to the project. Palais PleB, um 1910 Palais PleB, ca. 1910 Brandenburgisches landesarchiv firDenkmalpflege ZimmerstraBe KochstraBe Ruine des Erweiterungsbaus, 1946 The ruined Reich Chancellery extension, 1946 Bundesarchiv Koblenz The plan was revived in 1928, and an office extension for the Reich Chancellery designed by the architects Eduard Jobst Siedler and Robert Kisch was completed in 1930.Theplain-frontedbuildingseemedoutofplace amid the 18th and 19th-century facades in Wilhelm- stradeandwasheavilycritcizedatthetime. eee After Adolf Hitler was appointed Reich Chancellor he a4 Grundsteinlegung firden Erweiterungsbau der setupanofficeinabanquetinghallatthegardenside Reichskanzlei, 1928 of the building. Itwas twice as big as the previous chancellor's office in the old Reich Chancellery. In 1935 Hitler commissioned the architect Albert Speer to add a balcony to the building facade towards Wilhelmplatz. Hitler stood here taking the salute at parades and ap- pearing before cheering crowds. In 1939 the building interiorbecame partoftheNew ReichChancellery.The facade remained largely unchanged except for anew drivewayleadingtotheNew ReichChancellery’sinner courtyard, the “Court of Honor”. The building was badly damaged inthewar and finally demolished in1950. Incommunist EastGermany the site bordered on the Berlin Wall. Itremained vacant until the 1980s, when quality prefab high-rise blocks were built here as part of East Germany's housing construction program. Laying the foundation stone for the Reich Chancellery extension, 1928 Bundesarchiv Koblenz 29 Der Erweiterungsbau mit dem von Speer 1935 errichteten Balkonanbau, 1936 The Reich Chancellery extension, 1936, with the balcony built by Speer in 1935 Bundesarchiv Koblenz  Neve Reichskanzlei Ml New Reich Chancellery VOSSSTRASSE 1-19 symbolisieren und zur Einschiichterung von Staatsgdsten und Diplomaten beitra- gen. Diese gelangten tiber den Hauptein- gang an der Wilhelmstrafse in den von Arnold Brekers |Monumentalfiguren »Partei« und »Wehrmacht« dominierten »Ehrenhof«. AnschlieBend muften sieeine fast 300 Meter lange Raumfolge durch- queren, um den Empfangssaal oder Hitlers 400 m? grofses, mit Marmor ausgeklei- detes Arbeitszimmer zu erreichen. Der reprdsentative Charakter des Baus ging zu Lasten der Birordume. Die Mitarbeiter Die von Albert Speer errichtete Neuve Reichskanzlei erstreckte sich von der Wilhelmstrafse ber die VoB- straBe bis zur heutigen Ebertstrae. Seit 1934 dachte Hitler an die Errichtung eines seinen imperialen Herrschaftsanspriichen angemessenen Gebaudes. |m Januar 1938 wurden die an der Vofstrafse 2-19 stehen- den Griinderzeithauser abgerissen. Lediglich das an der Ecke zur WilhelmstraBe stehende Palais Borsig blieb erhalten und wurde Teildes Neubaus. InTag- und Nachtarbeit wurde das Gebdude bis Januar 1939 fertiggestellt und Hitler Ubergeben. Der monumentale Bau sollte die Macht und Grofse des Deutschen Reiches 7 eh Reichskanzlei,Prasidialkanzleiund TheNewReichChancelery,1939 Oberster SA-Fihrung safsen in kleinen tondesarchv89 un schlecht beleuchteten Zimmern, die sich meist unter dem Dach befanden. 1943 wurde im Garten mit dem Bau des sogenannten »Fihrerbunkers« begonnen, indem Hitleram 30.April 1945 Selbstmord beging. Von 1949 bis 1951 erfolgte der Abrif} des im Krieg beschadigten Gebdudes. Bereits zwei Jahre zuvor wurde der Fiihrerbunker durch Sprengung unbegehbar gemacht. Im Zuge der Errichtung von Wohngebauden fir prominentere Personlichkeiten der DDR wurde er 1988 abgetragen. 30 Palraitszer ae _ Anhe  1 Linden ZimmerstraBe Die Ruine der Neuen Reichskanzlei als touristische Attraktion, um 1947 The ruins of the New Reich Chancellery as a tourist attraction, ca. 1947 Imperial War Museum, london Kochstrabe The New Reich Chancellery designed by the architect Albert Speer extended from WilhelmstraBe across VoBstraBe tothestreetthatisnow Ebertstrafse. Hitler already started planning in 1934 for a building to match hisambitions ofimperial domination. InJanuary 1938 the houses at Vofstrae 2-19, which dated back to the early 1870s, were demolished. The only building left standing, Palais Borsig at the corner of Wilhelm- straBe, was incorporated into the new chancellery. After day and night work on construction, the building was finished inJanuary 1939 and presented toHitler. The monumental chancellery was supposed tosymbolize the power and grandeur of the German Reich and make state visitors and diplomats feel overawed. VIPs went through the main entrance at Wilhelmstrafe into the “Court of Honor” dominated by two massive figures, “Party” and “Wehrmacht”, created by the sculptor Arnold Breker. The visitors had to walk almost 300 meters through a series of rooms until they reached the reception hall or Hitler's office, which was entirely in marble with a floor area of 400 sq. meters. Designed largely to impress, the chancellery was short on office space. The staffoftheReich Chancellery, thePresidential Chancellery and the Highest SA Leadership had to work in small, badly litrooms, mainly in the atic. In 1943 construction work on the “Fidhrer’s bunker” started in the garden. Hitler killed himself in the bunker on April 30, 1945. Badly damaged in the war, the chancellery building was demolished from 1949 to 1951. The “Fihrer’s bunker” was blown up two years previously to prevent access. In 1988 the last remains of the bunker were cleared during construction of apartment blocks for persons of merit in communist East Germany. Plan der Neven Reichskanzle1i9,39 Plan of the New Reich Chancellery, 1939 Die Neve Reichskanzlei, Miinchen 1939, S.117 31 Der Ehrenhof der Neuen Reichskanzlei mit den Figuren Arnold Brekers The Court of Honor at the New Reich Chancellery with Arnold Breker’s sculptures Die Neue Reichskanzlei, Munchen 1939, S. 19 Das Arbeitszimmer Hitlers, 1939 Hitler's office, 1939 landesarchiv Berlin  Reichsverkehrsministerium HE Reich Transport Ministry Konig Friedrich Wilhelm |.von PreuBen lieB hier von 1735 bis 1737 eine Manufaktur errichten, die das Privileg zur Fertigung von Gold- und Silberwaren erhielt. 1763 wurde die Manufaktur an den juidischen Unternehmer und Hofjuwelier Veitel Heine Ephraim verpachtet. 1848 bezog das neu errichtete Preufische Ministerium fir Handel, Gewerbe und éffentliche Arbeiten das Gebaude. Das Ministerium wurde mehrfach erweitert. 1856 erhielt es ein zusdtzliches Stockwerk und eine neue Fassade. Auf den Nachbar- grundstiicken Wilhelmstrase 80 und Vofstrafse 35 ent- standen bis 1876 zwei Erweiterungsbauten. Plaartizser WILHELMSTRASSE 79/80 In der Weimarer Republik befand sich hier der Sitz des neuen Reichsverkehrs- ministeriums. Dieses verlor 1924 die Zustandigkeit fir die Reichsbahn an die private, ineinem Teilkomplex des Ministe- riums untergebrachte Deutsche Reichs- bahn-Gesellschaft. Sie fihrte einen Teil ihrer Einkiinfte zur Tilgung der dem Deutschen Reich im Versailler Friedens- vertrag auferlegten Reparationen ab. Mit der Ernennung des seit 1926 amtierenden Generaldirektors der Deutschen Reichs- bahn-Gesellschaft, Julius Dorpmiiller, zum Reichsverkehrsminister 1937 geriet die Reichsbahn wieder inden Zustandigkeits- Das Reichsverkehrsministerium, 1932 TheReichTransportMinisiry,1932 londesarchivBern bareich des Ministeriums. Die Behdrde organisierte nach Kriegsbeginn nicht nur die Ziige fir den Transport des Militérs und seiner Kriegsgiiter, sondern auch fir die Deportation der europdischen Juden indieVernichtungslager. Den Krieg tiberstanden nur wenige Gebdudeteile. Sie wurden von der Deutschen Reichsbahn provisorisch hergerichtet und beherbergten nach der Wende 1989 Dienststellen der Deutschen Bahn. 32  73) Jen Linden cafe In 1735-1737 King Friedrich Wilhelm |of Prussia had a small factory built here which was awarded the privilege of producing gold- and silver-plate. In 1763 the factory was leased to the Jewish entrepreneur and court jeweler, Veitel Heine Ephraim. In 1848 the newly formed Prussian Ministry of Trade, Commerce and Public Works moved into the building. The ministry was extended several times. In 1856 another storey was added and itwas given a new facade. Two annexes on the adjacent sites, WilhelmstraBe 80 and VoRstrae 35 were completed in1876. IntheWeimar Republic thiswas thehead officeofthe new Reich Ministry of Transport. In 1924 authority for the Reichsbahn was transferred from the ministry to the private German Reich Railroad Society, which was housed in part of the ministry complex. Some of the Society's income went toward paying off the German Reich’s reparation debt laid down in the Treaty of Ver- sailles. In 1937 Julius Dorpmiiller, who had been acting director-general oftheGerman Reich Railroad Society since 1926, was appointed Reich minister oftransport. Authority for the Reich Railroad was returned to the Transport Ministry. During the Second World War the ministry not only organized trains for transporting the militaryand itswar goods, butalsoforthedeportation oftheJews ofEurope totheextermination camps. beFacuteWl Fabrique NuaSoigderFagadeder’ One Argent&Bern = Silene FabricSi¢ Gold- und Silbermanufaktur, errichtet von Philipp Gerlach, um 1740 Factory for gold- and silver-plate designed by Philipp Gerlach, ca. 1740 landesarchiv Berlin ZimmerstraBe Kochstrafe Die Ruine des Reichsverkehrsministeriums, 1946 The ruins of the Reich Transport Ministry, 1946 Bundesarchiv Koblenz A few parts of the building survived the war. The East German Railroad restored them provisionally and after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 they were used as German Railroad offices. Julius Dorpmiller (1869-1945), 1937-1945 Reichsverkehrsminister Julius Dorpmiller (1869-1945), Reich transport minister 1937-1945 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Miinchen 33 Festsaal des Reichsverkehrsministeriums, um 1936 Banqueting hall of the Reich Transport Ministry, ca, 1936 Die Geschichte des Hauses WilhelmstraBe Nr. 79, Berlin 1936, S. 49  Reichsluftfahrtministerium WILHELMSTRASSE 81-85 ganzer Bevélkerungsgruppen_beteiligt. Hier beschloB drei Tage nach dem Pogrom vom 9. November 1938 eine von Géring geleitete, im heutigen Eurosaal tagende Konferenz, den Juden fir ent- standene Schdden eine Milliarde Reichs- mark abzuverlangen. Das Haus war aber auch ein Ort des Widerstandes. Harro Schulze-Boysen, Mitarbeiter der Nachrichtenabteilung, informierte ab Herbst 1940 gemeinsam mit Arvid Harnack und Adam Kuckhoff den sowjetischen Nachrichtendienst ber eutsche Angriffsplane auf die Sowjet- union. Nach Kriegsende nutzte die Sowjetische thOT |TT] wl iT Das Reichsluftfahrtministerium TheReichAviationMinistry Stiftung Topographie des Terrors 1890 erhielt das in der Leipziger Strafse 5 unter- gebrachte Kéniglich Preufsische Kriegsministerium einen groBen Anbau an der Wilhelmstrafe. In der Weimarer Republik waren hier Dienststellen des Reichswehrministeriums untergebracht. 1933 bezog das neu gegriindete, von Hermann Goring gefuhrte Reichsluftfahrtministerium die Gebdude. Goring lie den Komplex 1935 abreifsen und durch Ernst Sagebiel einen monumentalen, iber 2000 Raume umfassenden Neubau errichten. Das Ministerium war an Planen zur Errichtung eines »Grodeutschen Reiches«, an der Kriegflhrung sowie an der Auspliinderung und Ermordung Militaradministration das Gebdude, seit 1947 die Deutsche Wirtschaftskommission. Im Festsaal des Hauseswurdeam7.Oktober 1949dieDDRgegriindet. Bis 1989 diente der an die 1961 errichtete Berliner Mauer grenzende Komplex als Haus der Ministerien der DDR. Von 1991 bis 1995 wurde er von der Treu- handanstalt genutzt, seit 1999 befindet sich hier der Sitz des Bundesministeriums der Finanzen. 34 Plaartizser  | 73 Jen Linden abe In 1890 the Royal Prussian War Ministry at Leipziger StraBe 5 was enlarged by the construction of a big extension inWilhelmstrafe. IntheWeimar Republic it housed offices of the Reich Defense Ministry. In 1933 the newly formed Reich Aviation Ministry headed by Hermann Géring moved into the building. Géring had the complex demolished in 1935 and a monumental new building designed by Ernst Sagebiel with over 2000 rooms was built on the site. The ministry was actively involved in the plans for a “Pan-German Reich”, in waging the war and looting and murdering entire population groups. Three days after the pogrom of November 9, 1938 a conference ledbyGéring met intheroom which isnow theEuro Hall and resolved to demand a thousand million Reichsmarks from the German Jews for the damage caused bythepogrom. But the building was also connected with the German Resistance through Harro Schulze-Boysen, who worked in the Intelligence Department. From the fall of 1940, he and his resistance comrades Arvid Harnack and Adam Kuckhoff gave information to Soviet Intelligence about Germany’s plans to attack the Soviet Union. After the war the building housed the Soviet Military Administration, followed by the National Economic Commission. On October 7, 1949, the communist Ger- man Democratic Republicwas founded inthegreathall of the building. Up to 1989 the building was the East German HouseoftheMinistries.Thecomplexbordered on the Berlin Wall, which was erected in 1961. From 1991 to 1995 the building was used by the Treu- hand Anstalt, the trustee organization for privatizing former East German state enterprises. Since 1999 it has housed the German Ministry of Finance. Das PreuBische Kriegsministerium The Prussian War Ministry Bildarchiv PreuBischer Kulturbesitz ZimmerstraBe Kochstrabe Hermann Goring (1893-1946), 1933-1945 Reichsluftfahrtminister, 1946 zum Tode verurteilt und hingerichtet Hermann Goring (1893-1946), Reich aviation minister 1933-1945; sentenced to death and executed in 1946 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Miinchen Griindung der DDR im Festsaal des ehemaligen Reichslufffahrtministeriums, nun Dienstgebaude der Deutschen Wirtschaftskommision, 7. Oktober 1949 Founding ceremony oftheGerman Democratic Republic in the main hall of the old Reich Aviation Ministry, then the office of the German Economic Commission, October 7, 1949 Bundesarchiv Koblenz P| Aenea Der Grenzverlauf am Haus der Ministerien der DDR, um 1980 The border between East and West Berlin at the East German House of the Ministries, ca. 1980 Bundesbeaultragte furdie Unterlagen des Staalssicherheitsdienstes (BSIU), Berlin 35  Berliner Mauer Ml Berlin Wall Am 13. August 1961 wurde auf Anordnung der DDR-Fihrung mit dem Bau der Berliner Mauer begonnen. Sie istsichtbarer Ausdruck des bis 1989 geteilten Deutschland. Die ber 150 Kilometer lange Grenzsperranlage unterband dieseitOktober 1949 anhaltenden Flichtlingsstrome vom Osten in den Westen Deutschlands. Bis Herbst 1961 waren mehr als 2,6 Millionen Menschen mehrheitlich uber die Sektorengrenzen zwischen Ost- und West-Berlin geflohen. Die Sperranlage bestand aus mehreren Abschnitten: einer »Vorderlandmaver« und einer »Hinterland- mauer«, einem Grenzstreifen mit Kolon- nenweg, Wachtiirmen und Sperrbefesti- NIEDERKIRCHNERSTRASSE gungen. DDR-Grenztruppen erschossen Luftaufnahme des Grenzstreifens NiederkirchnerstraBe/ WilhelmsroBe 1967 bis 1989 mehr als 230 Menschen bei dem Versuch, die Mauer zu Uberwinden. Der Fall der Mauer wurde durch Re- formen in der Sowjetunion vorbereitet, die auch bei den Birgern in der DDR die Hoffnung auf Veranderung weckten. 1989 flohen Tausende DDR-Birger ber die Botschaft der Bundesrepublik in Prag und die ungarische Grenze in den Westen. Gleichzeitig erhielt die Opposition in der DDR erheblichen Zu- lauf. Es kam zu Massendemonstrationen. Aerial view of the border at the corner of Niederkirchnerstrafe = < - ee eeeOefriedlicheDruckderMassenfiihrte londesarchivBerlin am 9. November zur Offnung der Mauer. Wenig spater wurden die ersten Teile der Mauer niedergerissen. Noch vor der Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands am 3. Oktober 1990 war sie weitgehend aus dem Stadtbild Berlins verschwunden. Das an der Niederkirchnerstrafe erhaltene 200 Meter lange Reststiick der Maver markierte die Grenze zwischen den Berliner Bezirken Mitte (Ost) und Kreuzberg (West). Heute ist es Bestandteil des Dokumentationszentrums Topographie des Terrors und steht unter Denkmalschutz. 36 Plaartizser  den Linden rape On August 13, 1961 construction of the Berlin Wall started on the orders of the communist leaders of East Germany. Until 1989 the Berlin Wall is the visible expression of the division of Germany. It consisted of a barrier system over 150 kilometers in length, built to stop the constant stream of refugees from East to West Germany from 1949 on. By the fall of 1961, more than 2.6 million people had escaped across the border between Berlin’s eastern and western sectors. »Niemand hat die Absicht eine Mauer zu errichten«, Walter Ulbricht, Generalsekretar des Zentralkomitees der SED, 15. Juni 1961 “Nobody intends to build a wall.” -Walter Ulbricht, Secretary-General of the Central Committee of the ruling East German Socialist Unity Party, June 15, 1961 Ullstein Bild, Berlin Zuschaver beobachten vom heutigen Gelande der Topographie des Terrors aus die Arbeiten an der Berliner Mauer, 1962 Bystanders on the present site of the Topography of Terror watching construction work on the Berlin Wall, 1962 Ulistein Bild, Berlin Mauververlauf entlang der Niederkirchnerstrabe, aufgenommen von Grenztruppen der DDR, 1988 Photo by East German border troops showing the Berlin Wall along NiederkirchnerstraBe, 1988 laurenz Demps, Berlin-WilhelmstraBe, 1994, S.287 ZimmerstraBe Kochstrahe Schaulustige nach dem Fall der Berliner Mauer. Im Hintergrund das ehemalige Haus der Ministerien der DDR, 12. November 1989 Spectators after the opening of the border of the Berlin Wall, with the East German House of the Ministries in the background, November 12, 1989 Ullstein Bild, Berlin The border zone had several sections: a “front wall” and a “hinterland wall” and an inner track with a patrol path, watchtowers and a barrier system. Up until 1989 East German border troops shot over 230 people trying to escape over the Berlin Wall. The fall of the Berlin Wall was precipitated by reforms in the Soviet Union that inspired East Germans with new hopes for change. In 1989 thousands of East German citizens started escaping to the west via the Hungarian border and the West German embassy in Prague. Meanwhile the opposition started growing rapidly in East Germany and big demonstrations were held. The pressure of this peaceful mass movement led to the opening of the border on November 9. Shortly after, the first sections of the Berlin Wall were pulled down. Even before the reunification of Germany on October 3, 1990, the Wall had largely vanished from Berlin's city landscape. The 200-meter-long remnant of the Wall here at NiederkirchnerstraBe marked the border between the Berlin districts of Mitte (East) and Kreuzberg (West). Today itis aprotected monument and part of theTopography ofTerror Documentation Center. 37  Prinz-AlbrechtGelande Ml Prinz, PRINZ-ALBRECHT-GELANDE der Deutschen Polizei war. Mit der Griin- dung des RSHA im September 1939 fand die Verbindung von SS und Polizei institu- tionell ihren Ausdruck. Das durch die Niederkirchner- (friher: Prinz-Albrecht- StraBe), dieWilhelm- und dieAnhalter Strafe begrenzte Gelande beherbergte von 1933 bis 1945 die zentralen Dienststellen von SS und Polizei. Die Prinz-Albrecht- StraBe 8 war seit 1933 Sitz der Geheimen Staats- polizei, seit 1939 auch des Reichssicherheitshaupt- amtes (RSHA). Das Nachbarhaus Nr. 9 bezogen 1934 die SS-Verwaltungszentrale und der »Persénliche Stab« Reichsfuhrer SS Heinrich Himmler. Der Sicherheits- dienst der SS (SD) richtete sich in der WilhelmstraBe 102 ein. Alle diese Institutionen unterstanden letztlich Himmler, der seit 1929 Chef der SS und seit 1936 Chef Das RSHA steverte die Verfolgungs- und Vernichtungspolitik des NS-Staates. Es organisierte den Massenmord an den europaischen Juden und die systematische Verfolgung und Ermordung anderer Bevél- kerungsgruppen. Es stellte das Personal fir die Einsatzgruppen zusammen, die in den besetzten Gebieten Hunderttausende umbrachten. Angehérige des Kriminal- technischen Institutes entwickelten die zur senviewonfhecPreaAlbrlechtSte,co.1934EfMordungderjidischenBevélkerung londesarchivBern @ingesetzten Gaswagen und erprobten Munition an Gefangenen. Das im Zweiten Weltkrieg stark zerstérte Geldnde wurde bis 1963 enttrimmert und planiert. Es geriet in Vergessenheit. Birgerinitiativen und die anlaflich der 750-Jahr-Feier Berlins 1987 entstandene historische Dokumentation »Topographie des Terrors« brachten das Gelande und seine Geschichte wieder ins offentliche Bewuftsein zuriick. 38 Plaartizser  2, 77 den Linden rrafe From 1933 to 1945 the key offices of the SS and the police were located in the area bordered by NiederkirchnerstraBe (once Prinz-Albrecht-Strafe), WilhelmstraBe and Anhalter StraBe. From 1933 Prinz- Albrecht-StraBe 8 housed the headquarters of the Secret State Police (Gestapo), and from 1939 the headquarters of the Reich Security Main Office (RHSA) as well. In 1934 the SS Administration Center and the “Personal Staff” of Reich SS Leader Heinrich Himmler moved into no. 9 next door. The SS Security Service (SD) was set up at WilhelmstraBe 102. All these institutions were ultimately answerable to Himmler, SS Chief from Lageplan, 1938 Site plan, 1938 Stiftung Topographie des Terrors Zimmerstrae Kochstrabe Open-Air Ausstellung »Topographie des Terrors«, Juli 2004. Im Hintergrund die Reste der ehemaligen Berliner Mauer The open-air exhibition by the Topography of Terror Foundation, July 2004. In the background isa remnant of the Berlin Wall Stiftung Topographie des Terrors 1929andChiefoftheGerman Policefrom1936.The formation of the RSHA in September 1939 demon- strated the institutional link between the SS and the police. The RSHA directed the Nazi state's policies of persecution and extermination. Itorganized themass murder ofthe Jews of Europe and the systematic persecution and murder of other population groups. Itsupervised the formation of the “Einsatzgruppen” (mobile. killing squads) thatmurdered hundreds ofthousands ofpeople in the occupied territories. Members of the Criminal Technology Institute developed the gas wagons used to murder the Jewish population, and tested ammunition on prisoners. Thebuildingsherewere badlydamaged intheSecond World War. By 1963 the rubble was removed and the ground leveled. The site remained almost forgotten until citizen’s action groups were set up, and during Berlin’s 750th anniversary celebrations in 1987 the Topography of Terror, an on-site documentation, was opened here. This drew public attention once again to thesiteand itshistory. % aa Me, Luftaufnahme des ehemaligen Prinz-Albrecht+ Gelandes, 1984 Aerial view of the old Prinz Albrecht Site, 1984 Senator firBau und Wohnungswesen, Berlin 39 Freilegung der Fundamente an der ehemaligen Prinz-Albrecht-StraBe, 1986 The remaining foundations are uncovered on the old Prinz Albrecht Site, 1986 landesarchiv Berlin  yeneeiimmes oStfcaaaitssppoolliizzeeliaamti o I. Ff: Secret otate Police Trice Im Mai 1933 wurde das 1905 firdie Staatliche Kunst- gewerbeschule errichtete Gebaude Sitz des Preufsischen Geheimen Staatspolizeiamtes (Gestapa) unter Leitung von Rudolf Diels. Im April 1934 tbernahm der Reichs- fiihrer SS Heinrich Himmler die Geheime Staatspolizei in PreufSen. Himmler richtete sein Biro in der Prinz- Albrecht-Strafe 8 ein. Zum Leiter des Gestapa ernannte er seinen engsten Mitarbeiter Reinhard Heydrich, der bereits den Sicherheitsdienst (SD) fihrte. In der Folge wurden die Politischen Polizeien der einzelnen Lander zur Geheimen Staatspolizei (Gestapo) zusammen- gefaBt und der Berliner Zentralbehérde unterstellt. PRINZ-ALBRECHT-STRASSE 8 Die Gestapo sollte die offentliche Sicher- heit gewahrleisten und tatsachliche oder vermeintliche Staatsfeinde verfolgen. Die »Schutzhaft« erméglichte es ihr,Personen ohne richterlichen Haftbefehl firunbe- grenzte Zeit zu inhaftieren. Hundert- tausende wurden auf diese Weise in Gefangnisse und Konzentrationslager eingewiesen. Im 1933 eingerichteten »Hausgefangnis« des Gestapa wurden Regimegegner, darunter viele Ange- hérige des Widerstandes, inhaftiert und oftbrutalen Folterungen ausgesetzt. Im September 1939 wurden Gestapo, Paar teas - 2 Kriminalpolizei und SD zum Reichssicher- heitshauptamt (RSHA) zusammengelegt. Das Geheime Staatspolizeiamt, PrinzAlbrechtStraBe 8, 1933 The Secret State Police Office, Prinz-AlbrechtStraBe 8, 1933 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munchen Sitz dieser, bis 1942 von Reinhard Heydrich, seit 1943 von Ernst Kaltenbrunner geleiteten Terrorzentrale war die Prinz-Albrecht-Strafe 8. Das RSHA organisierte die Verfolgungs- und Vernich- tungspolitik und war firdie Ermordung von Millionen Menschen verantwortlich. Nach Kriegsende galt das stark beschadigte Gebaude als»wiederaufbaufahig«, wurde jedoch inden 1950er Jahren gesprengt. Reste des Gebaudefundamentes und der Zellen des »Hausgefingnisses« wurden 1986 bei Ausgrabungen freigelegt. 40 Plaartizser  den Linden trae Built in 1905 for the National School of Industrial Arts and Crafts, in 1933 the building became the head- quarters of the Prussian Secret State Police Office (Gestapa), headed by Rudolf Diels. In April 1934 Reich SS Leader Heinrich Himmler became chief of the Secret State Police in Prussia. Himmler set up his office at Prinz-Albrecht-StraBe 8. He appointed hisclosest colleague, Reinhard Heydrich, who already headed the Security Service (SD), as chief of the Gestapa. The political police forces of the in- dividual German states were subsequently merged to form the Secret State Police (Gestapo) and subordinated to the central authority in Berlin. The Gestapo’s role was to guarantee public security and prosecute real or Der preuBische Ministerprasident Goring tbergibt in der Prinz-AlbrechtStraBe 8 die Leitung des Gestapa an Himmler, 20. April 1934 Hermann Goring, the Prussian minister president, appointing Himmler as head of the Gestapa, April 20, 1934 Bundesarchiv Koblenz Schutzhaftbefehl des Gestapa, 1936 Gestapa “protective custody” order, 1936 Stiftung Topographie des Terrors ol presumed enemies of the state. “Schutzhaft” (“protective custody”) allowed theGestapo tohold people incustody for an unlimited period without a judicial arrest warrant. This led to hundreds of thousands of people being com- mitted to prisons and concentration camps. Opponents ofthe regime, including many members of the resistance, were imprisoned and often brutally tortured in the Gestapa’s “Hausgefangnis” (“House Prison”) which was built here in 1933. InSeptember 1939 theGestapo, theCriminal Investi- gation Police and the SD were merged to form the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA). Prinz-Albrecht- Strafe 8 was the headquarters of this center of terror under Reinhard Heydrich until 1942 and Ernst Kaltenbrunner from 1943. The RSHA organized the Nazi policy of persecution and extermination and was responsible for the murder of millions of people. After the war the building, though badly damaged, was considered reparable but was eventually blown up in the 1950s. Today the site is part of the Topography ofTerror Documentation Center. ve ZimmerstraBe Kochstrafe Die Zellenbéden des »Hausgefangnisses«, 1986 The cell floors of the Gestapo’s “House Prison", 1986 Margret Nissen, Berlin 41 Sprengung der Fassadenreste der ehemaligen Gestapo-Zentrale, 15. Juni 1956 The facade remains of the former Gestapo headquarters are blown up, June 15, 1956 Ullstein-Bild  »SS-Haus« PRINZ-ALBRECHT-STRASSE 9 Karl Wolff. Dem »Persénlichen Stab« oblag die Auf- sichtber einigeHimmler direktunterstellte Institutionen. Dazu gehérten bis 1938 die wirtschaftlichen Unternehmungen der SS, der Verein »Ahnenerbe« sowie ab 1938 auch der Verein »Lebensborn«. Aufgabe des »Ahnenerbe« war die Erforschung des »nordrassischen Indo- germanentums«. Ab 1939 lie es fir kriegsbezogene Forschungen inKonzen- trationslagern auch grausame Versuche an Haftlingen durchfihren. Der »Lebens- born« unterstitzte »rassisch und erbbio- logisch wertvolle« kinderreiche Familien, Das Hotel Prinz Albrecht, Sitz der Reichsflihrung SS Hotel Prinz Albrecht, headquarters of the Reich SS Leadership In dem 1886 errichteten Gebaude erdffnete ein Jahr spater das Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten. Zur Jahrhundert- wende wurde es in Hotel Prinz Albrecht umbenannt. Seit Ende der 1920er Jahre nutzten die National- sozialisten Raume des renommierten Hotels furpolitische Versammlungen. 1932 ging das Hotel in Konkurs. Nach dem Einzug der SS-Verwaltungszentrale 1934 wurde das Gebdude im Volksmund zum »SS-Haus«. Es beherbergte unter anderem die SS-Personalkanzlei (ab 1939 SS-Personalhauptamt), die Stabskasse der SS, das SS-Hauptamt sowie den »Persénlichen Stab« des Reichsfihrers SS Heinrich Himmler unter Leitung von BundesarchivKoblenz ledigeMitterundKinder,derenEltern verhaftet oder getétet worden waren. Das im Zweiten Weltkrieg schwer beschadigte Gebaude wurde 1962/63 bis auf Fundamentreste abgetragen. Noch in den 1980er Jahren nutzte eine Baustoff- Verwertungsfirma das Grundstiick. Heute istes Teil des Dokumentationszentrums Topographie des Terrors. 42 Plaartizser  A rden Linden strabe The building erected on this site in 1886 opened the following year as the Four Seasons Hotel. At the turn of the 20th century itwas renamed Hotel Prinz Albrecht. From the end of the 1920s the National Socialists used rooms inthisrenowned hotelforpoliticalmeetings.The hotel went bankrupt in 1932. Lesezimmer im Hotel Prinz Albrecht, vor 1914 Reading room in the Hotel Prinz Albrecht, before 1914 Kunstbibliothek Staatliche Museen PreuBischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin Zimmerstrafe KochstraBe After the SS Administration Center moved here in 1934, the building was popularly dubbed “SS House”. Ithoused the SS Personnel Chancellery (known from 1939 as the SS Personnel Main Office), the SS Staff Treasury, the SS Main Office and Reich SS Leader Heinrich Himmler’s “Personal Staff’, headed by Karl Wolff. The “Personal Staff” was responsible for supervising several institutions directly under Himmler. These included the SS economic enterprises, the “German Ancestry” Association and, from 1938, the “Lebens- born” Association. “German Ancestry” was set up to study “Indo-Germanic culture among the northern races”. From 1939 itcom- missioned terrible experiments on concentration camp prisoners forwar-related research. “Lebensborn” sup- ported families with lotsofchildren, unmarried mothers and children whose parents had been arrested or killed. Itsbeneficiaries had to be “racially and biogenetically valuable”. The building was badly damaged in the Second World War and removed right down to the foundations in 1962-63. A firm for recycling building material used thesiteuntilthe 1980s.TodayitispartoftheTopography ofTerror Documentation Center. Karl Wolff (1900-1984), Chef des Persénlichen Stabs Reichsfiiirer SS, 1942, 1964 zu 15 Jahren Haft verurteilt, 1971 entlassen Karl Wolff (1900-1984), chief of the Reich SS leader's personal staff, 1942; sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment in 1964 but released in 1971 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munchen Blickvom Martin-Gropius-Bau inRichtung WilhelmstraBe, 1981 View towards WilhelmstraBe from Martin-Gropius-Bau, 1981 Gerhard Ullmann/Stiftung Topographie des Terrors 43  Sicherheitsdienst Ml Security S / Service i den besetzten Gebieten operierenden Einsatzgruppen an Massenmorden be- teiligt. 1941 richtete Reinhard Heydrich, Chef des im September 1939 gegriindeten zen- tralen Unterdriickungs- und Terrororgans Das Prinz-Albrecht-Palais, um 1928 . - 7 . PrinzAlbrechtPolaisco.1928 +Ges NS-Regimes, des Reichssicherheits- UseBildBern hayptamtes,inderBeletagedesPalais ein reprdsentatives Buro ein. Dieses nutzte ab 1943 sein Nachfolger Ernst Kaltenbrunner. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde das Palais schwer besché- digt. 1949 erfolgte die Sprengung der Ruine. Ein Teil des Grundstiicks wurde bis in die 1980er Jahre als Verkehrsibungsplatz genutzt. Heute istes Bestandteil des Dokumentationszentrums Topographie des Terrors. Der franzésische Baron Vernezobre de Laurieux lief hier von 1737 bis 1739 ein luxuridses Palais errichten. Nach mehrfachem Besitzerwechsel und einem Umbau durch Karl Friedrich Schinkel wurde es 1832 von Prinz Albrecht von PreuBen genutzt. Seit 1928 diente es als Gastehaus der Regierung. Im November 1934 bezog der von Reinhard Heydrich geleitete »Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsfuhrers SS« (SD) das Palais. Zu den Aufgaben dieses Nachrichten- und Geheimdienstes gehérten die Uberwachung von Regimegegnern, die Beurteilung der politischen Zuver- lassigkeit einzelner Burger und die Sammlung von Nachrichten. Durch seine »Meldungen aus dem Reich« informierte er die NS- WILHELMSTRASSE 102 Fihrung tber die Stimmung in der Bevolkerung. 1939 lieferte der SD Hitler mit dem fingierten Angriff auf den Sender Gleiwitz den gewiinschten Vorwand zum ore , Angriff auf Polen. Wahrend des Krieges alataets: = aeMiva] =warenSD-FihreralsAngehdrigederin 44 Plaartizser  den Linden strabe The French baron Vernezobre de Laurieux builta luxu- rious palace here from 1737 to 1739. After several changes of ownership the palace was redesigned by Karl Friedrich Schinkel and used by Prince Albrecht of Prussia from 1832. From 1928 itserved as a govern- ment guesthouse. In November 1934 the “Security Service of the Reich SS Leader” (SD) under Reinhard Heydrich moved into the palace. This secret service was responsible for intelligence gathering, surveillance ofopponents ofthe Nazi regime and checking whether individual citizens were politically reliable. The SD produced “Reports from the Reich” to inform the Nazi leadership about the mood of the population. In 1939 the SD staged a fake seizure of the German radio station Gleiwitz on the Polish border, giving Hitler the pretext he wanted to launch the attack on Poland. During the war SD leaders were involved in mass murder as members of the “Einsatzgruppen” (mobile killing squads) operating in theGerman-occupied territories. The Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), the Nazi regime's central organization forsuppression and terror, was established in1939. In1941 RSHA chiefReinhard Heydrich set up an imposing office on the second floor of the palace. From 1943 the office was used by his successor, Ernst Kaltenbrunner. The palace was badly damaged in the Second World War and the ruins were blown up in 1949. Part of the site was used as a driving practice area until the 1980s. Today thesiteispartoftheTopography ofTerror Documentation Center. Der Tanzsaal, um 1921 The ballroom, ca. 1921 Bildarchiv PreuBischer Kulturbesitz ZimmerstraBe Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942), 1933-1942 Chef des SD, 1939-1942 Chef des RSHA,1942 Opfer eines Atfentats Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942), chief of the SD 1933-1942, chief of the RSHA 1939-1942, assassinated 1942 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munchen Dr. Ernst Kaltenbrunner (1903-1946), 1943-1945 Chef des RSHA, 1946 zum Tode verurteilt und hingerichtet Dr. Ernst Kaltenbrunner (1903-1946), chief of the RSHA 1943-1945; sentenced to death and executed in 1946 Bayerische Stoatsbibliothek Munchen Gartenansicht des zerstorten Prinz-AlbrechtPalais, um 1948 The gardens of the ruined Prinz Albrecht Palais, ca. 1948 landesarchiv Berlin Kochstrabe 45  »Angritt-Haus« & WILHELMSTRASSE 106 Jahr spdter ging er in Konkurs. Die Zeitung bestand weiter, ihre Redaktion zog in die Zimmerstrafse. Die nachsten vier Jahre wurde das Gebaude von der Sturmabteilung (SA) genutzt. Die von Ernst Rdhm gefihrte SA entstand 1920 als paramilitarische Schutztruppe der NSDAP. Zu ihren Aufgaben gehérten bereits vor 1933 die Absicherung von Parteiveranstaltungen und die Terrori- sierung politischer Gegner. Auf Réhms Forderung, die SA zur Volksarmee zu machen, reagierte Hitler 1934 mit der Ermordung eines Drittels der hheren SA- ee Das Redaktionsgebaude des »Angriff«, 1936 “Der Angriff" editorial office building, 1936 I hiv PreuBisc Kulturbesitz Zum Nachfolger Rohms : . 1932 erwarb der in der Hedemannstrafse 10 unter- gebrachte nationalsozialistische Verlag »Der Angriff GmbH« das 1903 errichtete Geschaftshaus. Der Ver- lag gab die 1927 von dem Berliner Gauleiter Joseph Goebbels gegriindete, antisemitische und antiparla- mentarische nationalsozialistische Tageszeitung »Der Angriff« heraus. Chefredakteur war der spatere Ober- biirgermeister und Stadtprasident von Berlin, Julius Lippert. Der Verlag mietete 1933 im Nachbarhaus Wilhelm- straBe 107 zusdtzliche Raume an und liefs beide Hauser durch einen direkten Zugang verbinden. Ein Fihrerschaft. ci A ernannteerViktorLutze,derimJuli1934 > fir einige Monate mit seiner Adjutantur in das Gebdude WilhelmstraBe 106 zog. AnschlieBend wurde es Sitz der SA-Fihrung Berlin-Brandenburg. 1937 tbernahm der im benachbarten Prinz-Albrecht- Palais ansdssige Sicherheitsdienst der SS (SD) das Haus, unter dem er eine Tiefgarage errichten lie. Das im Zweiten Weltkrieg stark beschadigte Gebdude wurde in den 1950er Jahren abgerissen. In den 1980er Jahren befand sich auf dem Grundstiick ein privater Verkehrsiibungsplatz. Heute ist es Teil des Dokumentationszentrums Topographie des Terrors. 46 Plaartizser  73) rden Linden strafe In 1903 an office building was erected on this site. In 1932 itwas bought by the Nazi publisher “Der Angriff GmbH”, which moved here from Hedemannstrae 10. The publisher produced the anti-Semitic and antiparlia- mentary daily paper, “Der Angriff’ (“The Assault”), founded in 1927 by the Berlin gauleiter, Joseph Goebbels. Itseditor-in-chief,JuliusLippert,laterbecame chiefmayor and citycommissioner ofBerlin. In 1933 the publishing house rented extra space next door at Wilhelmstrafse 107 and built a passage connec- ting the two buildings. Itwent bankrupt the following year, but the newspaper continued printing and the editorial staff moved to Zimmerstrafe. For the next four years the building was used by the SA (Storm Troopers). Led by Ernst R6hm, the SA was set up in 1920 as a Nazi Party paramilitary protection squad. Even before Hitler took power in 1933 itorganized security for Nazi Party events and terrorized political opponents. In1934, inreaction toRohm’‘s demand that the SA become a people's army, Hitler had one-third of the top SA leadership murdered. InJuly 1934, Viktor Lutze, appointed by Hitler as R6hm’s successor, moved intoWilhelmstrase 106 with hispersonal staffforsever- al months. The building then became the headquarters oftheSA leadership intheBerlin-Brandenburg region. In 1937 the SS Security Service (SD), which was based next door in Prinz Albrecht Palais, took over the building and added an underground garage. The building was badly damaged in the Second World War and demolished inthe 1950s. Inthe 1980s there was a private driving practice area on the site. Today itispartoftheTopography ofTerrorDocumentation Center. Chefredakteur Dr. Julius Lippert (links) wahrend einer Redaktionssitzung, 1932 Editor-in-chief Dr. Julius Lippert (left) at an editorial meeting, 1932 landesarchiv Berlin wm Ben Sle nationalfezia seltung, Hitler reigt den Meuter ern die Achielitiide von der Schulter Tueeactatest basDeturnsriedausgerottel Titelseite des »Anariff«, 30. Juni 1934 Front page of “Der Angriff” June 30, 1934 landesarchiv Berlin h~%§ana eel Zimmerstrafe 47 SA-Stabschef Viktor Lutze verlaBt das Gebdude WilhelmstraBe 106, 24, Juli 1934 Viktor Lutze, SA chief of staff, leaving WilhelmstraBe 106, July 24, 1934 SV-Bilderdienst, Muinchen Das Autodrom. Verkehrsiibungsplatz, um 1980 Driving practice area, ca. 1980 landesarchiv Berlin  inisteri Ministry of Financ Finanzministerium Ml Ministry ot Finance Das Palais befand sich seit 1764 im Besitz des Hof- juweliers Veitel Heine Ephraim. 1827 erwarb es der preuBische Staat fir das Ministerium fir auswGrtige Angelegenheiten. Zwischen 1873 und 1878 wurde ein Neubau errichtet, den die Beamten des Auswartigen Amtes allerdings nur wenige Jahre nutzten. 1882 zogen sie in die Wilhelmstrafe 75. Das fir die Staats- finanzen zustandige Reichsschatzamt tbernahm das Gebdude. In der Weimarer Republik wurde es Sitz des Reichsfinanzministeriums. Von 1932 bis 1945 leitete Graf Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk das Ministerium. Er gehorte zum Kreis der birgerlich-konservativen Minister, die Plaartizser WILHELMSTRASSE 61 bereits dem Kabinett Franz von Papens angehérten und ihr Ministerium auch nach der Ernennung Adolf Hitlers zum Reichskanzler am 30. Januar 1933 behielten. Diese personellen Kontinuitaten sicherten Hitler die Zustimmung des zégerlichen Reichsprasidenten Hindenburg zu seiner Kanzlerschaft. Krosigk war einer der Garanten fir Fachkompetenz und Kontinuitat, mit deren Hilfe die deutsche Wirtschaft sowie das Ausland beruhigt und die reibungslose Mitarbeit der deutschen Beamten gesichert werden SOllten. Spdter spielte der anerkannte Das Reichsfinanzministerium TheReichFinanceMinisry BundesorchvKoblenz Exnerte auf dem Gebiet der Staats- finanzen eine zentrale Rolle bei der Finanzierung der deutschen Wiederaufriistung. Beson- ders willfahrig erwies sich die unter Krosigks Leitung stehende Finanzverwaltung bei der Auspliinderung der politischen Gegner des NS-Regimes und der jiidischen Bevélkerung. Das Finanzministerium wurde gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges grdBtenteils zerstért. Das unter Denkmal- schutz stehende Gebdude galt noch 1957 offiziell als »wiederaufbaufahig«, wurde dann aber 1960 ab- gerissen. 48  «den Linden straie From 1764 this site contained a town mansion owned by the court jeweler, Veitel Heine Ephraim. In 1827 the PrussianstateboughtitfortheForeignMinistry. Anew building was erected from 1873-1878 butwas used by Foreign Ministry staff only until 1882, when they moved to Wilhelmstrase 75. The Reich Treasury, the public finance authority, took over the building. In the Weimar Republic ithoused the Reich Finance Ministry. Graf Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk headed the ministry from 1932 to 1945. He belonged to the circle of conservative middle-class ministers who served in Chancellor Franz von Papen’s cabinet in 1932 and re- tained their ministries even after Hitler was appointed Reich Chancellor on January 30, 1933. The fact that these ministers stayed on reassured the hesitant Reich president,Hindenburg,sothatheagreedtoHitlertaking over as chancellor. Krosigk was a mainstay of Hitler’s government, providing expertise and continuity, helping to placate German industry and foreign countries and ensuring smooth cooperation between German public servants and the Nazis. He was also an acknowledged expert on public finance and later played a key part in the financing of German rearmament. The finance authority under Krosigk proved particularly compliant in looting the property of the Jewish population and the Nazi regime’s political opponents. The Finance Ministry building was largely destroyed towards theend oftheSecond World War. Itremained a protected monument and was stil considered reparable by the East German authorities in 1957, but was eventually demolished in 1960. GrundriB des Erdgeschosses, um 1934. Das rechte Eckzimmer war das Arbeitszimmer des Ministers Plan of the ground floor, ca. 1934; the right-hand corner room was the minister's office Bundesarchiv Koblenz ZimmerstraBe Kochstrabe 49 Adolf Graf von Pandowsky-Wehner (1845-1932), 1893-1897 StaaissekretardesReichsschatzamtes Adolf Graf von Pandowsky-Wehner (1845-1932), undersecretary at the Reich Treasury 1893-1897 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Miinchen Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk (1887-1977), 1932-1946 Reichsfinanzminister, 1949 zu zehn Jahren Haft verurteilt, entlassen 1951 Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk (1887-1977), Reich finance minister 1932-1946; sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment in 1949 but released in 1951 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munchen  Wilhelmplatz HB Wilhelmplatz pxies, WILHELMPLATZ Nach der Regierungsiibernahme gestal- teten die Nationalsozialisten den Platz zum Aufmarsch- und Versammlungsort um. 1935 wurden Baume, Griinanlagen und Denkméler entfernt. Es entstand eine mit Granitplatten gepflasterte Flache, die der Zurschaustellung der Macht und der Selbstinszenierung des Regimes diente. Im selben Jahr erhielt der Erweiterungsbau der Reichskanzlei einen Balkonanbau, auf dem sich Hitler fortan den auf dem Wilhelmplatz versammelten Massen prdsentierte. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden die Hauser a F ” rund um den Platz groBtenteils zerstort. Die DDR nutzte die wenigen erhalten Wilhelmplatz, 1906. Links das Palais PleB, rechts das Ordenspalais Wilhelmplatz, 1906; left,Palais PleB; right, the Ordenspalais Bildarchiv PreuBischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin Der zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts angelegte Platz hie urspringlich »Wilhelms-Marckt«. hn umgaben die Palais von Vertretern des Adels und spater des GroBbirgertums. Den Platz zierten die Standbilder bedeutender preufsischer Generale. 1828 kamen von Karl Friedrich Schinkel gestaltete Griinanlagen hinzu. Im19.JahrhundertsiedeltensichindenGebauden rund um den Platz Ministerien an. Diplomaten und StaatsmGn- ner logierten in dem 1875 erdffneten Hotel Kaiserhof. Dieses war seit Mitte der 1920er Jahre bevorzugter Wohnort Hitlers bei Aufenthalten in Berlin und diente den Nationalsozialisten 1932 alsWahlkampfzentrale. gebliebenen Gebdudeteile unter anderem fir den Deutschen Volksrat, das Amt fir Information und ein Gastehaus der Regierung. 1949 erfolgte die Umbenennung des Platzes in Thalmannplatz. Dieser wurde spater zur Bebauung freigegeben. Bis 1978 ent- stand hier die tschechische Botschaft. Heute erinnern lediglich die wiederaufgestellten Stand- bilder der preuBischen Generale Ziethen und Dessau an die Geschichte des Platzes. 50 Palraitzser  Ei den Linden : trae Wilhelmplatz dates back to the beginning of the 18th century and was originally called Wilhelm’s Market. It was surrounded by stately homes owned by members of the nobility and later the big bourgeoisie The i . square was decorated with statues of famous Prussian : ote 5 generals. In1828 itwas beautified with garden areas , Der umgestaltete Wilhelmplatz, 1936. Inder Bildmitte das Propagandaministerium Panorama ofWilhelmplatz after reconstruction, 1936; center, the Propaganda Ministry —ZeniumfirBernStudien 1 e : a E : . . paved arena used by the regime for public displays of power and image boosting. That same year a balcony “ 3 was built onto the Reich Chancellery annex, where Hitler used to appear before the crowds gathered on Wilhelmplatz. Balkon der Reichskanzlei stehenden Hitler Crowds atWane aplaieabernee ea over _Fronce,July6,1940;theyarecheeringHitler standing on the balcony of the Reich Chancellery BayerischeStatsbibliothekMiinchen ZimmerstraBe KochstraBe Umbenennung des Wilhelmplatzes in Thalmannplatz, 30. November 1949 Wilhelmplatz isrenamed Thalmannplatz, November 30, 1949 Bundesarchiv Koblenz designed by the architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Inthe19thcentury,ministriesmoved intothebuildings around the square. Hotel Kaiserhof, which opened in 1875, was frequented by diplomats and statesmen. From the mid-1920s this was Hitler's favorite place to stay in Berlin. The Nazis used itas their campaign center inthe 1932 elections. After the Nazis took power they rebuilt the square for parades and rallies. In 1935 trees, gardens and mo- ; ‘ Nach dem Sieg tber Frankreich bejubelten numents were removed tomake way foragranite- —Menschenmassenam6.Juli1940denaufdem Most of the buildings around the square were dam- aged by bombing in the Second World War. After the war the East Germans used the few remaining premises for the People’s Council, the Information Office and a government guesthouse. In 1949 the square was renamed Thalmannplatz in honor of an East German : Der zerstérte Wilhelmplatz. Links die Ruine der communistleader.Constructionpermissionforthesite chemaligenRiterschatf,rechisdieRuinedes Hotels Kaiserhof, 1946 was granted later, and by 1978 the Czech Embassy —_Wilheimplatzafterthewar.Left,theruinsofthe 5 old Ritterschaft building; right, the ruins of Hotel was built here. Kaiserhof, 1946 The restored statues of the Prussian Generals Ziethen — "undesarchiv Koblenz and Dessau are now the only surviving relics of this historical square. 51  Reichspropagandaministerium Mi Reich Propaganda Ministry : “a WILHELMPLATZ 8/9 bereich. Zu diesem Zweck wurde im September 1933 die Reichskulturkammer geschaffen, deren Mitgliedschaft fir Publizisten und Kistler verpflichtend war. Nichtkonformes Verhalten wurde mit Sanktionen belegt. Sie reichten vom Aus- schlufs aus der Kammer, was Berufsverbot bedeutete, bis zur Einweisung in ein Konzentrationslager. Das Ministerium trug durch Pressezensur, pompése Masseninszenierungen und gezielte Manipulation der Bevélkerung zur Stabilisierung des Regimes, zur Aus- Der Johanniterorden lief hier von 1737 bis 1742 ein Palais errichten. Nach der Auflésung des Ordens 1810 fieles an das preufische Kénigshaus. Seit 1919 war hier die zum Auswartigen Amt gehdrende Vereinigte Presseabteilung der Reichsregierung untergebracht, die taglich Pressekonferenzen zum Regierungs- geschehen abhielt. Im Marz 1933 bezog das neu gegriindete, vom Berliner Gauleiter Joseph Goebbels geleitete Reichsministerium fir Volksaufklarung und Propaganda das Gebéude. Innerhalb weniger Monate ibernahm das Ministerium die Kontrolle iber den gesamten Medien- und Kultur- i| . ; | - gestaltung des Fihrerkultes und zur Ver- Reichsministerium furVolksaufklérung und Propaganda, um 1934p. The Reich Ministry ofPeople's Education and Propaganda, ca. 1934 langerung des Krieges bei. ZentalblatderBawerwalung,1935,Hef.5.142 DesMinisteriumwurdemehrfacherweitert 1934 entstand an der Ostgrenze des Grundstiicks ein never Gebdudetrakt. 1938 wurden die benachbarte WilhelmstraBe 62 und die Hauser entlang der MauerstraBe abgerissen und durch Neubauten ersetzt. 1945 brannte das Hauptgebaude aus. Die Erweiterungsbauten blieben grdftenteils er- halten. Sie beherbergten nach Griindung der DDR den Deutschen VolkskongreB, das Amt fiirInformation und den Deutschen Volksrat. Heute sind hier Dienststellen des Bundesministeriums fir Arbeit und soziale Sicherung untergebracht. Vok leipzige 52  E den Linden trafe A town mansion was built here from 1737 to 1742 for the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. After the order was dissolved in 1810, the building became the property of the Prussian royal family. From 1919 ithoused the Reich government's United Press Department, which was part of the Foreign Office. Daily press conferences on government affairs were held here. In March 1933 the newly formed Reich Ministry for People’s Education and Propaganda moved into the building. The Berlin Gauleiter, Joseph Goebbels, headed the ministry. Within months ittook control of the whole area ofmedia and culture. InSeptember 1933 itsetup the Reich Chamber of Culture and imposed obligatory membership on journalists and artists. Nonconformist attitudes resulted in penalties ranging from expulsion from the Chamber (which meant being barred from the profession) to being sent to a concentration camp. The ministry censored the press, staged grandiose mass events and manipulated the population. This helped to stabilize the Nazi regime, develop the Fuhrer cultand prolong thewar. GrundriB: des Propagandaministeriums nach dem Neu- und Umbau 1937/38 Plan of the Propaganda Ministry after rebuilding in 1937/38 Zentralblatt der Bauverwaltung, 1939, Heft 2, S.125 tot Zimmerstrafe = Kochstrabe Several extensions to the ministry were built. In 1934 a new building was erected at the eastern edge of the site. In 1939 the adjacent building, WilhelmstraBe 62, and the buildings along MaverstraBe were demolished to make way for new ones. The main ministry building burned down in 1945, but most of the extensions sur- Das »Mikrophonzimmer« im Propaganda- vived.AfterthefoundingoftheEastGerman statethey ministerium, um 1938 The “microphone room” in the Propaganda housedtheNationalPeople’sCongress,theOfficeof Ministry,ca.1938 Information and the National People’s Council. Today the site contains offices of the German Ministry of Labor and Social Security. Bundesarchiv Koblenz GOhRoodgmoaee ae Blick auf die erhaltenen Seitenfliigel des Propa- gandaministeriums, Sitz des Deutschen Volksrates und des Amtes fiirInformation, 1949 The remaining wing of the old Propaganda Ministry in 1949, when ithoused the East German National People’s Council and the Office of Information Bundesarchiv Koblenz 53 Reichspropagandaminister Dr. Joseph Goebbels an seinem Schreibtisch, 1936. Er beging 1945 Selbstmord Reich propaganda minister Dr. Joseph Goebbels at his desk, 1936; he killed himself in 1945 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Miinchen  Preubi SCI hes Staatsmini I | sterium Mi Prussian Ministry of State Das im 18. Jahrhundert errichtete zweigeschossige Palais befand sich seit 1791 im Besitz der Grafen von Donhoff. 1874 wurde es an den Firsten Otto Graf zu Stolberg-Wernigerode verkauft und 1899 vom Land PreuBen erworben. Das Gebaude sollte nach aufwendi- gem Um- und Anbau dem Preufsischen Staatsministerium zur Verfiigung gestellt werden, das die Geschafte des preuBischen Ministerprasidenten und seines Kabinetts erledigte. Der schlechte Bauzustand fihrte jedoch zum AbriB des Palais und zur Errichtung eines Neubaus, den das Ministerium 1903 beziehen konnte. Im ersten Stock befanden sich die Dienstraume des Minister- W WILHELMSTRASSE 63 prasidenten und der Sitzungssaal des Kabinetts. Auf dem hinteren Grundstiicks- teilentstand ein Neubau firdie General- Lotterie-Direktion. Nach der Machtiibernahme der National- sozialisten verlor das Preufsische Staats- ministerium erheblich an Bedeutung, da die bisherigen Hoheitsrechte der Lander beseitigt und die Landerregierungen der Reichsregierung unterstellt wurden. Seit 1936 fanden keine Sitzungen des Kabinetts mehr stat. Bereits ein Jahr zuvor hatte der amtierende preufsische Ministerprasident Hermann Géring seinen Amtssitz in die Das Preubische Staatsministerium, um 1935 The Prussian Ministry of State, ca. 1935 Leipziger Strafe 3 verlegt, in unmittel- Bildarchi Bischer Kul tz - ‘ ay darchivPreubischerKulurbesiz —bare NG@he seines Reichsluftfahrtministe- riums. Das Geba@ude wurde fortan von dem bereits seit 1934 im Nachbarhaus residierenden »Stellvertreter des Fihrers« Rudolf He und seinem Stabgenutzt. 1941 tratMartin Bormann dieNachfolge von Hef an. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde das Gebdude schwer beschddigt. 1951 erfolgte der Abri®. Lediglich das ehemalige Gebaude der General-Lotterie-Direktion ist bis heute erhalten und wird von der Musikhochschule »Hanns Eisler« genutzt. 54 Plaartizser we  +den Linden strabe The two-storey 18th-century palace that once stood here belonged to the Earls of Dénhoff from 1791. In 1874 itwas sold to Prince Otto Graf zu Stolberg- Wernigerode. The state of Prussia bought itin 1899, intending to rebuild and expand itfor use by the Prussian Ministry of State, which handled the affairs of the Prussian minister president and his cabinet. But the palace was in such poor condition that ithad to be demolished to make way for a new ministry building, which opened in 1903. The minister president's offices and the Cabinet Room were on the firstfloor. Anew building for the General Lottery Board was erected on the grounds behind the ministry. After the Nazis took power the Prussian Ministry of State lostmuch ofitsimportance because theGerman ¢ Nw Festsaal im Palais des Grafen Dénhoff, 1897 Banqueting hall in the Earls of Donhoff’s palace, 1897 Zentralblatt der Bauverwaltung, Jg. 23, 1903, S.105 ZimmerstraBe Hermann Goring (1893-1946), 1933-1945 PreuBischer Ministerprdsident, 1946 zum Tode verurteilt und hingerichtet Hermann Goring (1893-1946), Prussian minister president 1933-1945; sentenced todeath and executed in 1946 Bildarchiv PreuBischer Kulturbesitz Die Ruine des ehemaligen Staatsministeriums, rechts auBen der zerstérte Seitenfliigel des Propagandaministeriums, 1946 The ruins of the old Ministry of State, 1946; far right, the bombed wing of the Propaganda Ministry Bundesarchiv Koblenz Kochstrafe Die General-Lotterie-Direktion, 1903 states’previousterritorialrightswereabolishedandthe TheGeneralLotteryBoard,1903 individual state governments subordinated to the Reich government. The Prussian Cabinet stopped meeting after 1936. The previous year, the incumbent Prussian minister president, Hermann Géring, had moved the ministry to Leipziger Strafse 3, close to his Reich Aviation Ministry. From then on the old Ministry of State building was used by the “Fihrer’s deputy”, Rudolf Hef}, and his staff. Hes had used the next-door house as his residence since 1934. Martin Bormann succeeded Hef} in 1941. Theministrybuildingwas badlydamaged intheSecond World War and demolished in 1951. The only surviving building on the site isthe old General Lottery Board, now partoftheHanns EislerAcademy ofMusic. Zentralblatt der Bauverwaltung, Jg. 23, 1903, S106 55  Ci,| Tope alae rae Stab Stellvertreter des Fur WILHELMSTRASSE 64 Staatsrats, der Zentrumspolitiker und Kélner Oberbiirgermeister Konrad Adenauer, hier eine Dienstwohnung. Nach dem Machtantritt der National- sozialisten wurde das Gebaude Berliner Amtssitz des Stellvertreters des Fihrers, Rudolf Hef}, und seines Stabs, der Gesetze und Personalentscheidungen auf ihre Uber- einstimmung mitdernationalsozialistischen Ideologie zu tiberpriifen hatte. Auch das von Joachim von Ribbentrop geleitete Biro Ribbentrop und der Verbindungs- stab der NSDAP, der das Verhdltnis zwi- schen Regierung und Partei regeln sollte, richteten hier ihre Burros ein. 1941 zog Martin Bormann Chef der Parteikanzlei ‘ Das Geheime Zivilkabinett The Privy Civil Cabinet Geheimes Staatsarchiv PreuBischer Kulturbesitz Pzige 1893 wurde die ehemalige Villa des Bankiers Gerson von Bleichréder von seinen Erben an den preufsischen Staat verkauft. Dieser lie auf dem Grundstiick einen Neubau errichten. Zwischen 1900 und 1918 war hier der Sitz des Geheimen Zivilkabinetts des preufsischen Kénigs und deutschen Kaisers, das den Geschiftsverkehr zwischen Monarch und Regierung abwickelte. Inder Weimarer Republik gehorte das Gebaude zum preufi- schen Staatsministerium. Von 1922 bis 1932 diente es dem preufsischen Minister- prasidenten Otto Braun (SPD) als Amts- und Wohnsitz. 1932 bis 1933 nutzte der Prasident des Preufsischen und Nachfolger von Rudolf Hef, ein. Nach 1945 wurde das teilzerstérte Gebaude instand gesetzt und als Studentenwohnheim genutzt. Bis 1970 war hier das Staatssekretariat firFach- und Hochschul- wesen der DDR untergebracht, von 1970 bis 1990 der Staatsverlag der DDR. Nach der Wiedervereinigung wurde das Gebdaude saniert. Seit Januar 2000 befindet sich hier der Berliner Dienstsitz des heutigen Bundesministeriums fir Ernahrung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz. 56 Plaartizser  den Linden strabe ‘In 1893 the former town mansion of the banker Gerson von Bleichréder was sold by his heirs to the Prussian state, which erected a new building on the premises. Between 1900 and 1918 ithoused the Privy Civil Cabinet of the Prussian King and German Emperor, which handled the business transactions between the monarch and the government. During the Weimar Republic the building was part of the Prussian Ministry of State. From 1922 to 1932 Prussian minister president Otto Braun (Social Democrat Party) lived and worked here. From 1932 to 1933 a government apartment here was used by the president of the Prussian Council of State, Konrad Adenauer, who was a Center Party politician and chief mayor of Cologne. After the Nazis came to power, the “Fihrer’s deputy”, Rudolf Hess, and his staff used the building for their Berlin office. Itsfunction was to monitor whether laws and public appointments were in line with Nazi ideology. The building also housed the Ribbentrop Office under Joachim von Ribbentrop and the office of the Nazi Party Liaison Staff, which was formed to regulate the relationship between the government and the Party. In 1941 Martin Bormann, head of the Party Chancellery and successor to Rudolf Hess, moved in. After 1945 the war damage to the building was repaired and itwas used as a student residence. The East German State Secretariat for Professional Schools and Universities was based here until 1970, followed by the East German state publishing house up until 1990. The building was renovated after German reunification. Since January 2000 ithas been the Berlin office of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. Die Dienstwohnung des Chefs des Geheimen Zivilkabinetts, Grundrif Plan of the government apartment of the director of the Privy Civil Cabinet Plansammlung der Technischen Universitat Berlin L|s Otto Braun (1872-1955), 1920-1932 Preufischer Ministerprasident Otto Braun (1872-1955), Prussian minister president 1920-1932 Archiv der sozialen Demokratie, Bonn 4immerstrabe Kochstrahe ae Rudolf HeB (1894-1987), 1933-1941 Stellvertreter des Fllhrers der NSDAP, 1946 zu lebenslanger Haft verurteilt Rudolf He (1894-1987), deputy to the Nazi Party Fuhrer 1933-1941; sentenced to life imprisonment in 1946 landesbildstelle Berlin 57 Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967), 1921-1933 Prasident des PreuBischen Staatsrats Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967), president ofthe Prussian Council of State 1921-1933 Ullstein Bilderdienst  H vn - Wp\euntteeeeefJusateic f Justizministerium Ml Ministry o Das von Oberstleutnant Peter Ernst von Pennavaire 1736 errichtete Palais bewohnte seit 1806 der Hohen- zollern-Prinz Ferdinand von Preuen. Sein Sohn Prinz August lie das Innere des Hauses bis 1817 durch Karl Friedrich Schinkel umgestalten. 1844 ging das Palais in den Besitz des Staates iber und wurde Sitz des preuBischen Justizministeriums. 1867 erhielt es ein zusdtzliches Stockwerk. Um dieJahrhundertwende ent- stand im Garten der benachbarten Wilhelmstrafse 64 ein Erweiterungsbau. Unter den Nationalsozialisten wurde das preufische Justizministerium mit dem von Franz Girtner gefihrten WILHELMSTRASSE 65 Reichsjustizministerium zusammengelegt. Der Sitz der Behdérde befand sich in der WilhelmstraBe 65. Der bis 1941 amtie- rende Girtner vereinheitlichte das Justiz- wesen. Die von ihm erlassenen Rechtsver- ordnungen zielten auf eine scharfere Kontrolle der Bevélkerung und férderten die Entrechtung der Juden und anderer mifsliebiger Personen. Sein Nachfolger Otto Thierack trat 1942 die Zustandigkeit der Justiz fir die Strafverfolgung von »Fremdvélkischen« (Juden, Zigeuner, polnische und russische Zwangsarbeiter) an den Reichsfihrer SS UNC Chef der deutschen Polizei Heinrich Himmler ab. Er war auch fir die Aus- lieferung »asozialer« Strafgefangener Das Preufsische Justizministerium, um 1935 ThePrusianMinistryofJusice Bundesarchiv Koblenz 14) »zur Vernichtung durch Arbeit« in die Konzentrations- lager verantwortlich. Das Justizministerium wurde im Krieg schwer be- schadigt und 1950 abgerissen. 1966 entstand hier ein Kinderspielplatz. Heute befindet sich auf einem Teil des Geldndes eine Ausstellung tiber die Rolle der Staats- sicherheit in der DDR, auf dem iibrigen Teil entsteht ein Erweiterungsbau fiir das Bundesministerium fir Erndhrung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz. 58 Plaartizser  -den Linden strabe ‘In 1736 Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Ernst von Pennavaire erected a mansion on this site; in 1806 itbecame the residence of the Hohenzollern Prince Ferdinand of Prussia. In 1817 his son, Prince August, commissioned the architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel to redesign the interior. The Prussian state bought the building in 1844 and the Prussian Ministry of Justice moved in. In 1867 another storey was added, and around the turn of the 20th century an annex to the ministry was built in the garden oftheadjacent property, WilhelmstraBe 64. Under the Nazis the Prussian Ministry of Justice was merged with the Reich Ministry of Justice headed by Franz Girtner. The ministry was based at Wilhelm- straBe 65. Girtner brought the judicial system into line. The regulations he enacted aimed at tighter control of the population and furthered the deprivation of civil rights of Jews and others considered “undesirable” by theNazi regime. Girtner held office until 1941. In 1942 his successor, Otto Thierack, handed over the judicial authority to prosecute “foreign elements” (Jews, gypsies, Polish and Russian forced laborers) to the Reich SS Leader and chiefoftheGerman police,Heinrich Himmler. Thierack was also responsible for convicted prisoners regarded as “anti-social” being sent to the concentration camps for“extermination through work”. The Justice Ministry was badly damaged in the war and demolished in 1950. In 1966 a children’s play- ground was built here. Today there is an exhibition about the role of the state secret police in communist East Germany on part of the site; the remainder will house an annex of the German Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. Der »blaue Saal«, um 1937. Der von Karl Friedrich Schinkel gestaltete Saal diente den Nationalsozialisten als Sitzungssaal The Blue Hall designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel, ca. 1937; the Nazis used itas a conference room Bundesarchiv Koblenz ZimmerstraBe Kochstrabe 59 Franz Girtner (1881-1941), 1932-1941 Reichsjustizminister Franz Girtner (1881-1941), Reich justice minister 1932-1941 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munchen Dr. Otto Thierack (1889-1946), 1942-1945 Reichsjustizminister. Er beging 1946 Selbstmord Dr. Otto Thierack (1889-1946), Reich justice minister 1942-1945; he killed himself in 1946 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munchen Blick auf das Reichsjustizministerium, Februar 1942 The Reich Justice Ministry, February 1942 landesarchiv Berlin  Reichsministerium fur Volksbildung Il Reich Ministry of Publi (@) m jos 1 tj ucation x q WILHELMSTRASSE 68 versuchte das Schulsystem nach der nationalsozialistischen Ideologie auszu- richten und betrieb die Entlassung politisch oder rassisch »Mifsliebiger« aus Forschung und Wissenschaf. Im August 1945 wurden einige Raume des im sowjetischen Besatzungssektor liegen- den, geringfiigig zerstérten Gebaudes fir die Deutsche Zentralverwaltung furVolks- bildung instand gesetzt. Aus ihr ging im Oktober 1949 das Ministerium firVolks- bildung der DDR hervor, das von 1963 bis 1989 von Margot Honecker geleitet 1835 erwarb der Bankier und Spiegelfabrikant David Karl Splittgerber das ehemalige Palais des Freiherrn von der Golz. 1901 kaufte der preufische Staat den Besitz und lief auf dem Areal einen im Stil des italieni- schen Frihbarock gehaltenen Erweiterungsbau firdas benachbarte PreuBische Ministerium der Geistlichen-, Unterrichts- und Medizinalangelegenheiten errichten, das 1918 inPreuBisches Ministerium firWissenschaft, Kunst und Volksbildung umbenannt wurde. Unter den Nationalsozialisten firmierte die Behérde als Reichsministerium firWissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung. Geleitet wurde sie von Bernhard Rust. Er ; _e wurde. Mitte der 1960er Jahre siedelte Das Reichsministerium firWissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung = F . ‘ juli1o42 asMinisteriumineinenaufdemNach- The Reich Ministry of Science and Public Education, July 1943 landesarchiv Berlin bargrundstiick errichteten Neubau um. Dieser erstreckte sich von der inzwischen in Otto-Grotewohl-Strae umbenannten ehemaligen Wilhelmstrafde biszur sowjetischen Botschaft Unter den Linden. Das ehemalige Ministerium wurde 1964 vom Deutschen Padagogischen Zentralinstitut bezogen. Von 1970 bis 1990 war es Sitz der Akademie der Padagogischen Wissenschaften der DDR. 1992 erfolgte der Umbau des Hauses zu einem Birogebaude firdie Abgeordneten des Deutschen Bundestages. Leipzig : 60 Plaartizser Vobs!  Par er den Linden nstrabe The mansion of Baron von der Golz once stood on this site. In 1835 itwas bought by a banker and mirror manufacturer, David Karl Splittgerber. In 1901 the Prussian state bought the property and constructed a building in early Italian baroque style on the site. The building, which is stil standing, was originally an extension of the neighboring Prussian Ministry of Religious, Teaching and Medical Affairs. Itwas renamed the Prussian Ministry of Science, Arts and Public Education in 1918. Under the Nazis, from 1934 this ministry was called the Reich Ministry of Science and Public Education. It was headed by Bernhard Rust, who worked to bring the school system into line with Nazi ideology and dis- charged people regarded as politically or racially “undesirable” from scientific and research work. The building escaped serious war damage; after the war itwas in Berlin's Soviet-occupied sector. In August 1945 some rooms were renovated for the German Bernhard Rust (1883-1945), 1933-1945 Reichs- minister fir Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volks- bildung. Er beging 1945 Selbstmord Bernhard Rust (1883-1945), Reich minister of science and public education, 1933-1945; he killed himself in 1945 Bayerische Stoatsbibliothek Berlin Margot Honecker (1927 geb.), 1963-1989 Ministerin fir Volksbildung der DDR Margot Honecker (born 1927), East German minister of public education 1963-1989 Bundesarchiv Koblenz *>% week eiWsePr VTeSAyAN Central Authority for Public Education. InOctober 1949 thisbecame theEastGerman Ministry of Public Education. From 1963 to 1989 the ministry was headed by Margot Honecker, wife of East Ger- many’s lasthead ofstate. Inthemid-1960s theministry moved into a new building on the adjacent site that extended from the old WilhelmstraBe (then renamed Otto-Grotewohl-StraBe) to the Soviet Embassy at Unter Das Ministerium fir Volksbildung der DDR, um 1965, dahinter das Deutsche Padagogische den Linden. Zentralinstitut, um 1965 In 1964 the East German Central Educational Institute The East German Ministry of Public Education, ca. 1965; behind, the East German Central movedintotheoldministrybuilding.From1970until EducationalInstitute . Kochstrafe the dissolution of East Germany in 1990 ithoused the East German Academy of Educational Science. In 1992 itwas converted into an office building for mem- bersoftheGerman Bundestag. landesarchiv Berlin 61  UNTER DEN LINDEN 7 dem Ende des Krieges wurde es als sow- jetische Botschaft neu erdffnet. Zu den vielfaltigen Aktivitaten, die zu einer Verbesserung des deutsch-sowjetischen Nachkriegsverhaltnisses beitragen sollten, gehdrte eine 1922 in der Botschaft ver- anstaltete Kunstausstellung. Nach 1933 fihrte der antisowjetische Kurs des NS-Regimes zu erheblichen Spannungen. Am 22. Juni 1941, dem Tag des deutschen Uberfalls auf die Sowjetunion, wurde die Botschaft von SS- Angehérigen abgeriegelt. InBerlin lebende wee ~ 2 1734 lieB der Geheime Rat und Regiments-Quartier- meister Christian Ludwig Miller hier ein Palais er- richten. Nach mehrfachem Besitzerwechsel diente das Haus seit 1764 der Abtissin des Klosters Quedlinburg, Prinzessin Amalie von Preufsen, alsWinterresidenz. 1831 mietete der russische Gesandte das Palais, 1837 wurde es von Zar Nikolaus |.erworben. Nach einem Umbau beherbergte das nun mit prunkvollen Raumen ausgestattete Gebaude die russische Botschaft und dientederZarenfamilie beiihrenAufenthalten inBerlin als Residenz. Im Ersten Weltkrieg stand das Haus leer. Nach dem Zusammenbruch des Zarenreiches und ry Die Sowjetische Botschaft, um 1960 TheSovietEmbassyco.1960 SOWjetischeStaatsbiirgermufstensichdort landesbildstelle Berlin einfinden. Sie wurden am 1. Juli gegen das Personal der Deutschen Botschaft in Moskau ausgetauscht. Seit Ende 1941 war das Gebdude Sitz des von Alfred Rosenberg gefiihrten Reichsministeriums firdie besetzten Ostgebiete. 1942 wurde es von Bomben getroffen. Nach Griindung der DDR 1949 lieB die UdSSR am historischen Standort einen monumentalen Botschafts- neubau errichten, der 1952 bezogen wurde. Seit der Auflésung der Sowjetunion 1991 ist das Gebdude Sitz der »Botschaft der Russischen Féderation inder Bundesrepublik Deutschland«. 62 Palraitzser  fer den Linden nstrabe In 1734 the privy councilor and regimental quarter- master, Christian Ludwig Miller, had a town mansion built here. After several changes of ownership, from 1764 the abbess of Quedlinburg, Princess Amalie of Prussia used the building as her winter residence. In 1831 the Russian envoy rented the palace; in 1837 it was bought by Czar Nicholas |,remodeled and lavishly redecorated. The building housed the Russian Embassy and members of the Czar’s family used itas their Berlin residence. The building stayed empty during the First World War. After the break-up of the Czarist Empire and the end of the war itwas reopened as the Soviet Embassy. A variety of events were held here to promote German-Soviet relations in the interwar period, including an art exhi- bition in 1922. After 1933 the Nazi regime's anti-Soviet policy caused considerable tension. On June 22, 1941, the day Ger- many attacked the Soviet Union, SS members sealed off the embassy. Soviet citizens living in Berlin were ordered to report here. On July 1 they were exchanged for staff members from the German Embassy in Moscow. From the end of 1941 the building housed the Reich Ministry fortheOccupied Eastern Territories headed by Alfred Rosenberg. Itwas bombed in 1942. After the establishment of the East German state in 1949 the USSR built amonumental new embassy building on the site; in 1952 the Soviet Embassy moved in here. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991 the building has housed the Embassy of the Russian Fed- eration inGermany. Die Russische Botschaft, 1938 The Russian Embassy, 1938 landesbildstelle Berlin 63 Die Hauskapelle in der Kaiserlich-Russischen Botschaft, 1897 The chapel in the Imperial Russian Embassy, 1897 landesbildstelle Berlin Von rechts: Botschafter Krestinski, von Schubert (Auswartiges Amt), Rudolf Breitscheid (SPD), Marz 1930 From right: Soviet Ambassador Mr. Krestinski, Mr. von Schubert (Foreign Ministry) and Rudolf Breit- scheid (Social Democratic Party), March 1930 Bildarchiv PreuBischer Kulturbesitz Treppenhaus der Sowjetischen Botschaft, 1954 The stairwell in the Soviet Embassy, 1954 landesarchiv Berlin  <a eae Nafeiigi igre [eres Ministerium des Innern @ Min stry of the Inferior Die beiden aus dem 18. Jahrhundert stammenden Hauser wurden 1837 Sitz des Preufischen Ministeriums des Innern. Von 1873 bis 1876 wurde der Gebaude- komplex umgebaut und mit einer durchgehenden Sandsteinfassade versehen. Die benachbarte, von Schinkel errichtete Artillerie- und Ingenieurschule wurde 1921 Teil des Ministeriums, 1937 kam ein Erweiterungsbau in der Dorotheenstrafse hinzu. 1933 tbernahm Hermann Goring mit dem preufi- schen Innenministerium auch die Kontrolle iber die preufische Polizei. Diese verstarkte er durch etwa 50 000 zumeist aus den Reihen von SA und SS rekru- Plaartizser UNTER DEN LINDEN 72/73 tierte »Hilfspolizisten« und setzte sie zur Verfolgung von politischen Gegnern ein. Am 1.November 1934wurdedasPreuf3- ische Innenministerium mit dem von Wilhelm Frick geleiteten Reichsministerium des Inneren zusammengelegt. Das Ministe- rium trug durch zahlreiche innenpolitische MaBnahmen und Gesetze zur Stabili- sierung des NS-Regimes und zum Verfall des Rechtsstaates bei. Es war maf3geblich an der Entwicklung und Umsetzung der »Nirnberger Gesetze« beteiligt, die die Entrechtung der jidischen Bevélkerung a aa festschrieben.FricksNachfolgeiiber- The Prusian Interior Ministry, 1938 NAHM 1943 der Reichsfihrer SS Heinrich fondesarchyBein Himmler,derbereitsseit1936alsChef der deutschen Polizei die Polizeibefugnisse des Innenministers innehatte. Das im Krieg stark beschadigte Gebaude wurde 1964 abgerdumt. Kurze Zeit spater entstand auf dem Grund- stick ein Neubau fir die polnische Botschaft. Der ehemalige Erweiterungsbau des Ministeriums in der Dorotheenstrae wurde nach Kriegsende wieder- hergestellt. Von 1949 bis 1990 war er Sitz des Ministe- riums der Justiz der DDR. Heute sind hier Verwaltungs- biiros des Deutschen Bundestages untergebracht. 64  72/ 73 er den Linden nstrafe This site once contained two buildings dating back to the 18th century; from 1837 they housed the Prussian Interior Ministry. They were remodeled from 1873 to 1876 and given a uniform sandstone facade. The adjacent building, the Artillery and Engineering School designed by the architect Schinkel, was incorporated into the ministry complex in 1921. An annex to the ministrywas builtinDorotheenstraBe in1937. In 1933 Hermann Goring assumed control of the Prussian Interior Ministry and with itthe Prussian police force, which he boosted with around 50,000 “auxiliary policemen”, mostly recruited from the SS and SA (Storm Troopers). He used them to persecute political opponents. On November 1, 1934 the Prussian Interior Ministry was merged with the Reich Interior Ministry headed by Wilhelm Frick. The ministry was responsible for many domestic measures and lawswhose effectwas tostabilize the Nazi regime and undermine the constitutional state. Itplayed a major role indeveloping and implementing the “Nuremberg Laws” that deprived the Jewish popu- lation of civil rights. Frick was succeeded in 1943 by Reich SS Leader Heinrich Himmler, who had already exercised the interior minister's police powers since 1936 inhiscapacityaschiefoftheGerman police. The building was badly damaged in the Second World War and the site was cleared in 1964. The new Polish Embassy was built here shortly after. The old ministry annex in DorotheenstraBe was rebuilt after the war. From 1949 to 1990 ithoused the East German Ministry ofJustice. Today itcontains adminis- trativeofficesoftheGerman Bundestag. i. preufischer Innenminister, 1946 zum Tode verurteilt und hingerichtet Hermann Goring (1893-1946), Prussian interior minister 1933-1934; sentenced to death and executed in 1946 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Miinchen Wilhelm Frick (1877-1946), 1933-1943 Reichsinnenministe19r4,6 zum Tode verurteilt und hingerichtet Wilhelm Frick (1877-1946), Reich interior minister 1933-1943; sentenced to death and executed in 1946 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Miinchen Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945), 1929-1945 Reichsfihrer SS, 1943-1945 Reichsinnenminister. Erbeging 1945 Selbstmord Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945), Reich SS leader 1929-1945, Reich interior minister 1943-1945; he killed himself in 1945 Bayerische Stoatsbibliothek Munchen Zimmerstrafe 65  Franzosische Botschaft Il French Embassy PARISER PLATZ 5 Te- om ~Saa Ry bye 1920er Jahre entspannte sich die Lage. Der bis 1931 amtierende Botschatter Pierre de Margerie lud nun wieder regelmafig namhafte deutsche und franzésische Per- sonlichkeiten zu glanzvollen Empfangen und Diners indie Botschaft. Sein Nachfolger André Francois-Poncet setzte diese Tradition fort. Nach 1933 unterhielt er gute Beziehungen zu Hitler, Vots 1860 erwarb Kaiser Napoleon Il.die 1735 erbaute Stadtvilla fur die franzdsische Gesandtschaft. Von 1879 bis 1883 wurde das Haus saniert. Es erhielt eine neue Fassade, das Interieur wurde aufwendig renoviert und mit kostbarem Mobiliar ausgestattet. Inden folgen- den Jahren entwickelte sich die »Hdtel de France« genannte Botschaft zu einem Treffpunkt der wilhelmi- nischen Gesellschaft. Wahrend des Ersten Weltkrieges war die Botschaft geschlossen. Nach ihrer Wiedereréffnung bekam das Botschaftspersonal die in der Stadt herrschende anti- franzdsische Stimmung zu spuren. Erst Mitte der ce biin GéringundanderenNS-FunktionGren. Gleichzeitig warnte er seine Regierung jedoch bestandig vor der von den Natio- nalsozialisten ausgehenden Kriegsgefahr. Mit Kriegsbeginn verlieBen die franzé- Die franzésische Botschaft TheFrenchEmbassy sischen Diplomaten im September 1939 Bundesarchv KoPEn= Berlin. Seit Sommer 1940 beherbergte das Gebaude zeitweise Abteilungen des Reichsministeriums ftirBewaffnung und Munition. Gegen Kriegsende wurde esvon Bomben getroffen.1959 lie} die DDR die Ruine abtragen. Das in Mauernahe liegende Grundstiick blieb unbebaut. Nach der Wiedervereinigung beider deutscher Staaten wurde es an Frankreich zuriickgegeben. Am historischen Standort errichtete der Architekt Christian de Portzamparc einen Neubau fiir die Botschaft. Dieser wurde im Januar 2003 von Staatsprasident Jacques Chirac eingeweiht. 66 go Plaartizser  fer den Linden instrafe Builtin1735, thistown mansion was bought byEmper- or Napoleon Ilfor the French legation in 1860. The restoration from 1879 to1883 gave itanew facade. The interior was also extensively renovated and filled with costly furniture. Known as the “Hétel de France”, the embassy became a meeting place for high society intheWilhelmine era. The embassy was closed during the First World War. After itwas reopened thediplomatic stafffelttheful forceofthedominant anti-French sentiments inthecity, which only eased up in the mid-1920s. After that Pierre de Margerie, the French ambassador until 1931, i i Zimmerstrafe KochstraBe Einweihung der franzdsischen Botschaft durch Staatsprdsident Jacques Chirac, Bundesprasident Johannes Rau und Bundeskanzler Gerhard Schroder, 2003 French President Jacques Chirac, German President Johannes Rau and German Chancellor Gerhard Schréder at the opening of the French Embassy, 2003 Hendrik Pastor began regularly inviting prominent people from French and German society to splendid receptions and dinners at the embassy. His successor, André Francois-Poncet, continued this tradition. After 1933 he maintained good relations with Hitler, Gdring and other Nazi functionaries -but at the same time he was consistently warning his govern- ment about the threat of war posed by the Nazis. The French diplomats lef Berlin in September 1939 when thewar began. From thesummer of1940, departments of the Reich Ministry for Armament and Munitions temporarily occupied the building. Itwas bombed towards theend ofthewar. In1959 the East German regime had the ruins removed. The site, which was close to the Berlin Wall, remained vacant until itwas returned to France after the reunification of East and West Germany. A new embassy designed by Christian de Portzamparc was built on the old historic site and officially opened by the French President, Jacques Chirac, inJanuary 2003. André Frangois-Poncet (1887-1978), 1931-1938 Franzésischer Botschafter André Francois-Poncet (1887-1978), French ambassador 1931-1938 Ullstein Bilderdienst 67 Grand reception hall in the embassy, after 1884 Bildarchiv Foto Marburg Bakeaa Die Ruine der Franzdsischen Botschaft, um 1948 The ruins of the French Embassy, ca. 1948 Archiv Bénédicte Savoy  Ausgewahlte Literatur Selected Bibliography Abrassimow, Pjotr: Das Haus unter den Linden. Aus der Geschichte der russischen und der sowjetischen Botschaft in Berlin, Berlin 1979. Arnold, Dietmar: Neve Reichskanzlei und »Fihrerbunker«. Legenden und Wirklichkeit, Berlin 2005. Bekiers, Andreas/Schiitze, Karl-Robert: Zwischen Leipziger Platz und Wilhelmstrafe, Berlin 1981. Buttlar, Florian von: Die WilhelmstraBe. Geschichte und Geschichten, Berlin 1987. Demps, Laurenz: Berlin-WilhelmstraBe. Eine Topographie preufisch-deutscher Macht, Berlin 1994. Demps, Laurenz/Schultz, Eberhard/Wettig, Klaus (Hrsg.): Bundesfinanzministerium. Ein belasteter Ort?, Berlin 2001. Engel, Helmut Engel/Ribbe, Wolfgang (Hrsg.): Geschichtsmeile WilhelmstraBe, Berlin 1997. Fischer, Bernd (Hrsg.): Zwischen WilhelmstraBe und Bellevue, Berlin 1998. Savage, Pierre-Paul/Francois, Etienne u.a. (Hrsg.): Pariser Platz 5 -Die franzdésische Botschaft in Berlin, Berlin 2004. Wilderotter, Hans: Alltag der Macht. Berlin WilhelmstraBe, Berlin 1998

 de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog Wilhelmstraße (Berlin-Mitte) Autoren der Wikimedia-Projekte 24–28 minutes Wilhelmstrasse (Berlin-Mitte)  ILHELMSTRASSE 5 72 73 ritische Botschaft 1884-1939 British Embassy 1884-1939 74 Wilhelmstraße 72 Minis Ernährung und Landwirtschaft 1919-1945 MinistdandAgriculture1919-1945 Wilhelmstraße 73 spräsidentenpalais 1919-1934 75 h President’s Palace 1919-1934 Wilhelmstraße 74 Auswärtiges Amt 1919-1945 Foreign Ministry 1919-1945 Wilhelmstraße 75 76 Auswärtiges Amt 1882-1945 Foreign Ministry 1882-1945 Wilhelmstraße 76 Auswärtiges Amt 1870-1945 Foreign Ministry 1870-1945 77 Wilhelmstraße 77 Reichskanzlei 1878-1945 Reich Chancellery 1878-1945 Wilhelmstraße 78 Erweiterungsbau der Reichskanzlei 1930-1945 Reich Chancellery extension 1930-1945 78 Voßstraße 1-19 Neue Reichskanzlei 1939-1945 New Reich Chancellery 1939-1945 Wilhelmstraße 79/80 Reichsverkehrsministerium 1920-1945 Reich Ministry of Transport 1920-1945 1-19 79/ 80 Leipziger Straße Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8 81- Geheimes Staatspolizeiamt 1933-1945 85 Reichssicherheitshauptamt 1939-1945 Secret State Police Office 1933-1945 Reich Security Main Office 1939-1945 Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 9 »SS-Haus« 1934-1945 “SS House“ 1934-1945 Wilhelmstraße 102 Sicherheitsdienst 1934-1945 Security Service 1934-1945 Wilhelmstraße 106 »Angriff-Haus« 1932-1934 “Angriff House“ 1932-1934 Wilhelmstraße 61 Finanzministerium 1919-1945 Ministry of Finance 1919-1945 Wilhelmplatz Wilhelmplatz 18.-20. Jahrhundert Wilhelmplatz 18th-20th century Wilhelmplatz 8/9 Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda 1933-1945 Reich Ministry for People’s Education and Propaganda 1933-1945 Wilhelmstraße 63 Preußisches Staatsministerium 1903-1934 Prussian Ministry of State 1903-1934 Der nördliche Teil der Wilhelmstraße zwischen Unter den Linden und Leipziger Straße entstand in den 1730er Jahren als vornehme Wohngegend für herausragende Personen der preußischen Staats- verwaltung. Im 19. Jahrhundert siedelten sich hier die wichtigsten Ministerien Preußens an, seit 1871 auch die des Deutschen Reiches. Unter den Nationalsozialisten wurde das Regierungs- viertel um die Terrorzentralen von SS und Polizei erweitert. Nach 1945 lag es größtenteils im Ostsektor Berlins. Dienststellen der DDR nutzten Wilhelmstraße 70 Wilhelmstraße 81-85 Reichsluftfahrtministerium 1933-1945 Reich Aviation Ministry 1933-1945 Niederkirchnerstraße / Ecke Wilhelmstraße Berliner Mauer 1961-1989 Berlin Wall 1961-1989 Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8/9 / Wilhelmstraße 98-106 Prinz-Albrecht-Gelände 1933-1945 Prinz Albrecht Site 1933-1945 In the 19th century the major Prussian ministries were based here, joined from 1871 by the ministries of the German Reich. Under the Nazis the government quarter was extended to include the headquarters of the SS and police system of terror. After 1945 the street lay in Berlin’s eastern sector. The few surviving buildings were used for East German government offices. In honor of two founders of the communist East German state, Wilhelmplatz was re- named Thälmann-Platz in 1949 and Wilhelmstraße became Otto-Grote- wohl-Straße in 1964. The original street names were restored in 1993. Today the area houses German ministries, embassies and centers of remembrance. “Historic Wilhelmstraße” marks out significant places along this street. Zimmerstraße Kochstraße M Berliner Mauer Berlin Wall G Prinz-Albrecht-Gelände Prinz Albrecht Site W Wilhelmplatz Wilhelmplatz www.topographie.de Design: Helga Lieser 10963 Berlin, erhältlich Topographie des Terrors, Niederkirchnerstraße 8, Begleitbroschüre bei der Stiftung of terror exhibition, Niederkirchnerstraße 8, Companion booklet on sale at the topography 10963 Berlin i 73 72/ i7 70 Wilhelmstraße 64 Stab Stellvertreter des Führers 1933-1945 M Staff of the “Führer’s Deputy“ 1933-1945 Wilhelmstraße 65 G Justizministerium 1846-1945 Ministry of Justice 1846-1945 Wilhelmstraße 68 8 Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung 1933-1945 9 Reich Ministry of Science and Public Education 1933-1945 Unter den Linden 7 Sowjetische Botschaft 1918-1942 Soviet Embassy 1918-1942 Unter den Linden 72/73 i Ministerium des Innern 1837-1945 Ministry of the Interior 1837-1945 102 Pariser Platz 5 Französische Botschaft 1860-1939 French Embassy 1860-1939 106 68 Behrenstraße 65 64 63 Rückbenennung erfolgte 1993. Heute ist sie Sitz von Bundesministerien, Botschaften und Zentren der Erinnerungskultur. 8/9 Die »Geschichtsmeile Wilhelmstraße« markiert ausgewählte Standorte. In the 1730s the northern part of die wenigen im Krieg erhalten gebliebenen Gebäude. 1949 wurde der Wilhelmplatz in Thälmann-Platz umbenannt, 1964 die Wilhelmstraße in Otto-Grotewohl-Straße. Ihre W Wilhelmstraße between Unter den Linden and Leipziger Straße became a posh residential area for prominent people i 61 in the Prussian public administration. GESCHICHTSMEILE B terium für ry of Foo Reich Reic Unter den Linden Pariser Platz Brandenburger Tor Anhalter Straße Voßstraße Street in Berlin-Mitte and Berlin-Kreuzberg  Wilhelmstrasse is located in the Berlin districts of Mitte ( Mitte District ) and Kreuzberg ( Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg District ). It was the seat of important government authorities in Prussia , the German Empire and the GDR and, in this tradition, is still an important part of political Berlin and the seat of international political institutions. Until 1945, the rhetorical expression Wilhelmstrasse was considered a metonym for the German Reich government , similar to Downing Street No. 10 stands for the British government. [1] Despite severe destruction in the Second World War caused by Allied air raids and the Battle of Berlin, numerous historical buildings on Wilhelmstrasse have been preserved; The Berlin list of monuments names 19 objects worth protecting. [2] At the end of the 1980s, a large part of the district was built over with prefabricated buildings . Wilhelmstrasse coat of arms coat of arms Street in Berlin Wilhelmstrasse Wilhelmstrasse View to the north over Wilhelmstrasse, in the front left the Federal Ministry of Finance , in the background the Großer Tiergarten and the Federal Chancellery Basic data Location  Berlin district  Mitte , Kreuzberg Created  around 1730, renamed in 1740 Hist. names  Husarenstrasse , Neue Wilhelmstrasse (1822–1964) , Otto-Grotewohl-Strasse (1964–1993) Connecting roads   Luisenstraße (north) , Mehringdamm (south) Cross streets  (Selection) Dorotheenstraße , Unter den Linden , Behrenstraße , Voßstraße , Leipziger Straße use User groups  Pedestrian traffic , bicycle traffic , car traffic , public transport Technical data Road length  around 2400 m  The street, originally laid out under the name Husarenstrasse in the 1730s as part of a city expansion by King Friedrich Wilhelm I , received its current name around 1740 after his death. The area around Wilhelmstrasse was known as a government district , especially during the Empire and the Weimar Republic . Course Edit  The approximately 2.4 km long road runs in a north-south direction. It begins in the north at the Reichstagufer , crosses the Unter den Linden boulevard on the east side of Pariser Platz and Leipziger Straße and ends today at Halleschen Ufer near the Halleschen Tor in Kreuzberg . Originally, its southern end ran into the roundabout ( Belle-Alliance-Platz , today: Mehringplatz ), but it was pivoted away from the square around 1970. Partial closure Edit Closed section in front of the British Embassy  Between Behrenstrasse and Unter den Linden, Wilhelmstrasse has been closed to motorized traffic since 2003 to protect the British embassy there , especially from car bombs . View from Dorotheenstrasse south to Unter den Linden Boulevard  In 2014, Berlin transport and security politicians and representatives from federal ministries held confidential talks about lifting the ban, as a reassessment was expected for British facilities abroad. A further argument for opening the road section is the reference to the longer journeys for emergency vehicles from the nearby Charité . Before that, however, the State Criminal Police Office must evaluate whether the security situation allows this. However, the decision to release the closed section is not the responsibility of the district, but of the federal government. As a compromise proposal, Berlin CDU MP Oliver Friederici called for two of the four lanes to be released. [3] A decision has not yet been made (as of autumn 2021), the closure currently remains in effect. Story Edit   Wilhelmstrasse with a view of the Reich Chancellery (No. 77) and the Foreign Office (No. 76) on the left side of the street, August 1934   Reich Ministry of Justice at Wilhelmstrasse 65 (June 1938)   British Embassy (No. 70/71)   Wilhelmstrasse/At the Colonnade   Palace of the Reich President (No. 73)   Federal Ministry of Finance (No. 97)   E-Werk (No. 43)   Willy Brandt House (No. 140)   Monument to Prince Leopold I on the corner of Mohrenstrasse  Under the first king of Prussia , Frederick I , who gave Friedrichstrasse its name , Friedrichstadt was built in 1706 . His son, the “Soldier King” Friedrich Wilhelm I , had this significantly enlarged in the 1730s together with the construction of the Berlin customs and excise wall . The Husarenstrasse created during this expansion was renamed Wilhelmstrasse after Friedrich Wilhelm's death in 1740.  An der damaligen Husarenstraße entstanden in deren nördlichem Teil viele Palais’ von Ministern und persönlichen Vertrauten des Königs, zum Beispiel das für Samuel von Marschall gebaute Palais Marschall. Drei dieser Palais bekamen durch einen Ehrenhof eine besonders repräsentative Gestaltung. Das Palais Schwerin (benannt nach Kurt Christoph von Schwerin), später Palais des Reichspräsidenten, das Palais Schulenburg, danach Reichskanzlei und das Palais Vernezobre, später umgebaut zum Prinz-Albrecht-Palais.  Im südlichen Ende der Straße siedelte sich ab 1737 die aus Böhmen nach Berlin gekommene Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine an.  Zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts nahmen wichtige Ministerien Preußens ihren Sitz in der Straße, mit wenigen Ausnahmen aufgrund des preußischen Sparzwangs nicht in Neubauten. Nach der Reichsgründung 1871 folgten Regierungsbehörden des Deutschen Reiches. Ausländische Botschaften bezogen repräsentative Gebäude in direkter Nähe. Nach der „Machtergreifung“ zog Anfang 1933 das Kabinett Hitler in die Schaltzentralen an der Wilhelmstraße ein. Während der NS-Zeit war an der Wilhelmstraße, in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft zur Zentrale der Gestapo in der Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8 (heute: Niederkirchnerstraße), dem Prinz-Albrecht-Palais, das SD-Hauptamt untergebracht, die oberste Führungsstelle des Sicherheitsdienstes des Reichsführers SS (SD). Das SD-Hauptamt wurde 1939 Teil des Reichssicherheitshauptamtes (RSHA), das ebenfalls im Prinz-Albrecht-Palais seinen Sitz hatte.  Im Zweiten Weltkrieg zerstörten alliierte Luftangriffe und die Schlacht um Berlin viele Gebäude zu großen Teilen oder vollständig. Nach der Teilung Berlins war die Wilhelmstraße in einen nördlichen Bereich, der zu Ost-Berlin und einen südlichen Bereich, der zu West-Berlin gehörte, getrennt. Die Grenze verlief in Höhe des Straßenzuges Niederkirchner-/Zimmerstraße.[4] Im Kreuzberger Abschnitt entstanden in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren etliche Wohnneubauten, die zum Bestand der Sozialbauten gehören.  Zu DDR-Zeiten ist die zum Teil erhaltene oder wiederaufbaufähige Bebauung der Westseite als Vorgelände der Sektorengrenze und nach 1961 der Berliner Mauer vollständig beseitigt worden. Gegen Ende der 1980er Jahre begann der Ost-Berliner Magistrat dort mit der Anlage eines Wohngebiets aus Plattenbauten sein letztes größeres städtebauliche Projekt zu verwirklichen. Zwischen der Behren- und der Voßstraße entstanden bis zur Wiedervereinigung Berlins Wohn- und Geschäftshäuser in Plattenbauweise. Sie erhielten relativ aufwendige Fassaden und waren ein beliebtes Domizil der DDR-Nomenklatura.[5]  Auf Initiative des Abgeordnetenhauses von Berlin weist seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre eine ständige Straßenausstellung mit gläsernen Infotafeln auf die Standorte früherer Institutionen hin. Auf dem Areal des Prinz-Albrecht-Palais befindet sich der 2010 eröffnete Neubau der Stiftung Topographie des Terrors, die die Straße unter dem Begriff Geschichtsmeile Wilhelmstraße in ihren historischen Bezügen für die Öffentlichkeit aufzuarbeiten versucht. Development Edit  In der Wilhelmstraße befanden sich vor 1945 unter anderem folgende Gebäude (damalige Hausnummernzählung):      Palais Fürstenberg (ab 1899 Sitz der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin) (Nr. 23)     Reichsschatzamt (ab 1919 Reichsfinanzministerium) (Nr. 60/61, Wilhelmplatz 1/2 und Kaiserhofstraße 1–3)     Reichskolonialamt (Nr. 62)     Preußisches Staatsministerium (Nr. 63, ab 1934 Sitz des Pressechefs von Reichsregierung und NSDAP Otto Dietrich)     Geheimes Zivilkabinett (Nr. 64, ab 1919 Preußisches Staatsministerium, 1933–1941 Stab des „Stellvertreter des Führers“ Rudolf Heß)     Reichsjustizministerium (Nr. 65)     Preußisches Kultusministerium (Nr. 68, ab 1934: Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung)     Britische Botschaft (Nr. 70)     Reichsministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (Nr. 72)     Palais des Reichspräsidenten der Weimarer Republik (Nr. 73, bis 1919: Ministerium des königlichen Hauses)     Reichsamt des Innern (Nr. 74, ab 1919: Auswärtiges Amt)     Auswärtiges Amt (Nr. 75/76)     (Alte) Reichskanzlei (Nr. 77)     Erweiterungsbau zur (alten) Reichskanzlei (Nr. 78, 1930 fertiggestellt)     Palais Borsig (Voßstraße 1 Ecke Wilhelmstraße)     Reichsverkehrsministerium (Nr. 79/80)     Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Nr. 81–85; jetzt: Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus Nr. 97)     Die Verkehrswissenschaftliche Lehrmittelgesellschaft hatte hier ihren Sitz (Nr. 87)[6]     Prinz-Albrecht-Palais (Nr. 102), SD-Hauptamt (Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers SS); ab 1939 Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), zusätzlich Häuser 101, 103–105 und ab 1937 Nr. 106 (davor SA-Obergruppenführung Berlin-Brandenburg)     Ordenspalais (Wilhelmplatz 8/9), Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda  In der zu DDR-Zeiten in Otto-Grotewohl-Straße (zu Ehren des DDR-Politikers Otto Grotewohl) umbenannten Straße hatten seit den 1970er Jahren folgende diplomatische Vertretungen ihren Sitz:[7]  Nummer 3a (jetzt: Wilhelmstraße 66):      Demokratische Republik Afghanistan     Griechische Republik     Islamische Republik Pakistan     Republik der Philippinen     Portugiesische Republik     Königreich Schweden     Republik Simbabwe     Syrische Arabische Republik     Republik Zaire  Nummer 5 (jetzt: Wilhelmstraße 65):      Königreich der Niederlande     Königreich Norwegen     Republik Österreich     Republik Venezuela  In der Wilhelmstraße befinden sich unter anderem folgende Einrichtungen (Stand von Ende 2020):      E-Werk (Nr. 43)     Botschaft der Tschechischen Republik (Nr. 44)     Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (Nr. 49, im Erweiterungsbau des früheren Ordenspalais), Haupteingang im Hofmarschallhaus (früher: Wilhelmplatz)     Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (Nr. 54, früher: Geheimes Zivilkabinett, Nr. 64), einer der wenigen erhaltenen repräsentativen Altbauten, die im Krieg nicht zerstört wurden und mit dem Umzug der Regierung von Bonn nach Berlin denkmalgerecht saniert wurden[8]     Matthias-Erzberger-Haus des Bundestags an der Ecke Wilhelmstraße/Unter den Linden     Robert-Koch-Forum mit Einstein Center Digital Future (Nr. 67)     ARD-Hauptstadtstudio (Nr. 67a, an der Ecke zum Reichstagufer)     Britische Botschaft (Nr. 70/71)     Bundesfinanzministerium (Nr. 97, Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus)     Ausstellungsgelände Topographie des Terrors (es grenzt ebenfalls an die Wilhelmstraße und hat dort einen Nebeneingang an der einstigen Nr. 98)     Bundeszentrale der SPD (Nr. 140, Willy-Brandt-Haus, an der Ecke zur Stresemannstraße)  Bemerkenswert sind auch weitere Baudenkmale wie die 1868 errichtete Gemeindeschule (Wilhelmstraße 116/117)[9] oder das ebenfalls aus dem 19. Jahrhundert stammende Verwaltungsgebäude Hausnummer 65/66[10] sowie Teile von Wohngebäudeensembles, deren eine Seite an die Wilhelmstraße grenzt (siehe: Plattenbauten an der Berliner Wilhelmstraße).  Am 8. November 2011 wurde an der Ecke zur Straße An der Kolonnade das 17 m hohe Denkzeichen Georg Elser zur Erinnerung an den Hitler-Attentäter Georg Elser eingeweiht.[11]  In unmittelbarer Nähe befindet sich das Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas mit seinen rund 2700 Stelen. Change of name Edit  Die nach 1731 unter dem Namen Husarenstraße angelegte Straße wurde um 1740 nach dem seinerzeit verstorbenen König Friedrich Wilhelm I. umbenannt.  In Verbindung mit dem Ausbau der Friedrichstadt wurde die Wilhelmstraße verlängert. Diese Verlängerung erhielt 1822 den Namen Neue Wilhelmstraße.  Der im Ortsteil Mitte verlaufende, seinerzeit zu Ost-Berlin gehörende Straßenabschnitt der Wilhelmstraße (von der Zimmerstraße bis Unter den Linden) und der Neuen Wilhelmstraße wurden 1964 in Otto-Grotewohl-Straße umbenannt. Seit 1993 heißt der komplette Straßenzug bis zum Reichstagufer wieder Wilhelmstraße, nachdem auch andere Namen wie beispielsweise Toleranzstraße diskutiert wurden. In Richtung Norden geht die Wilhelmstraße auf der Marschallbrücke (zwischen Reichstagufer und Schiffbauerdamm) heute nahtlos in die Luisenstraße über, indem die frühere Neue Wilhelmstraße einbezogen blieb. Dies führte dazu, dass bei der Rückbenennung 1993 die ringförmig laufende Hausnummerierung, deren Anfangs- und Endabschnitt im West-Berliner Abschnitt stets erhalten geblieben war, zwar wieder ergänzt werden konnte, jedoch nicht die historisch bedeutenden Grundstücke wieder ihre alten Hausnummern erhielten.  Der ehemals an der Straße liegende Wilhelmplatz existiert heute nicht mehr, er wurde großenteils mit Plattenbauten (im Norden) und der Tschechischen Botschaft (im Süden) überbaut. Der östlich anschließende Zietenplatz wurde wiederhergestellt. Die Denkmäler preußischer Feldherren, wie die des Fürsten Leopold I., des Berliner Bildhauers August Kiß wurden wiedererrichtet. Personalities Edit      In der zweiten Etage des Hauses 3a befanden sich die Verlagsräume der Zeitschrift Zukunft seit ihrer Gründung 1892 bis zum Weggang ihres Herausgebers Maximilian Harden von Berlin im Jahr 1922.     Im Haus Nr. 12 kam am 17. August 1885 der spätere Schriftsteller Kurt Hiller zur Welt, das „Schandmaul der Weimarer Republik“ genannt.     Im Haus Nr. 16 (heute: Nr. 67a) an der Ecke zum Reichstagufer befand sich die Dienstwohnung des jeweiligen Direktors des Physikalischen Instituts der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, z. B. Walther Nernst in den 1930er Jahren.     Im Haus Nr. 23 wohnte der am 7. Januar 1903 in München geborene Geograph, Schriftsteller und Widerstandskämpfer Albrecht Haushofer, wegen seiner mächtigen Gestalt von seinen Freunden „Elefant“ genannt. Das Haus (Palais Fürstenberg) gehörte der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, deren Generalsekretär Haushofer war, weswegen er hier eine Dienstwohnung beziehen konnte.     Im Haus Nr. 39 wohnte der Maler Adolph Menzel mit seinen Eltern seit 1830. Da der Vater zwei Jahre später starb, musste der Sohn mit lithografischen Arbeiten die Familie ernähren. 1839 zog die Familie in die Zimmerstraße.     In der zweiten Etage des Hauses Nr. 43 wohnte seit 1880 der Schriftsteller Otto Brahm, der neben Theodor Fontane Theaterkritiken für die Vossische Zeitung schrieb. Er zog 1906 aus seiner Junggesellenwohnung in eine größere am Luisenplatz.           Blick auf die ehemalige Dienstwohnung von Konrad Adenauer, September 2015     Im Haus Nr. 54 wohnte Konrad Adenauer als Präsident des Preußischen Staatsrates von Mai 1931 bis März 1933.     Im früheren Haus Nr. 59 wohnte um 1800 Karl vom Stein zum Altenstein, von 1842 bis 1851 war es Residenz von John Fane 11th Earl of Westmorland (1784‒1859), dem britischen Gesandten in Preußen und von 1852 bis 1856 bewohnte Alfred Rücker als Ministerresident für Hamburg das Stadtpalais. 1905 wurde es abgerissen[12] und das Grundstück neu bebaut. In den 1970er Jahren baute die DDR hier in der Otto-Grotewohl-Straße 13a ein neues Wohnhaus nach Plänen von Helmut Stingl. Nachdem die damalige Wohnungsbaugesellschaft nach der politischen Wende alle Wohnbauten an eine Schweizer Immobilienfirma verkauft hatte, begann der neue Eigentümer mit dem Abriss, zuerst mit dem Wohnhaus Nr. 59. Es sollte Platz für neue Eigentumswohnungen geschaffen werden. Kurze Zeit später beschloss der Senat, die übrigen Plattenbauten unter Denkmalschutz zu stellen, so war die Nr. 59 das erste und einzige Gebäude, das tatsächlich abgetragen wurde. Nur hier wird nun auch neu gebaut.[13]     Im Haus Nr. 63 wohnte Jacob Burckhardt seit dem 27. September 1841, nachdem er von seinen Reisen durch das Rheinland und Belgien nach Berlin zurückgekehrt war. Er unterrichtete hier den Sohn des holländischen Gesandten („von 11 Uhr morgens bis 9 Uhr abends“) und gab Stellung und Wohnung Ende September 1842 wieder auf, um an den Schiffbauerdamm zu ziehen.     Im Haus Nr. 68 wohnte in den Wintermonaten 1830/1831 Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, der Verfasser der Undine.     Im Haus Nr. 73 befand sich das Palais des Grafen Schwerin. Hier hatte der Philosoph Friedrich Schleiermacher seine letzte Wohnung. Er starb in diesem Haus am 12. Februar 1834 an einer Lungenentzündung.     Im Haus Nr. 78 wohnten zwei Wochen nach ihrer Heirat Achim und Bettina von Arnim (geborene Bettina Brentano) im Gartenhaus des Vossischen Palais. Das Palais lag an der jetzigen Kreuzung Wilhelm-/Voßstraße. Im Frühjahr 1814 zog man aus finanziellen Gründen auf das Gut Wiepersdorf bei Jüterbog zurück.     In das damals neu erbaute Haus Nr. 97 zog 1836 der Schriftsteller Willibald Alexis ein, von der Zimmerstraße her. Es wurde bald eine Begegnungsstätte der literarischen und künstlerischen Gesellschaft Berlins. Im Herbst 1837 zog Emanuel Geibel von der Französischen Straße zu ihm und genoss die „großartige Aussicht von meinem Turmzimmer“. Das Haus musste später dem Durchbruch der Zimmerstraße Platz machen.     Haus Nr. 102 war das Prinz-Albrecht-Palais, in dem von 1772 bis 1787 Amalie von Preußen und später Prinz Albrecht von Preußen lebten.  Wilhelmstraße is located in the Berlin districts of Mitte ( Mitte district ) and Kreuzberg ( Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg district ). It was the seat of important government authorities of Prussia , the German Reich and the GDR and, in this tradition, remains an important part of political Berlin and the seat of international political institutions. Until 1945, the rhetorical term Wilhelmstraße was a metonym for the German Reich government , similar to how Downing Street No. 10 stands for the British government. [1] Despite heavy destruction in the Second World War by Allied air raids and the Battle of Berlin, numerous historic buildings on Wilhelmstraße have been preserved; the Berlin monument list names 19 objects worthy of protection. [2] At the end of the 1980s, a large part of the district was built over with prefabricated concrete blocks of flats . Wilhelmstrasse coat of arms coat of arms Street in Berlin Wilhelmstrasse Wilhelmstrasse View to the north over Wilhelmstrasse, in the front left theFederal Ministry of Finance, in the backgroundthe Grosser Tiergartenandthe Federal Chancellery Basic data Location Berlin District Mitte,Kreuzberg Created around 1730, renamed in 1740 Hist. Names Husarenstrasse , Neue Wilhelmstrasse (1822–1964) , Otto-Grotewohl-Strasse (1964–1993) Connecting roads Luisenstraße (north) , Mehringdamm (south) Cross streets (Selection) Dorotheenstraße, Unter den Linden, Behrenstraße, Voßstraße, Leipziger Straße use User groups Pedestrian traffic,bicycle traffic,car traffic,public transport Technical data Street length around 2400 m The street, originally built in the 1730s as part of a city expansion by KingFrederick William Iunder the name Husarenstraße , received its current name around 1740 after his death. The area around Wilhelmstraße was known as the government district , especially during the time of theEmpireand theWeimar Republic. The approximately 2.4 km long street runs in a north-south direction. It begins in the north at theReichstagufer, crosses theboulevard Unter den Lindenon the east side of thePariser Platzand theLeipziger Straßeand today ends at theHallesches Ufernear theHallesches TorinKreuzberg. Originally, its southern end ran into the roundabout ( Belle-Alliance-Platz , today:Mehringplatz), but it was diverted away from the square in 1970. Closed section in front of theBritish Embassy BetweenBehrenstrasseand Unter den Linden, Wilhelmstrasse has been closed to motorized traffic since 2003 to protect theBritish Embassythere, primarily from car bombs . View from Dorotheenstraße southwards to Unter den Linden Boulevard In 2014, Berlin transport and security politicians and representatives from federal ministries negotiated in confidential talks about lifting the closure, as a reassessment was to be expected for British overseas institutions. Another argument for opening the section of road is the reference to the longer travel routes for emergency vehicles from the nearbyCharité . However, the State Criminal Police Officemust first evaluate whether the security situation allows this. The decision on opening the closed section, however, is not the responsibility of the district, but of the federal government. As a compromise proposal, BerlinCDUMPOliver Friedericicalled for two of the four lanes to be opened. [3] A decision has not yet been made (as of autumn 2021), and the closure currently remains in place. Wilhelmstrasse with a view of theReich Chancellery(No. 77) and theForeign Office(No. 76) on the left side of the street, August 1934 Reich Ministry of Justice at Wilhelmstrasse 65 (June 1938) British Embassy(No.70/71) Wilhelmstrasse/At the Colonnade Palace of the Reich President(No.73) Federal Ministry of Finance(No.97) E-Werk(No.43) Willy Brandt House(No.140) Monument of PrinceLeopold Iat the cornerof Mohrenstraße Under the first king ofPrussia,Frederick I , who gave Friedrichstrasseits name ,Friedrichstadtwas built by 1706. His son, the "Soldier King"Frederick William I, had it considerably enlarged in the 1730s, along with the construction of theBerlin customs and excise wall . Husarenstrasse, which was built during this expansion, was renamed Wilhelmstrasse after Frederick William's death in 1740. Many palacesof ministers and the king's personal confidants were built in the northern part of what was then Husarenstraße, for example the Palais Marschall built forSamuel von Marschall. Three of these palaces were given a particularly representative design with a courtyard of honor: the Palais Schwerin (named after Kurt Christoph von Schwerin ), later the palace of the Reich President , the Palaisschulenburg, then the Reich Chancellery and the Palais Vernezobre, later converted into the Prinz-Albrecht-Palais . In 1737, the Moravian Brethren, who had come to Berlin fromBohemia,settled at the southern end of the street . At the beginning of the 19th century, important Prussian ministries took up residence on the street, although with a few exceptions they did not move into new buildings due to Prussian austerity measures. After thefounding of the Empirein 1871, government agencies of theGerman Empirefollowed suit. Foreign embassies moved into representative buildings in the immediate vicinity. After the “seizure of power”,Hitler’s cabinetmoved into the control centers on Wilhelmstrasse in early 1933. During theNazi era, the SD Main Office, the highest leadership office of the Security Service of the Reichsführer SS (SD) , was located on Wilhelmstrasse, in the immediate vicinity of the Gestapo headquartersatPrinz -Albrecht-Strasse 8 (today:Niederkirchnerstrasse), the Prinz-Albrecht-Palais. In 1939, the SDMainOffice became part of theReich SecurityMainOffice(RSHA), which was also headquartered in the Prinz-Albrecht-Palais. DuringWorld War II, Allied air raidsand theBattle of Berlindestroyed many buildings, either in large or in full. After thedivision of Berlin,Wilhelmstrasse was divided into a northern part, which belonged toEast Berlin,and a southern part, which belongs toWest Berlin. The border ran along theNiederkirchner-/Zimmerstrassestreets. [4] In the Kreuzberg section, a number of new residential buildings were built in the 1970s and 1980s, which are part of the existingsocial housing. Duringthe GDR era,the buildings on the west side, which had been partially preserved or could be rebuilt, were completely removed as a forecourt for the sector border and, after 1961, for theBerlin Wall. Towards the end of the 1980s, theEast Berlinmagistrate began to implement its last major urban development project there with the construction of a residential area made ofprefabricated buildings. BetweenBehrenstrasseandVoßstrasse,residential and commercial buildings were built in prefabricated buildings until thereunification of Berlin. They were given relatively elaborate facades and were a popular residence for the GDRnomenklatura. [5] At the initiative of theBerlin House of Representatives,a permanent street exhibition with glass information panels has been pointing out the locations of former institutions since the early 1990s. The new building of the Topography of Terror Foundation, which opened in 2010, is located on the site of the Prinz-Albrecht-Palais and is trying to present the street in its historical context for the public under the term Wilhelmstrasse History Mile . Before 1945, the following buildings were located in Wilhelmstrasse (house numbers at the time): Palais Fürstenberg(from 1899 seat of theBerlin Geographical Society) (No.23) Reich Treasury Office(from 1919Reich Ministry of Finance) (No. 60/61,Wilhelmplatz1/2 and Kaiserhofstraße 1–3) Reich Colonial Office(No.62) Prussian State Ministry(No. 63, from 1934 seat of the press chief of the Reich government and NSDAPOtto Dietrich) Secret Civil Cabinet(No. 64, from 1919 Prussian State Ministry, 1933–1941 staff of the “Deputy Führer”Rudolf Heß) Reich Ministry of Justice(No.65) Palais Pringsheim(No.67) Prussian Ministry of Culture(No. 68, from 1934:Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Culture) Palais Strousberg(British Embassy) (No.70) Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture(No.72) Palace of the Presidentof theWeimar Republic(No. 73, until 1919:Ministry of the Royal House) Reich Office of the Interior(No. 74, from 1919: Foreign Office) Federal Foreign Office(No.75/76) (Old)Reich Chancellery(No.77) Extension to the (old) Reich Chancellery (No. 78, completed in 1930) Palais Borsig(Voßstrasse1 corner Wilhelmstrasse) Reich Transport Ministry(No.79/80) Reich Aviation Ministry(No. 81–85; now:Detlev Rohwedder HouseNo. 97) TheTransport Science Teaching Aids Societyhad its headquarters here (No. 87) [6] Prinz-Albrecht-Palais(No.102),SD Main Office(Security Service of the Reichsführer SS); from 1939Reich Security Main Office(RSHA), additionally buildings 101, 103–105 and from 1937 No. 106 (previously SA-Obergruppenführung Berlin-Brandenburg) Ordenspalais(Wilhelmplatz8/9),Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda Since the 1970s, the following diplomatic missions have had their headquarters in the street, which was renamed Otto-Grotewohl-Straße (in honor of the GDR politicianOtto Grotewohl) during the GDR era : [7] Number 3a (now: Wilhelmstraße 66): Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Hellenic Republic Islamic Republic of Pakistan Republic of the Philippines Portuguese Republic Kingdom of Sweden Republic of Zimbabwe Syrian Arab Republic Republicof Zaire Number 5 (now: Wilhelmstrasse 65): Kingdom of the Netherlands Kingdom of Norway Republic of Austria Republic of Venezuela The following facilities are located on Wilhelmstrasse (as of the end of 2020): E-Werk(No.43) Embassy of the Czech Republic(No.44) Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs(No. 49, in the extension of the formerOrdenspalais), main entrance in the Hofmarschallhaus (formerly:Wilhelmplatz) Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture(No. 54, formerly:Secret Civil Cabinet, No. 64), one of the few preserved representative old buildings that were not destroyed in the war and were renovated in accordance with monument protection regulationswhen the government moved from Bonn to Berlin [8] Matthias Erzberger Houseof theBundestagon the corner of Wilhelmstrasse and Unter den Linden Robert Koch ForumwithEinstein Center Digital Future(No.67) ARD Capital Studio(No. 67a, on the corner ofReichstagufer) British Embassy(No.70/71) Federal Ministry of Finance(No. 97,Detlev Rohwedder House) Topography of Terrorexhibition area (it also borders on Wilhelmstrasse and has a side entrance at the former number 98) SPDFederal Headquarters (No. 140,Willy-Brandt-Haus, on the corner ofStresemannstrasse) Also noteworthy are other architectural monuments such as the community school (Wilhelmstraße 116/117) built in 1868 [9] or the administration building at number 65/66 [10], which also dates from the 19th century, as well as parts ofresidential building ensembles, one side of which borders on Wilhelmstraße (see:Prefabricated buildings on Berlin's Wilhelmstraße). On November 8, 2011, the 17 m highGeorg Elser memorialwas inaugurated on the corner of An der Kolonnade street in memory of theHitlerassassinGeorg Elser. [11] In the immediate vicinity is theMemorial to the Murdered Jews of Europewith its approximately 2,700steles. The street, which was built after 1731 under the name Husarenstraße , was renamed around 1740 after the then deceased KingFriedrich Wilhelm I. In connection with the expansion ofFriedrichstadt,Wilhelmstrasse was extended. This extension was given the name Neue Wilhelmstrasse in 1822. The section of Wilhelmstrasse (from Zimmerstrasse to Unter den Linden) and Neue Wilhelmstrasse running through the Mitte district, which at the time belonged to East Berlin, was renamed Otto-Grotewohl-Strasse in 1964. Since 1993 the entire street up to Reichstagufer has been called Wilhelmstrasse again, after other names such as Tolerancestrasse were discussed. Heading north, Wilhelmstrasse today merges seamlessly into Luisenstrasse on theMarschallbrücke(between Reichstagufer andSchiffbauerdamm ), while the former Neue Wilhelmstrasse has been included. This meant that when the street was renamed in 1993, the ring-shaped house numbering, the beginning and end sections of which had always been retained in the West Berlin section, could be supplemented, but the historically significant properties did not receive their old house numbers again. Wilhelmplatz, which used to be on the street, no longer exists today; it has been largely built over with prefabricated buildings (in the north) and the Czech embassy (in the south).Zietenplatz, which adds it to the east , has been restored. Monuments to Prussian generals, such as PrinceLeopold Iand the Berlin sculptorAugust Kiss,have been rebuilt. The publishing offices of the magazine Zukunftwere located on the second floor of building 3a from its foundation in 1892 until itseditor Maximilian Hardenleft Berlin in 1922. On August 17, 1885, the later writer Kurt Hiller, known as the “slanderer of theWeimar Republic,” was born in house number 12 . House number 16 (today number 67a) on the corner of Reichstagufer was the official residence of the respective director of the Physics Institute of theFriedrich Wilhelm University, for exampleWalther Nernstin the 1930s. The geographer, writer and resistance fighter Albrecht Haushofer, born inMunichon January 7, 1903, lived in house number 23. His friends called him "Elephant" because of his powerful figure. The house (Palais Fürstenberg) belonged to the Berlin Geographical Society , of which Haushofer was the general secretary, which is why he was able to move into an official apartment here. The painter Adolph Menzellived with his parents in house number 39 from 1830. As his father died two years later, his son had to support the family withlithographicwork. In 1839 the family moved toZimmerstrasse. The writer Otto Brahm, who wrote theater reviews for the Vossische Zeitung alongside Theodor Fontane, lived on the second floor of house number 43 from 1880. In 1906 he moved from his bachelor apartment to a larger one on Luisenplatz. View of Konrad Adenauer's former official residence, September 2015 Konrad Adenauerlived in house number 54 as President of the Prussian State Council from May 1931 to March 1933. Karl vom Stein zum Altensteinlived in the former house no. 59 around 1800. From 1842 to 1851 it was the residence of John Fane, 11th Earl of Westmorland (1784‒1859), theBritish ambassador to Prussia. From 1852 to 1856Alfred Rückerlived in the city palace as minister-resident for Hamburg. In 1905 it was somethingdemolished [12] and the property was redeveloped. In the 1970s the GDR built a new residential building here at Otto-Grotewohl-Straße 13a based on plans byHelmut Stingl. After the housing association at the time had sold all residential buildings to a Swiss real estate company after thepolitical change, the new owner began demolition, starting with house no. 59. The aim was to make room for new condominiums. A short time later, the Senate decided to place the remaining prefabricated buildings undermonument protection, so number 59 was the first and only building that was actually demolished. Only here is new construction now taking place. [13] Jacob Burckhardtlived in house number 63 since September 27, 1841, after he returned to Berlin from his travels through theRhinelandandBelgium . Here he taught the son of the Dutchambassador (“from 11 am to 9 pm”) and gave up his position and residence at the end of September 1842 to move toSchiffbauerdamm . Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, the author ofUndine, lived in house no. 68 during the winter months of 1830/1831 . The palace of Count Schwerin was located at number 73. This was where the philosopherFriedrich Schleiermacherhad his last residence. He died in this house on February 12, 1834 from pneumonia. Two weeks after their marriage, AchimandBettina von Arnim(née Bettina Brentano) lived inthe garden houseof theVoss Palacein house number 78. The palace was located at the current intersection of Wilhelmstrasse andVossstrasse . In the spring of 1814, they moved back to the Wiepersdorf estatenearJüterbogfor financial reasons . In 1836, the writer Willibald Alexismoved into the newly built house at number 97 from Zimmerstrasse. It soon became a meeting place for Berlin's literary and artistic society. In the autumn of 1837,Emanuel Geibelmoved in from Franze Strasse and enjoyed the "magnificent view from my tower room". The house later had to make way for the breakthrough of Zimmerstrasse. House number 102 was thePrinz-Albrecht-Palais, whereAmalie of Prussiaand later PrinceAlbrecht of Prussialived from 1772 to 1787.Berliner Zeitung,